Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to report a case series of Brown–McLean syndrome (BMS).
Methods
The charts of 28 patients with BMS at Ramathibodi and Rutnin Hospital from 1981 to 2015 were reviewed.
Results
BMS is a rare condition with corneal edema involving the peripheral cornea with orange-brown pigment deposition underlying the edematous area. The edema typically starts inferiorly and advances circumferentially to superior cornea. Central cornea remains clear in most patients. We report 28 patients with BMS that occurred either spontaneously or after various intraocular procedures. Ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed to demonstrate the iridocorneal relationship.
Conclusion
Iridocorneal relationship from the ultrasound biomicroscopy study in four patients did not support previous hypothesis about the role of iridodonesis impact on corneal endothelium. Patients with BMS can rarely progress to corneal decompensation; however, they should be periodically monitored and made aware of early clinical signs of their complications.
Keywords: Brown–McLean syndrome, peripheral corneal edema, marginal corneal edema, corneal decompensation
Introduction
Brown–McLean syndrome (BMS) was first described in 1969 as a delayed onset of peripheral corneal edema with underlying endothelial punctate orange pigmentation in long-standing pseudophakic patients by Brown and McLean.1 It has a benign clinical course with central cornea remaining clear for years. This condition most commonly occurs in aphakic eyes after intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE). We report about BMS that occurred either spontaneously and after unusual intraocular procedures. In this case series, we report data of 28 patients with 35 affected eyes and study the clinical characteristics and natural course of this disease.
This study is one of the largest case series in BMS with longer follow-up. We also report ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) findings to demonstrate iridocorneal relationship, since iridodonesis was proposed to be responsible for the underlying pathogenesis of this condition.2–4
Patients and methods
We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 28 patients with BMS at Ramathibodi and Rutnin Hospital from 1981 to 2015. Demographic data such as age, sex, laterality, principal diagnosis, previous surgeries or inciting events, visual acuity, central and peripheral corneal status, presence of underlying pigment deposition, lenticular status, refractive status, and presence of corneal guttata were recorded. Corneal thickness, corneal endothelial cell count, degree of polymegathism, and pleomorphism were measured. Dynamic appearances of iridocorneal contact in various conditions were evaluated by UBM study. This study was approved by the Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University Ethic committee. Written, informed consent was obtained from all subjects and the study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results
The findings of 28 patients with 35 affected eyes are summarized in Table 1. There were 12 men and 16 women. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 45 years (range: 18–80 years). The longest follow-up time was 35 years. Almost all eyes (97%) had circumferential peripheral corneal edema with one eye sparing the superior 10–2 o’clock position (Figure 1).
Table 1.
Brown–McLean syndrome
| Case no | Age (years) |
Sex | Laterality | Previous surgery | Underlying disease | Acuity | Corneal status | CCT (µm) |
ECC (cells/mm2) |
Guttata | Lenticular status | Pigment | Refractive error | UBM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 61 | F | Unilateral | ICCE | HM | Inferior edema 2–10 o’clock Centrally clear |
N/A | N/A | Few | Aphakia | Yes | HMO | Flat iris Open angle No ITC |
|
| 2 | 29 | F | Unilateral | Lens aspiration | CF 3 ft | Centrally clear | 556 | 2,773 | None | Aphakia | Yes | HMO | Flat iris Open angle No ITC |
|
| 3 | 44 | F | Unilateral | N/A | N/A | |||||||||
| 4 | M | Unilateral | ICCE | NLP | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | |||||||
| 5 | 26 | M | Unilateral | SBP | Marfan syndrome | 20/150 | Centrally clear | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | HMO | |||
| 6 | 23 | F | Unilateral | PE | Spontaneous lens dislocation | Centrally clear | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | Yes | HMO | |||
| 7 | 50 | M | Unilateral | N/A | N/A | HMO | ||||||||
