Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a class of non-heme iron-containing dioxygenases that catalyse oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce hydroperoxidation that are in turn converted to oxylipins. Although multiple isoforms of LOXs have been detected in several plants, LOXs in oriental melon have not attracted much attention. Two full-length LOX cDNA clones, CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 which have been isolated from oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) cultivar “Yumeiren”, encode 902 and 906 amino acids, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 included all of the typical LOX domains and shared 58.11% identity at the amino acid level with each other. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 were members of the type 2 13-LOX subgroup which are known to be involved in biotic and abiotic stress. Heterologous expression of the full-length CmLOX10 and truncated CmLOX13 in Escherichia coli revealed that the encoded exogenous proteins were identical to the predicted molecular weights and possessed the lipoxygenase activities. The purified CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 recombinant enzymes exhibited maximum activity at different temperature and pH and both had higher affinity for linoleic acid than linolenic acid. Chromatogram analysis of reaction products from the CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 enzyme reaction revealed that both enzymes produced 13S-hydroperoxides when linoleic acid was used as substrate. Furthermore, the subcellular localization analysis by transient expression of the two LOX fusion proteins in tobacco leaves showed that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins were located in plasma membrane and chloroplasts respectively. We propose that the two lipoxygenases may play different functions in oriental melon during plant growth and development.
Introduction
Lipoxygenases (LOX; linoleate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.12) are a class of non-heme iron-containing dioxygenases that catalyze oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with a (Z, Z)-1,4-pentadiene structure to produce unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides [1]. They are widely distributed throughout the plant, animal, and microorganism kingdoms [2–5]. Plant LOXs are ubiquitous and encoded by multigene families [6]. The metabolism of PUFAs via the LOX-catalyzed step and the subsequent reactions are collectively named LOX pathway which contains at least seven multienzyme branches [1]. LOXs initiate the synthesis of diverse compounds collectively called oxylipins including jasmonates, leaf aldehydes and alcohols, which have diverse functions in plants [1,7,8].
Based on the positional specificity of the oxygen insertion, plant LOXs are grouped into 9-LOXs and 13-LOXs which produce 9- and 13-hydroperoxides respectively. Both hydroperoxides can be enzymatically cleaved to aldehydes and ω-oxo acids [9] and the 13-hydroperoxide of linolenic acid can be converted to jasmonic acid [10]. According to primary structure and overall sequence similarity, plant LOXs can be further divided into two subfamilies, type 1 and type 2 LOXs. Type 1 LOXs harbor no plastidic transit peptide and have a high sequence similarity (>75%) to each other. In contrast, type 2 LOXs carry a plastidic transit peptide and have a moderate sequence similarity about 35% to each other [1]. However, a few nontraditional plant LOXs can oxygenate at C-9 and C-13 positions and produce both 9- and 13- hydroperoxides, such as tea plant CsLOX1, olive LOX and rice OsLOX1 [11–13]. Through the heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, positional specificity of LOXs in diverse plants was identified. Pepper CaLOX1 encodes a 9-specific lipoxygenase [14], while tomato TomLoxF produces 13-hydroperoxide derivatives [15]. In addition, rice OsLOX1 and pea LOXN2 have dual positional specificity [13,16].
In plants, LOXs are related to many biological processes and physiological functions, such as tuber development [17], generation of fruit flavor volatiles [18], resistance against pathogens [13], sex determination [19] and senescence [20]. LOX isoforms have different preferences with substrate, positional specificity of substrate oxygenation and subcellular localization [1]. The subcellular localization of LOX proteins provides some help for predicting the physiological functions of different LOX isoforms in plants. Besides plastid and cytoplasm, particulate LOXs are also found in microsomal membranes, plasma membranes, the cytosol and vacuole and of leaf chloroplast envelopes [1]. LOX isoforms which have different locations may have different functions during plant growth and development. In plants, LOX gene expression is regulated by different stress such as wounding [21,22], pathogen infection [23] or different signaling molecules such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) [23–25] which are well-known modulators of defense responses. Expression analysis of PvLOX6 in common bean showed that wounding or non-host pathogen infections, as well as signaling molecules like H2O2, SA and MeJA regulated PvLOX6 expression [21].
The oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) is an important agricultural commodity and widely grown in China and eastern Asian countries. In comparison with other plants, there is relatively little known about oriental melon lipoxygenases. With the completeness of melon genomic sequencing project which provides an ideal way for melon gene cloning and functional analysis [26], we have identified 18 candidate LOX genes in the melon genome [27]. In this study we have isolated intact CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 cDNAs which they get together closely in phylogenetic tree from the tender stem of 30-day-old oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) cultivar “Yumeiren” and expressed CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 in Escherichia coli to characterize the two proteins. The results show that the recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 preferentially consume linoleic acid and introduce oxygen onto the 13th carbon of the fatty acid. The subcellular localization analysis by transient expression of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 in tobacco leaves shows that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins are located in plasma membrane and chloroplasts respectively. This study provides knowledge on the physiological function of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 genes in oriental melon.
Materials and Methods
Plant materials
Oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) cultivar “Yumeiren” were individually grown in a greenhouse at 25 ± 2°C, under a 14-h light/10-h dark photoperiod at Shenyang Agricultural University in China. The tender stems of 30-day-old oriental melon were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until used for the cloning of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13. Tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants for agro-infiltration were raised in a growth chamber at 25°C under a 16/8 h day/night cycle for six weeks.
