Table 3.
Association between risk factors and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in Hispanics by nativity in the Multiethnic Cohort
| US Born | Foreign Born | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | HR* (95% CI) | No. of cases | HR* (95% CI) | |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 55 | 1.00 | 33 | 1.00 |
| <2 drinks/day | 39 | 0.78 (0.51, 1.20) | 25 | 1.15 (0.66, 2.00) |
| ≥ 2 drinks/day | 24 | 1.49 (0.89, 2.50) | 13 | 2.96 (1.44, 6.06) |
| P trend=0.3732 | P trend=0.0148 | |||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Non-smokers | 31 | 1.00 | 32 | 1.00 |
| Former | 53 | 1.37 (0.86, 2.17) | 21 | 0.78 (0.43, 1.39) |
| Current | 34 | 2.91 (1.75, 4.85) | 18 | 2.10 (1.13, 3.90) |
| Diabetes status | ||||
| No | 72 | 1.00 | 47 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 46 | 3.32 (2.26, 4.90) | 24 | 3.38 (2.03, 5.62) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| <25 | 18 | 1.00 | 16 | 1.00 |
| 25-<30 | 62 | 1.75 (1.03, 2.98) | 32 | 1.15 (0.63, 2.11) |
| ≥30 | 38 | 1.90 (1.07, 3.39) | 23 | 1.89 (0.99, 3.63) |
| P trend=0.0365 | P trend=0.0516 | |||
| Vigorous physical activity | ||||
| 0 | 51 | 1.00 | 31 | 1.00 |
| ≤20 min/day | 26 | 0.96 (0.59, 1.56) | 11 | 0.96 (0.47, 1.93) |
| >20 min/day | 36 | 0.78 (0.50, 1.23) | 22 | 0.99 (0.55, 1.79) |
| P trend=0.2859 | P trend=0.9767 | |||
| Level of education | ||||
| High School or lower | 79 | 1.00 | 55 | 1.00 |
| Some college | 26 | 0.75 (0.48, 1.19) | 12 | 1.25 (0.67, 2.36) |
| Completed college or higher | 13 | 0.90 (0.49, 1.64) | 4 | 0.89 (0.32, 2.48) |
| P trend=0.4071 | P trend=0.8576 | |||
| % calories from saturated fat | ||||
| Tertile 1 | 42 | 1.00 | 24 | 1.00 |
| Tertile 2 | 35 | 0.78 (0.50, 1.23) | 19 | 0.80 (0.43, 1.47) |
| Tertile 3 | 41 | 0.86 (0.55, 1.35) | 28 | 1.19 (0.68, 2.09) |
| P trend=0.5121 | P trend=0.5191 | |||
| Red meat intake, g/kcal/day | ||||
| Tertile 1 | 37 | 1.00 | 14 | 1.00 |
| Tertile 2 | 39 | 0.82 (0.52, 1.30) | 28 | 1.99 (1.04, 3.80) |
| Tertile 3 | 42 | 0.76 (0.48, 1.20) | 29 | 1.95 (1.01, 3.78) |
| P trend=0.2407 | P trend=0.0622 | |||
| Fruit intake, g/kcal/day | ||||
| Tertile 1 | 50 | 1.00 | 28 | 1.00 |
| Tertile 2 | 40 | 0.93 (0.61, 1.42) | 22 | 0.86 (0.49, 1.53) |
| Tertile 3 | 28 | 0.79 (0.48, 1.28) | 21 | 0.88 (0.49, 1.60) |
| P trend=0.3394 | P trend=0.6610 | |||
| Vegetables intake, g/kcal/day | ||||
| Tertile 1 | 49 | 1.00 | 31 | 1.00 |
| Tertile 2 | 36 | 0.76 (0.49, 1.17) | 23 | 0.79 (0.46, 1.36) |
| Tertile 3 | 33 | 0.75 (0.48, 1.19) | 17 | 0.55 (0.30, 1.01) |
| P trend=0.1987 | P trend=0.0523 | |||
| Hepatitis B and/or C** | ||||
| No | 29 | 1.00 | 19 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 18 | 16.13 (8.73, 29.81) | 12 | 19.93 (9.44, 42.07) |
*
Adjusted for age at cohort entry, education, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking status, diabetes, vigorous activity, and sex; dietary factors further adjusted for total calories.
**
Based on a subset of MEC participants linked to FFS Medicare (see details in Supplemental Table 1).