| 8 | 47 | F | Unilateral | PPV | Familial iris hypoplasia | HM | Centrally clear | 568 | 2,186 | Few | Aphakia | Yes | HMO | Flat iris Open angle No ITC |
| 9 | 23 | F | Unilateral | IK | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
| 10 | 51 | M | Unilateral | N/A | N/A | |||||||||
| 11 | 77 | F | Unilateral | ICCE | POAG | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | HMO | |||||
| 12 | 67 | F | Bilateral | ICCE | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | HMO | ||||||
| 13 | Unilateral | Crouching | N/A | N/A | PCIOL | |||||||||
| 14 | 59 | M | Unilateral | Secondary IOL | XT amblyopia | Centrally clear | N/A | N/A | PCIOL | Yes | ||||
| 15 | 56 | M | Bilateral | Crouching | 20/20 | Inferior peripheral edema 2–10 o’clock; Superior PI Centrally clear |
543/525 | 3,324/2,907 | Few | Aphakia | Yes | HMO | Flat iris Open-angle No ITC |
|
| 16 | 25 | F | Unilateral | N/A | N/A | |||||||||
| 17 | 29 | M | Unilateral | ICCE | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | HMO | ||||||
| 18 | 69 | F | Bilateral | Crouching | Centrally clear | N/A | N/A | |||||||
| 19 | 21 | M | Unilateral | ICCE | Peripheral opacification + calcium deposit | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | Calcium deposit | HMO | ||||
| 20 | 34 | M | Unilateral | ICCE | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | |||||||
| 21 | 62 | F | Bilateral | ICCE | OD: ABK OS: decompensate |
N/A | N/A | Aphakia | ||||||
| 22 | 72 | M | Unilateral | ICCE | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | |||||||
| 23 | 18 | M | Bilateral | N/A | N/A | |||||||||
| 24 | 18 | M | Unilateral | Unknown | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | |||||||
| 25 | 80 | F | Bilateral | N/A | N/A | |||||||||
| 26 | F | Unilateral | ICCE | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | HMO | |||||||
| 27 | F | Bilateral | ICCE | N/A | N/A | Aphakia | ||||||||
| 28 | F | Unilateral | PE | N/A | Normal | Yes | HMO |
Abbreviations: ABK, aphakic bullous keratopathy; CCT, central corneal thickness; CF, counting fingers; ECC, endothelial cell count; F, female; HM, hand motion; HMO, high myopia; ICCE, intracapsular cataract extraction; IK, interstitial keratitis; ITC, iridotrabecular contact; M, male; N/A, not available; NLP, no light perception; OD, oculus dexter; OS, oculus sinister; PCIOL, posterior chamber intraocular lens; PE, phacoemulsification; PI, peripheral iridotomy; POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; PPV, pars plana vitrectomy; SBP, scleral buckling procedure; IOL, intraocular lens implantation; UBM, ultrasound biomicroscopy; XT, exotropia.
Figure 1.
Clinical picture of Brown-McLean syndrome.
Note: This patient had inferior peripheral corneal edema sparing (10–2 o’clock position).
Four patients came for follow-up. Two eyes of two patients (cases 2 and 8) had average corneal endothelial density of 2,797 cell/mm3, which was slightly lower than that of the unaffected eyes (P=0.1131). Few corneal guttata were detected in both affected and fellow eyes. Average central corneal thickness was 548 μm. Interestingly, 14 eyes of 12 patients (40%) had high myopia and remained myopic, emmetropic, or mildly hyperopic despite the aphakic status, and 21 eyes of 17 patients were aphakic. Central cornea remained clear in most of the patients with the longest follow-up time of 35 years. Two of 35 eyes had progression to corneal decompensation, although maintaining the characteristic prominent edema in peripheral than in central cornea. Small punctate orange-brown pigmentation on the underlying endothelium of affected area was found in ten eyes. One patient (2.86%) had calcium deposition in an edematous area.
Unusual underlying systemic and ocular diseases were also found: Marfan syndrome and familial iris hypoplasia.
ICCE was performed in eleven eyes before the diagnosis of BMS. Peripheral edema usually involves inferior 2–10 o’clock position regardless of the presence of superior surgical iridectomy (patient 15). Couching, the historical method for the treatment of blinding cataract, was performed in five eyes and was followed by secondary open-angle glaucoma in all cases. Other procedures such as lens aspiration and phacoemulsification, or even spontaneous lens dislocation, can lead to BMS in four eyes.
UBM revealed the absence of iridocorneal apposition in semi-upright position in four patients and remained unchanged with different room illuminations or accommodations (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed absence of iridocorneal apposition.