Isolation of full-length CmLOX10 and CmLOX13
Total RNA was extracted from the tender stem of melon using Ultrapure RNA Kit (Kangwei Biotech, China) and treated to eliminate genomic DNA using RNase-Free DNaseI (Takara, Japan). First-strand cDNAs were synthesized using M-MLV RTase cDNA Synthesis Kit (TaKaRa, Japan) following the manufacturer’s protocol and used for CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 cloning. Based on the CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 mRNA sequences from the melon genome database, PCR was performed with high-fidelity PrimeSTAR™ HS DNA Polymerase (Takara, Japan) in a 50 μl reaction mix containing 2 μl first-strand cDNA and 0.2 μM of each primer. The sense primer (CmLOX10-F and CmLOX13-F) and the antisense primer (CmLOX10-R and CmLOX13-R) were designed based upon the CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 sequences from the melon genome database and used for the cloning of the two full-length LOX genes. The PCR amplification conditions were as follow: 30 cycles of 10 s at 98°C, 15 s at 54°C for CmLOX10 and 52°C for CmLOX13 respectively, and 3 min at 72°C; 10 min at 72°C. The amplified about 3.0 kb LOX fragments were purified using TaKaRa MiniBEST Agarose Gel DNA Extraction Kit (Takara, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocols and inserted by TA-cloning into the pMD18-T vector (Takara, Japan) following adding A-tailing. The plasmids showing inserts of the expected size following plasmid PCR were sequenced by invitrogen (shanghai, China) and positive clones were designated as p18T-LOX10 and p18T-LOX13, respectively.
PCR amplification of the 5’-end of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13
To identify whether the coding sequences of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 from the melon genome database acquired by RT-PCR were truly full-length, 5’ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was performed using a commercial kit (Invitrogen, USA). Following the manufacturer’s recommendations, 5’ RACE of the CmLOX10 was performed with the three gene-specific primers: LOX10-GSP1, LOX10-GSP2 and LOX10-GSP3, while 5’ RACE of the CmLOX13 used LOX13-GSP1, LOX13-GSP2 and LOX13-GSP3.
Bioinformatics analysis
The full-length CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 cDNAs acquired by a combination of RT-PCR and 5’ RACE-PCR were analyzed using several bioinformatics software. The calculated molecular mass and conserved domains of the deduced amino acid sequences of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 were determined by ProtParam (http://web.expasy.org/protparam/) and the NCBI Conserved Domain Search program (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi), respectively. The deduced protein sequences of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 were aligned using ClustalW2 software and displayed with GeneDoc. ClustalW2 software was used to align the deduced protein sequences of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 with the protein sequences of other plant LOXs identified. The phylogenetic tree was then constructed using MEGA 5.0 based on the neighbor-joining method and a bootstrap value was calculated from 1000 replicates. The corresponding protein accession numbers of the identified LOX genes were acquired from NCBI GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank). Subcellular localization was predicted by three different programs: WoLFPSORT (http://wolfpsort.org/), TargetP (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TargetP/), and ChloroP (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/ChloroP/).
Construction of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 expression vectors
The DNA fragments of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 containing EcoRI and XhoI restriction site were acquired using four PCR primers and two PCR reactions respectively according to the method described in the book Purifying Proteins for Proteomics: A Laboratory Manual [28]. Based on the predictions generated from the bioinformatics analysis, PCR primers were designed to amplify full-length and truncated sequences with putative transit peptide sequences removed. Using the p18T-LOX13 plasmid as template DNA, the truncated CmLOX13 was amplified by the first pair of primers containing LOX13t-F-1 and LOX13t-R-1 and the second pair of primers containing LOX13t-F-2 and LOX13t-R-2 respectively to eventually generate two different PCR fragments of truncated CmLOX13. Similarly, the two different PCR fragments of the truncated CmLOX10 were acquired by the primers including LOX10t-F-1, LOX10t-R-1, LOX10t-F-2 and LOX10t-R-2 and the full-length CmLOX10 were acquired by the primers containing LOX10f-F-1, LOX10f-R-1, LOX10f-F-2 and LOX10f-R-2 using the p18T-LOX10 plasmid as template DNA. Typical PCR reactions were performed with high-fidelity PrimeSTAR™ HS DNA Polymerase (Takara, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and the PCR condition was as similar as that described above. The PCR products were purified using TaKaRa MiniBEST Agarose Gel DNA Extraction Kit (Takara, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
The same amount of two different purified PCR fragments of the truncated CmLOX13 acquired above were mixed in a 50 μl reaction mixture containing 1 μl T4 polynucleotide kinase (Takara, Japan) and 1 μl 100 mM ATP (Takara, Japan) and the reaction conditions were as follow: 90 min at 37°C, 5 min at 95°C and 10 min at 25°C. The mixture containing the DNA fragments of truncated CmLOX13 was directly ligated into the expression vector pET-30a (+) (Novagen, USA) digested by EcoRI and XhoI (Takara, Japan) using T4 DNA ligase (Takara, Japan) to generate pETt-CmLOX13 which encodes CmLOX13 with a His tag fused to the N terminus. The truncated and full-length CmLOX10 expression vectors were constructed using the same method above designated as pETt-CmLOX10 and pET-CmLOX10, respectively. The truncated CmLOX13 and the truncated and full-length CmLOX10 ORF of these constructs were checked by sequencing prior to transform into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3).
Purification of recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins
The transformants harboring pETt-CmLOX13, pETt-CmLOX10 and pET-CmLOX10 plasmids were inoculated in 2 ml of Luria-Bertani medium containing 50 μg ml−1 kanamycin and grown overnight at 37°C. The overnight culture of the E. coli BL21 (DE3) was transferred into one liter of LB medium containing the same amount of kanamycin and grown at 37°C until its optical density at 600 nm (OD600) reached approximately 0.6 followed by adding the isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to a final concentration of 0.5 mM to induce the expression of the target proteins. The culture was subsequently incubated at 20°C for 18 h. Bacteria were harvested by centrifugation at 7000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C and the pellet was then resuspended in 40 ml of ice-cold lysis buffer (Kangwei Biotech, China) followed by lysing cell using sonication (5 s bursts and 7 s breaks for 30min on ice at 30% power) SONICATOR JY99-IIDN (Ningbo Scientz, China). After sonication on ice, the resulting slurry was centrifuged at 10000 g for 30 min at 4°C to pellet cell debris. The supernatant (soluble protein fraction) obtained as described above was filtered through a 45-μm filter and mixed with the same volume binding buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.5 M NaCl, 50 mM imidazole, pH 7.9). Then the mixture above and 2 ml of nickel-nitrilotriacetate agarose resin (Ni-NTA; Novagen, USA) pre-equilibrated with binding buffer was mixed and vibrated at 4°C for 1 h followed by adding to a 12-ml purification column (Kangwei Biotech, China).
The column was washed with the binding buffer and the nonspecific bound proteins were eluted. His-tagged proteins were then eluted with the elution buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.5 M NaCl, 500 mM imidazole, pH 7.9). The purified CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 were subjected to 7.5% SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue to confirm purity. Fractions of 1.5 ml showing LOX activity and containing pure protein on SDS-PAGE were concentrated and exchanged into 30 mM sodium phosphate, 50 mM NaCl (pH 7.5) by using an Amicon Ultra-15 membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 30,000 (Millipore, USA) as described by Palmieri-Thiers et al [12]. All purification procedures were performed at 4°C. Protein concentration was determined using TaKaRa bradford protein assay kit (Takara, Japan) following the manufacturer’s instructions with bovine serum albumin as a standard.
SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting
SDS-PAGE was performed using 7.5% polyacrylamide gels. The proteins were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 or transferred onto nitrocellulose using a Trans-Blot Turbo blotting System (Bio-rad, USA). Blots were blocked overnight using 5% nonfat milk powder and the membrane was incubated for 12 h at 4°C with the anti His-tag mouse monoclonal antibody (Kangwei Biotech, China) at 1:3000 in western antibody dilution buffer (Kangwei Biotech, China). Then the membrane was washed three times for 10 min in TBST (20 mM Tris, 200 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20) followed by incubating 30 min with HRP conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody (Kangwei Biotech, China) at 1:10000 in western antibody dilution buffer and washing three times for 10 min in TBST. Finally the membrane pretreated using Pro-light HRP Chemiluminescent Kit (Tiangen, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions was exposed using ChemiDoc imaging system (Bio-rad, USA) for 1 min to detect the proteins containing histidine-tag.
Characterization of the recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins
LOX activity was determined by continuously monitoring the formation of conjugated dienes at 234 nm. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). The substrates were prepared according to the method described by Gata et al [29].
To estimate the optimum pH of the two recombinant LOX proteins, the reaction was run across a pH range of 4.0–9.0 at 25°C. Reaction buffers were prepared with 0.5 pH unit increments as follows: 100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.0–5.5), 100 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.0–7.5) and 100 mM sodium borate (pH 8.0–9.0). The effect of temperature on the activity of the two recombinant LOX proteins was determined at the temperatures ranging from 20 to 50°C with 5°C unit increments at pH 5.0 for CmLOX10 and 5.5 for CmLOX13.
Enzymatic assays were performed at saturating oxygen concentration at 25°C. The standard reaction mixture (3 ml) consisted of 0.33 mM linoleic acid or linolenic acid in 100 mM reaction buffer and 5 μl purified enzyme. The control reaction was carried out using the same pH reaction buffer but using water instead of the enzyme. Enzymatic activity was measured according to the method described by Liu et al [11] with a few modifications. The increase of the hydroperoxidaton was monitored at 234 nm at 25°C in a spectrophotometer (Cary 50, Varian, USA) for 3 min and the slope of the initial linear part of the plot was used to calculate the LOX activity. The maximum activity was estimated to be 100%. The kinetic parameters of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 for linoleic and linolenic acid were calculated using Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software) over a range of substrate concentrations between 16.5 and 330 μM in the standard reaction condition. One unit of LOX activity is defined as the amount of enzyme catalysing the formation of 1 μmol of hydroperoxide per minute at 25°C. All of the determinations were repeated three times.
The identity of the reaction products of recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins was determined according to the method described by Long et al [30]. The 9-HPOD and 13-HPOD isomers were analyzed using a Waters HPLC equipment. The HPLC columns and conditions were similar to those described by Liu and Han [11]. The absorbance at 234 nm was recorded. Standards of 9- and 13-HPOD were purchased from Larodan (Malm, Sweden).
Subcellular localization analysis by transient expression of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 in tobacco leaves
Two GFP fusion constructs were produced to investigate the subcellular localization of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13. Using the p18T-LOX10 and p18T-LOX13 plasmids as templates, the full-length CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 without stop codon were re-amplified by the primers containing LOX10G-F/R and LOX13G-F/R, respectively. Typical PCR reactions were performed with high-fidelity PrimeSTAR™ HS DNA Polymerase (Takara, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and the PCR conditions were as follow: 30 cycles (denaturation at 98°C for 10 s, annealing at 52°C for 15 s, extension at 72°C for 3 min, final extension at 72°C for 10 min). The PCR product was purified using TaKaRa MiniBEST Agarose Gel DNA Extraction Kit (Takara, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocols and cloned into a pENTR™/D-TOPO® vector (Invitrogen, USA) followed by transforming into DH5α competent E. coli cells (Takara, Japan). Plasmids from five randomly selected clones for each gene were extracted, checked by restriction digest and sequenced by invitrogen (shanghai, China). The resulting entry vectors were used to deliver the CmLOX10-GFP and CmLOX13-GFP constructs into the plant expression vector pB7FWG2 [31] using Gateway® LR Clonase™ II Enzyme Mix (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After transformation and sequencing, the binary vectors which were designated as LOX10-GFP and LOX13-GFP were transferred into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 by freeze-thaw transformation.