Discussion and review of literature
BMS is a rare type of peripheral corneal edema. Table 2 is a summary of studies from the literature. The corneal edema typically starts inferiorly, progresses circumferentially from the corner region corresponding to 6 o’clock position toward 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock positions simultaneously, and occupies peripheral cornea at 2.0–3.0 mm from the limbus. The edema often spares the superior cornea between the 10 o’clock and 2 o’clock position (horseshoe- or U-shaped configuration) and adjacent to cataract incision. Superior corneal sparing usually corresponds to surgical iridectomy location. We found classic inferior peripheral edema in three eyes (patients 1 and 15). Additionally, the edema is associated with a punctate orange-brown pigmentation deposition on the underlying endothelium of affected area, while the finding of cornea guttata is infrequent. The progression occurs over a time course, varying from months to several years.2 There is no associated corneal neovascularization or anterior chamber inflammation. Gonioscopy usually revealed opened anterior chamber angle. Peripheral anterior synechiae can be found from surgically induced inflammation.
Table 2.
Reported cases of Brown–McLean syndrome in the literature
| Authors | Year | Number of patient | Age (years) | Duration (years) | Previous surgeries | Corneal status | Lenticular status | Underlying | Findings | Intervention on corneal edema | Pigment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown and McLean1 | 1969 | 8 (14 eyes) | N/A | 11 | ICCE | Centrally clear with peripheral edema | N/A | One patient had corneal guttata (7%) Female preponderance |
Yes | ||
| Brown3 | 1970 | 5 (10 eyes) | N/A | N/A | 8 eyes: ICCE 1 eyes: ECCE 1eyes: spontaneous superior lens subluxation |
N/A | N/A | 1: Marfan | One patient had corneal guttata (10%) Female preponderance (all) |
||
| Charlin4 | 1985 | 16 (26 eyes) | N/A | 14.5 | 21 eyes: ICCE 3 eyes: ECCE 2 eyes: spontaneous lens absorption (1: trauma, 2: congenital rubella syndrome) |
Marginal corneal edema | Aphakia | 61% myopia | No sex preponderance Few patients with corneal guttata (8%) |
Yes | |
| Tuft et al17 | 1992 | 15 (21 eyes) | (range: 32–81) | mean, 13.5 (range: 1–33) | 17 eyes: ICCE 2 eyes: ECCE 2 eyes: lens aspiration |
Centrally clear with peripheral edema 16 eyes spare superior (no PI/small PI) |
Aphakia | 2 eyes: HMO 1 eyes: recurrent anterior uveitis 1 eyes: COAG |
All asymptomatic ECC 1,190–2,150 cells/mm2 with polymegethism | Glasses and contact lens | |
| Reed14 | 1992 | 22 (36 eyes) | N/A | N/A | Intracapsular cataract extraction | N/A | N/A | Light microscopy Central: normal Peripheral: disintegrated endothelial cells with an abnormal posterior collagenous layer of Descemet’s membrane EM: distinct junction between the normal and the diseased endothelium |
Supportive treatment including keratoplasty | Yes | |
| Gothard et al2 | 1993 | 32 (47 eyes) | mean, 69.6 (range: 26–88) | mean, 15.6 (range: 1.5–30) | 31 eyes: ICCE with superior PI 7 eyes: ECCE 2 eyes: PE 1 eye: PPL |
Centrally clear with peripheral edema | 20 eyes: aphakia 11 eyes: pseudophakia 2 eyes: phakia |
RF error Intermittent angle closure |
58% corneal guttata 65% had 360 degree peripheral edema Slight male preponderance ECC 500–2,860 cells/mm2 |
2 eyes developed infectious keratitis | Yes |
| Sun et al15 | 1998 | 5 (8 eyes) | N/A | 10.5 | Cataract surgery | Centrally clear | Decreased ECC Increased corneal thickness in edematous area |
Yes | |||
| Diaz-Llopis et al18 | 2007 | 10 | N/A | (range: 1.5–4.5) | Refractive phakic anterior chamber intraocular lenses | 9 eyes: centrally clear with peripheral edema 1 eyes: progress to generalized edema |
Phakic | Normal ECC with low value | 9 cases: remove the lens 9 cases: after lens removal surgery, the microcytic corneal edema Disappeared 1 case: progress to generalized edema |
NA |
Note: This review excluded the series with less than eight eyes.
Abbreviations: COAG, chronic open-angle glaucoma; ECC, endothelial cell count; ECCE, extracapsular cataract extraction; EM, electron microscopy; HMO, high myopia; ICCE, intracapsular cataract extraction; PE, phacoemulsification; PI, peripheral iridotomy; PPL, pars plana lensectomy; RF, refractive; N/A, not available.