Transformant Agrobacterium harboring LOX10-GFP and LOX13-GFP binary vectors were inoculated in 5 ml of YEB medium containing 50 μg ml−1 rifampicin, 50 μg ml−1 spectinomycin, 10 mM ethanesulfonic acid (pH 5.7 MES) and 20 μM acetosyringone (AS) and grown overnight at 28°C, 200 rpm. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 min at room temperature. After supernatant was removed, added 2 ml of infiltration media (10 mM pH 5.7 MES, 10 mM MgCl2, and 150 μM AS) and resuspend. Repeat the step above and diluted using the infiltration media to OD600 = 0.8. Agrobacterium suspensions harboring LOX10-GFP and LOX13-GFP binary vectors were injected into the abaxial surfaces of the leaves of the tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) grown for about 6 weeks using a 1ml needleless syringe. Then the tobacco plants were maintained in a growth cabinet under a 16/8 h day/night cycle at 25°C. The leaves of tobacco plants at 4 days after infiltration were collected to analyze the subcellular localization of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 fusion proteins.
Both green fluorescent signals and spontaneous red fluorescent signals of chloroplasts were detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM510, Zeiss, Germany). GFP fluorescence was excited with the 488-nm Ar laser line and the emission signals were collected between 505 and 525 nm for GFP and between 640 and 720 nm for chlorophyll autofluorescence. All fluorescence experiments were repeated three times.
Results
CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 cDNAs isolation and characterization
We isolated two full-length cDNAs by a combined strategy using RT-PCR and RACE-PCR on total RNA extracted from the tender stem of oriental melon. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of oriental melon CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 were analyzed by bioinformatics software (Table 1).
Table 1. Nucleotide sequence analysis of oriental melon CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 and predicted protein length, molecular mass and pI.
| LOX name | ORF length (bp) | 5’UTR length (bp) | 3’UTR length (bp) | Predicted protein length (aa) | Predicted molecular mass (kDa) | pI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CmLOX10 | 2709 | 47 | 118 | 902 | 102.301 | 6.0 |
| CmLOX13 | 2721 | 48 | 21 | 906 | 102.312 | 6.34 |
The CmLOX10 (GenBank: KT613843) harbours a 2709-bp open reading frame (ORF) flanked by a 47 bp 5’-untranslated region (UTR) and 118 bp 3’-UTR. A TAA stop codon in the 5’- UTR of CmLOX10 is found in 9 bp upstream from the first ATG which is the start codon of CmLOX10. The deduced CmLOX10 protein sequence consists of 902 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 102.301 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 6.0. The CmLOX13 (GenBank: KT613844) harbours a 2721-bp ORF encoding a predicted protein of 906 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 102.312 kDa and a theoretical pI of 6.34. The ORF of CmLOX13 is flanked by the 5’-UTR of 48 bp and 3’-UTR of 21 bp.
Two sequence alignments of the nucleotides and deduced amino acid sequences of CmLOX10 isolated from oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) and from the melon (Cucumis melon L.) genome database (https://melonomics.net) were done and seven different nucleotides and three different amino acids are found (S1 Fig). For CmLOX13, there are five different nucleotides and one different amino acid (S2 Fig).
Bioinformatics analysis of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13
By analyzing the deduced amino acid sequences of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13, the PLAT_LH2 and LOX domains of the deduced CmLOX10 protein which are the two conserved domains of plant LOXs and located in 73–205 and 215–885 amino acids respectively were identified, while the PLAT and LOX domains of the deduced CmLOX13 protein are located in 108–209 and 218–890 amino acids respectively (S3 Fig). Sequence alignments of the predicted amino acid sequences of the CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 showed that they shared 58.11% identity with each other (Fig 1). Several highly conserved regions of the predicted CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins were identified by amino acid sequence alignments. As shown in Fig 1, the conserved domains involved in substrate binding and oxygen binding, highly conserved C-terminal motif and the conserved amino acids of the two LOXs which are three His, one Asn and one Ile residues that involve in iron binding and enzyme catalytic activity are found in predicted CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins [32]. Furthermore, CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 possess the conserved Cys/Phe motif (C617 and F618) and Thr/Phe motif (T621 and F622) respectively and are predicted to be 13-LOXs. The conserved Ala residue which determines the S-stereospecificity of most LOXs is also observed [33].
Fig 1. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of oriental melon CmLOX10 and CmLOX13.
The deduced amino acid sequences of two LOXs were aligned using ClustalW2 software and displayed with GeneDoc. The C-terminal conserved domain of lipoxygenases is single underlined. The conserved domains involved in oxygen binding and substrate binding are double and triple underlined, respectively. The conserved amino acids of the two LOXs which are three His, one Asn and one Ile residues that involve in iron binding and enzyme catalytic activity are indicated by inverted triangles. CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins which possess the Phe residue denoted by a rhomb are predicted to be 13-LOXs. The Ala residue that determines the S-stereospecificity of most LOXs is denoted by a round.
To predict the regiospecificity and potential subcellular location of the CmLOX10 and CmLOX13, multiple sequence alignments of the putative amino acid sequences of the two oriental melon LOXs and other plant LOXs of which the functions were characterized were calculated with ClustalW2 software and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 5.0 software (Fig 2). According to the classification of Feussner and Wasternack [1], the tree could be divided into type I and type II lipoxygenases. Type I lipoxygenases which lack plastid targeting peptides and share over 75% sequence similarity among themselves can be further divided into monocotyledons LOXs and dicotyledons LOXs. Monocotyledons LOXs in the phylogenetic tree are linked to defense against pests and pathogen attack, while dicotyledons LOXs play a role in plant growth and development and adversity stress. Type II lipoxygenases which carry a plastid-targeting peptide and share low sequence similarity with members of the subgroup can be further divided into A and B subgroups which are related to mechanical damage and pathogen infection. AtLOX3, AtLOX4 and ZmLOX8 (tasselseed1) enzymes in the B subgroup maybe involve in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone jasmonic acid and further influences flower development [19,34], while StLOXH1, TomLOXC and Oep2LOX2 in the A subgroup play a key role in the generation of fatty-acid-derived short-chain volatiles [18,35,36]. The phylogenetic tree clearly shows that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 belong to the A subgroup of type II LOX group. Furthermore, it is predicted that the deduced CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins may possess transit peptides for chloroplast targeting by means of three different programs which are TargetP1.1, WoLFPSORT, and ChloroP1.1. On the basis of the prediction of TargetP1.1and ChloroP1.1 programs, the length of the chloroplast transit peptide of the N- terminus of the deduced CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins are 37 and 23 respectively and the two proteins likely encode chloroplast-targeted LOXs.
Fig 2. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of CmLOX10, CmLOX13 and other biochemically characterized plant LOXs.
The deduced amino acid sequences were aligned by the ClustalW2 software. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 5.0 software based on the neighbor-joining method and a bootstrap value was calculated from 1000 replicates. The shaded areas outline four separate LOX classes. CmLOX10, CmLOX13 isolated in this work are indicated by a round. StLOXH1, TomLOXC and Oep2LOX2 in the type II A subgroup which play a key role in the generation of fatty-acid-derived short-chain volatiles are indicated by a rhomb. AtLOX3, AtLOX4 and ZmLOX8 in the type II B subgroup which maybe involve in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone jasmonic acid and further influences flower development are indicated by a triangle. Accession numbers of the different lipoxygenases included in the analysis: Arabidopsis thaliana (AtLOX1, NP_175900; AtLOX2, AAL32689; AtLOX3, CAB56692; AtLOX4, NP_177396); Arachis hypogaea (PnLOX2, AAY87056); Brassica oleracea (BoLOX, ABO32545); Capsicum annuum (CaLOX1, ACO57136); Caragana jubata (CjLOX, ABQ10187); Camellia sinensis (CsLOX1, ABW75772); Corylus avellana (CaLOX, CAD10740); Cucumis sativus (cslbLOX, CAA63483); Glycine max (GmLOX9, ABS32275; GmLOX10, ABS32276); Lycopersicum esculentum (TomLOXA, AAA53184; TomLOXB, AAA53183; TomLOXC, AAB65766; TomLOXD, AAB65767; TomLOXE, AAG21691; TomLOXF, ACM77790); Nicotiana attenuata (NaLOX2, AAP83137; NaLOX3, AAP83138); Nicotiana tabacum (NaLOX1, CAA58859); Olea europaea (OeLOX, ACG56281; Oep1LOX2, ACD43484; Oep2LOX2, ACD43485); Oryza sativa (OsLOX1, ABD47523; OsLOX2, CAA45738; r9-LOX1, BAD02945); Phaseolus vulgaris (PvLOX6, ABM88259); Pisum sativum (LOXN2, CAG44502); Populus deltoids (PdLOX1, AAZ57444; PdLOX2, AAZ57445); Prunus dulcis (LOX1:Pd:1, CAB94852; LOX1:Pd:2, CAD10779); Prunus persica (PpLOX1, ACG59769; PpLOX2, ACH90245; PpLOX3, ACH91370; PpLOX4, ABV32552); Solanum tuberosum (StLOXH1, CAA65268; StLOXH3, CAA65269); Vitis vinifera (VvLOXA, ACZ17391; VvLOXC, ACZ17392; VvLOXO, ACZ17393); Zea mays (ZmLOX1, AAF76207; ZmLOX3, AAG61118; ZmLOX6, ABC59689; ZmLOX8, ABC59691; ZmLOX10, ABC59693; ZmLOX11, ABC59694).
Purification of the recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13
It showed that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins were likely located in chloroplast by analyzing the CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 sequence using the TargetP1.1 and ChloroP1.1 bioinformatics programs. As the chloroplast transit peptide can provoke some problems during the production in bacteria [15,37], we cloned and expressed the CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 cDNAs in E. coli, without their chloroplast transit peptide, but with a poly-His tag. Total proteins were extracted by sonication and the soluble fusion proteins were obtained in the supernatant and purified by affinity chromatography. The purity of the purified recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins were checked by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with an anti-His-tag antibody. SDS–PAGE and Western blotting analysis (Fig 3A) revealed two unique bands which were in good agreement with the predicted molecular mass of CmLOX10 (103.97 kDa, including the His-tag) and CmLOX13 (105.56 kDa, including the His-tag).