The syndrome was first described in association with ICCE, but it has also been described after several types of lens surgery such as the extracapsular lens extraction, phacoemulsification, lensectomy, pars plana vitrectomy, anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, penetrating keratoplasty, and in patients with no previous ocular surgery (eg, patients with spontaneous lens resorption with iridodonesis, lens subluxation or luxation [dislocation], phakic eye with intermittent angle closure, keratoconus, and myotonic dystrophy).1–10 In aphakic patients, iridodonesis had been suggested to be a cause of an intermittent abrasion of the endothelium.2–4 The iridectomy may play a role in protecting corneal endothelium from mechanical trauma suggested by observation in characteristic superior corneal sparing. However, superior peripheral corneal edema despite large sectoral iridectomy had been reported.7 This finding was supported by our UBM study, which revealed the absence of iridocorneal touch with widely opened anterior chamber angle. BMS in phakic eye with spontaneous lens subluxation or spontaneous lens absorption was reported by Brown3 and Charlin.4 In our series, one patient with familial iris hypoplasia developed BMS after bilateral spontaneous posterior lens dislocation. These eyes have a dynamic anterior chamber and iridodonesis similar to aphakic state.3,4,11 BMS in phakic eye with intermittent angle-closure glaucoma was reported; hence, increased intraocular pressure and inflammation may be responsible for recurrent endothelial trauma.2 Hara5 reported one case of BMS with concurrent corneal endotheliitis that responded well to steroid therapy. Three members of an extended Pacific Islands family with bilateral spontaneous crystalline lens subluxation manifested with BMS were reported.9 Brown and McLean1 also described two eyes with BMS occurring in pairs of siblings, suggesting possible genetic predisposition and potential aggravation of the clinical presentation after surgery (two-hit theory). In our patients, couching was performed in five eyes with left aphakia, which produced similar results as ICCE, without intraocular lens implantation. High incidence of high myopia was also found in our series.
BMS usually spares central cornea for years (reported 4 weeks to 34 years) without a detectable decrease in corneal endothelial cell density or an increase in corneal thickness.2,7,9 The central corneal guttata is frequently seen in both affected and fellow eyes. These eyes may present with transient corneal edema but do not have permanent swelling.2,12 The confocal microscopy demonstrated healthy endothelium in BMS within the affected cornea.13 Conversely, Vote et al9 reported endothelial pigmentation, prominent nerves, and localized basal epithelial edema in peripheral cornea, while central cornea revealed large cellular structures with prominent nuclei. The light and electron microscopy revealed normal central cornea, while periphery showed disintegrated endothelial cells with an abnormal posterior collagenous layer of Descemet’s membrane. Scanning electron microscopy also confirmed a distinct junction between the normal central endothelium and the diseased peripheral endothelium.14 The pathological reduction in the corneal endothelial cells with increased corneal thickness was described even though the central cells were normal.12,15
BMS usually presents with an uncomplicated clinical course. However, the clinical symptoms are vary greatly from asymptomatic peripheral corneal edema or mild foreign body sensation requiring only hypertonic saline and lubrication to severe pain due to ruptured bullae. Infectious corneal ulceration necessitating keratoplasty was reported.2,16 The management and visual rehabilitation of patients with BMS has been reported in the literature. Aphakic glasses correction or aphakic contact lens correction may be the alternative choices for visual rehabilitation in patients with good visual ability. However, anoxic stress associated with contact lens wear must be concerned in BMS patients who have susceptible corneal endothelial function.17 One patient in our series developed corneal decompensation but still showed characteristics of more prominent peripheral edema.18 Patients with BMS should be periodically monitored and made aware of early clinical signs of their complications.
As a result of retrospective nature in this rare peripheral corneal degeneration, there are several limitations in this study. The UBM analysis and specular microscopy were obtained in only four patients who came to follow-up since we did not have these instruments at the time of their initial presentation. Statistical analysis of risk factors could not be performed due to the limited data number.
Conclusion
In conclusion, BMS generally has an uncomplicated clinical course. However, complications may occur. We reported BMS after phacoemulsification and crouching. High myopia was found in 40% of all eyes. Further studies are needed to determine the pathogenesis of BMS and the role of high myopia in BMS development.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
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