Fig 3. SDS–PAGE and Western blotting analysis of the purified His-tagged truncated CmLOX13 and CmLOX10 and full-length CmLOX10 recombinant proteins.
Lane M: Protein Molecular Weight Marker. (A) SDS-PAGE of purified His-tagged truncated CmLOX13 and CmLOX10 recombinant proteins (lane 1 and 2) and were detected on Western blotting with an anti-His-tag antibody (lane 3 and 4). (B) SDS-PAGE of purified His-tagged full-length CmLOX10 recombinant protein and soluble fraction of E. coli BL21(DE3) cell extracts expressing His-tagged CmLOX10 protein (lane 5 and 6) and were detected on Western blotting with an anti-His-tag antibody (lane 7 and 8).
Unfortunately, we could not detect LOX activity of truncated recombinant CmLOX10, so we expressed the full-length of CmLOX10 including the chloroplast transit peptide in E.coli as a fusion protein. After induction of expression and purifying, purified recombinant CmLOX10 expressed in E. coli was detected on Coomassie Brilliant Blue-stained SDS-PAGE gels and by Western blotting with an anti-His-tag antibody. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that one band which was similar to the predicted molecular mass of the CmLOX10 (108.01 kDa, including the His-tag) was detected in both soluble supernatant fractions of the cells and purified recombinant CmLOX10 (Fig 3B).
Biochemical characterization of the full-length recombinant CmLOX10 and truncated CmLOX13
To determine the optimal pH for full-length recombinant CmLOX10 and truncated recombinant CmLOX13, the enzyme activity was analyzed at 25°C and different pH values (pH 4.0–9.0), using linoleic and linolenic acids as substrates which are the two major PUFAs in plants. As shown in Fig 4, the recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins displayed the highest catalytic activity at pH 5.0 and 5.5 respectively and activities dramatically decreased when pH was higher than 6.0. To determine the optimum temperature for both recombinant LOXs, enzyme activity was measured over a range of temperatures (20–50°C). The optimum temperature for CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 were observed at 45°C and 35°C, respectively. The enzyme activity of CmLOX10 increased as temperature rise between 20 and 45°C and then decreased at 50°C. In comparison, the enzyme activity of CmLOX13 was sharply decreased when the temperature was higher than 35°C (Fig 4B and 4D).
Fig 4. The effects of pH and temperature on the enzymatic activity of recombinant CmLOX10 (A, B respectively) and CmLOX13 (C, D respectively) were determined using linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LnA) as substrates.
The recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins displayed the highest catalytic activity at pH 5.0 (A) and 5.5 (C) respectively. The optimum temperatures for CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 were observed at 45°C (B) and 35°C (D), respectively. The maximum activity was estimated as 100%. Means ± SD were obtained from three independent measurements.
To determine the kinetic characteristics of the recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins, the enzyme activity was assayed by monitoring the formation of hydroperoxides over a range of concentrations of the main substrates (linoleic and linolenic acid) between 16.5 and 330 μM using standard conditions. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters using linoleic and linolenic acid as substrates were calculated by a Michaelis-Menten plot analysis program (Fig 5). The kinetic parameters of the recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 are summarized in Table 2. The comparison of the Vmax values indicats that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 oxidize linoleic acid about 2.3 and 1.3-fold more quickly than linolenic acid, respectively. The recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 show a higher kcat/Km values for linoleic acid than for linolenic acid, suggesting that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 have the highest catalytic efficiency with linoleic acid. These results above indicate that linoleic acid is the preferred substrate for the recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13.
Fig 5. Recombinant CmLOX10 (A, B) and CmLOX13 (C, D) kinetic constants were determined using linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LnA) as substrates.
Values represent the means ± SD of three independent replicates. Inset represent Lineweaver-Burk plot.
Table 2. Kinetic parameters of purified recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13.
| Enzyme | Substrate | Km (μM) | Vmax (μmol s-1) | kcat (s-1) | kcat/Km (s-1μM-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CmLOX10 | Linoleic acid | 230.3 | 0.2543 | 5492.88 | 23.85 |
| Linolenic acid | 140.2 | 0.1131 | 2442.96 | 17.42 | |
| CmLOX13 | Linoleic acid | 125.8 | 0.1129 | 2438.64 | 19.39 |
| Linolenic acid | 156.6 | 0.0877 | 1841.7 | 11.76 |
To determine the positional specificity of purified CmLOX10 and CmLOX13, we further identified the reaction products from the CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 enzyme reaction following the SP-HPLC analysis. As shown in Fig 6, 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPOD) was mainly produced by the reaction of purified CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 with linoleic acid. The retention time of the reaction products was consistent with authentic 13-HPOD standards, indicating that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 were 13-LOXs. In addition, 13-HPOD was predominantly in the S configuration by Chiral-phase HPLC analysis of the reaction products, indicating that that they derived from the activity of a specific enzyme. The results above reveal that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 are 13S-LOX enzymes and convert linoleic acid into 13(S)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HPOD).
Fig 6. Determination of positional specificity of the recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13.
A shows the retention time of the isomers produced by soybean LOX1. B and C: SP-HPLC analysis of the reaction products of recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13. Boxes: chiral-phase HPLC showing the enantiomer composition of 9- and 13-HPOD.
Subcellular localization of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins
In order to determine the in vivo localization of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13, we transiently expressed CmLOX10-GFP and CmLOX13-GFP fusion constructs in tobacco leaves under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. We examined the CmLOX10-GFP and CmLOX13-GFP fusion protein localization using confocal laser scanning microscopy. As shown in Fig 7, CmLOX10 protein was located in plasma membrane, while CmLOX13-GFP fluorescence signals co-localized with the auto-fluorescence of chlorophyll, indicating that the subcellular localization of CmLOX10 protein was not in accord with the result of the bioinformatics analysis and CmLOX13 protein was located in chloroplasts. The results above show that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 have different locations and may play different functions during plant growth and development, although they have a high degree of identity at the amino acids level with each other.
Fig 7. Subcellular localization analysis by transient expression of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 fusion constructs in tobacco leaves.
Tobacco leaves were infiltrated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the LOX10-GFP (A) and LOX13-GFP constructs (B). Both green fluorescent signals and spontaneous red fluorescent signals of chloroplasts were detected using Zeiss LSM510 confocal microscope excited with a 488-nm Ar laser line. Merge is the computed overlay of the two fluorescence images. Reference bar is 20 μm.
Discussion
Using RT-PCR and RACE-PCR combined approach, the full length of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 which were isolated from the tender stem of oriental melon cultivar “Yumeiren” grown for about 30 days were cloned into T vector and sequenced. Comparing the sequencing results with the sequences of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 from melon genome database, a few different nucleotides and deduced amino acids were found. The differences above should due to varieties difference. The oriental melon cultivar “Yumeiren” is used in our experiment, while the melon doubled-haploid line DHL92 is used in genome sequence [26].
In plants, which type LOXs are classified into is based on the positions where the oxygenation of linoleic acid occurs. Generally, there are some conservative sites in plant LOXs that are related with the positional specificity and stereo-specificity of LOXs. A space-filling His or Phe residue at the bottom of the substrate-binding pocket was identified in nearly all plant 13-LOXs, while a Val residue was identified in plant 9-LOXs [6,38]. For stereo-specificity of LOXs, the conservative residue is Ala for S-LOX and Gly for R-LOX [39]. However, it has been shown that some plant LOXs could produce 9- and13-hydroperoxides by the heterologous expression method, such as Pea (Pisum sativum) LOXN2, olive (Olea europaea L.) LOX and tea plant (Camellia sinensis) CsLOX1 [11,12,16]. By analyzing the deduced CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 amino acid sequences, the two proteins include all the domains involved in substrate, oxygen binding, the binding of the atom of iron and Phe and Ala residues which are related with the positional specificity and stereo-specificity of LOXs and are predicted to be 13S-lipoxygenases. It has been proven by the analysis of product specificity using HPLC. Our results provide new information for the relationship between product specificity and the amino acids sequence.
The intracellular localization of LOXs may provide some predictions about the physiological functions of the different LOXs [1]. Besides cytoplasm and plastids, LOXs have been found in many other organelles, such as the vacuole, peroxysomes, lipid bodies, plasma membranes and microsomal membranes [2]. Furthermore, ZmLOX6 protein had been isolated from mesophyll cell chloroplasts, although bioinformatics analysis suggested the protein was located in cytoplasm [23]. The prediction of subcellular localization of the CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 proteins was done by means of three different programs and the bioinformatics analysis showed that the length of the chloroplast transit peptide of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 were 37 and 23, respectively. However, subcellular localization analysis by transient expression of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 in tobacco leaves showed that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 were located in plasma membrane and chloroplasts, respectively. It is possible that the different LOXs may have a specific location and play different roles in plant growth and development.
It might be helpful in predicting biochemical features and physiological functions of the LOXs by phylogenetic tree analysis [1], so the phylogenetic tree including CmLOX10, CmLOX13 and other plant LOXs of which the functions have been characterized was constructed. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that oriental melon CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 belong to the type II 13-LOXs in which all the LOX proteins identified are 13-LOXs and known to involve in biotic and abiotic stresses and are classified in the A subgroup including StLOXH1, TomLOXC and Oep2LOX2 which all involve in the generation of fatty-acid-derived short-chain volatiles.
Expression of the truncated CmLOX10 protein with putative transit peptide sequences removed failed to detect LOX activity, so we produced full-length His-tagged CmLOX10 expression vectors and expressed in E. coli. Chromatogram analysis of reaction products revealed that the full-length CmLOX10 and truncated CmLOX13 possessed the predicted 13-LOX activity and produced 13(S)-HPODE using linoleic acid as substrate. Although producing the same products, CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 exhibited different kinetic properties and optimal reaction conditions (Table 2 and Fig 4). CmLOX10 had the maximal activity when the pH and temperature were 5.0 and 45°C respectively, while CmLOX13 exhibited the highest catalytic rates at pH 5.5 and 35°C. Linoleic and linolenic acid which are the most common plant substrates for LOXs [40] were used as the substrates in the analysis of the enzymatic activity of recombinant CmLOX10 and CmLOX13. The catalytic efficiency of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 (kcat/Km) was higher with linoleic acid than with linolenic acid, so both CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 recombinant enzymes exhibited a preference for linoleic acid.
The metabolism of PUFAs via the LOX-catalyzed step and the subsequent reactions are collectively named the LOX pathway [1]. The LOX pathway has several branches and produces many signaling molecules commonly by activating the allanene oxide synthase (AOS) or hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) branches. 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid produced by 13-LOX is converted into jasmonate via AOS branch also called octadecanoid pathway, whereas HPL leads to the formation of ω-oxo acids and volatile C6 and C9 aldehydes followed by metabolizing by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) into the corresponding alcohols in HPL branch [1,41]. Although the formation of JA and Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) which are C6 or C9-aldehydes and alcohols utilize hydroperoxides as a common substrate, it have been demonstrated that LOX isoforms could provide substrates for one of the AOS and HPL branches. For example, the main role of potato StLOXH1 is to supply substrates for the HPL branch to produce C6 volatiles, but not to supply hydroperoxides for the AOS branch [42]. In contrast, NaLOX3 in Nicotiana attenuate and rice OsHI-LOX supply substrates for the AOS branch but not the HPL branch [43,44]. In maize, ZmLOX10 and ZmLOX8 specialize in providing substrates for the production of green leaf volatile (GLV) and the biosynthesis of jasmonate (JA), respectively [45]. Furthermore, whether the LOX is involved in the production of GLV or the biosynthesis of JA is determined by the positional specificity of the LOX, so we analyzed the reaction products by HPLC analysis for the positional specificity of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13. The result showed that 13S-HPOD was produced by the reaction of purified CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 with linoleic acid. In consideration of the phylogenetic tree analysis of the two LOXs which belong to the subgroup including StLOXH1, TomLOXC and Oep2LOX2 which all involve in the generation of fatty-acid-derived short-chain volatiles, it can be predicted that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 are likely to participate in the formation of C6 volatiles which play roles both in development and the defense response in plants [46,47].
We have previously shown that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 expressed in different tissues of oriental melon cultivar “Yumeiren” in growth and development. CmLOX10 expressed during fruit ripening, while the expression of CmLOX13 mRNA appeared at earlier stage of fruit ripening (S4 Fig). To understand the roles of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 in defense responses, the expressions of the two genes in response to mechanical wounding and signaling molecules have been examined using melon seedlings at the four-leaf stage (S5 and S6 Figs). Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression level of CmLOX10 were extensively up-regulated by mechanical wounding and exogenous application of MeJA and H2O2. The phenomenon that CmLOX10 expression is induced by MeJA but suppressed by SA has been suggested that JA and SA have antagonistic effects in defense responses [48–50]. In contrast, the expression level of CmLOX13 was extensively up-regulated by mechanical wounding and exogenous application of H2O2 as same as CmLOX10, but the gene was induced by SA and not responsive to MeJA. Based on these results, we suggest that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 may involve in different plant signals in vivo. These data above will be helpful for us in understanding their roles in oriental melon development and defense responses. However, the further study is needed to better understand the roles of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 in oriental melon.
Conclusions
We cloned the two full-length clones of CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 from oriental melon which they have a high degree of identity at the amino acids. Then they were expressed as recombinant proteins and assayed in vitro. Recombinant His-tagged CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 showed 13-LOX activity and preferentially used linoleic acid as substrate. Subcellular localization analysis by transient expression in tobacco leaves showed that CmLOX10 was located in plasma membrane, while CmLOX13 was located in chloroplasts. Combining the results with the phylogenetic tree analysis of the two LOXs, it could be predicted that CmLOX10 and CmLOX13 encode a 13-LOX probably involved in the production of C6 volatile compounds and have different locations which may play different functions during plant growth and development. In conclusion, such studies will help us to better understand the functions of LOXs both in development and the defense response in oriental melon.
Supporting Information
A TAA stop codon upstream from the first ATG of the ORF of CmLOX10 is framed. The locations of the three gene-specific primers for 5’ RACE of the CmLOX10 which are GSP1, GSP2 and GSP3 are single, double and triple underlined, respectively. The seven different nucleotides between the CmLOX10 and GeLOX10 are indicated by asterisks.
(DOCX)
The ATG of the ORF of CmLOX13 is framed. The locations of the three gene-specific primers for 5’ RACE of the CmLOX10 which are GSP1, GSP2 and GSP3 are single, double and triple underlined, respectively. The five different nucleotides between the CmLOX13 and GeLOX13 are indicated by asterisks.
(DOCX)
(TIF)
The samples identities are as follows: 1, root; 2, stem; 3, young leaf; 4, female flower; 5, male flower; 6, seeds without soaking; 7, seeds were soaked in tap water for 24 h; 8, seeds were soaked in tap water for 72 h; 9, 5d after pollination (DAP); 10, 10 DAP; 11, 15 DAP; 12, 20 DAP; 13, 25 DAP; 14, 30 DAP; 15, 35 DAP; 16, 40 DAP.
(TIF)
(TIF)
(TIF)
Nucleotides underlined were used for producing EcoRI and XhoI restriction site.
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
We thank Yazhong Jin and Tao Xu for excellent technical assistance.
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding Statement
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471868). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
A TAA stop codon upstream from the first ATG of the ORF of CmLOX10 is framed. The locations of the three gene-specific primers for 5’ RACE of the CmLOX10 which are GSP1, GSP2 and GSP3 are single, double and triple underlined, respectively. The seven different nucleotides between the CmLOX10 and GeLOX10 are indicated by asterisks.
(DOCX)
The ATG of the ORF of CmLOX13 is framed. The locations of the three gene-specific primers for 5’ RACE of the CmLOX10 which are GSP1, GSP2 and GSP3 are single, double and triple underlined, respectively. The five different nucleotides between the CmLOX13 and GeLOX13 are indicated by asterisks.
(DOCX)
(TIF)
The samples identities are as follows: 1, root; 2, stem; 3, young leaf; 4, female flower; 5, male flower; 6, seeds without soaking; 7, seeds were soaked in tap water for 24 h; 8, seeds were soaked in tap water for 72 h; 9, 5d after pollination (DAP); 10, 10 DAP; 11, 15 DAP; 12, 20 DAP; 13, 25 DAP; 14, 30 DAP; 15, 35 DAP; 16, 40 DAP.
(TIF)
(TIF)
(TIF)
Nucleotides underlined were used for producing EcoRI and XhoI restriction site.
(DOCX)
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.