Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to compare knee laxity and isokinetic muscle strength in patients with an isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty high school rugby players with a previous posterior cruciate ligament injury and abnormal findings higher than surgical grade I were included. Laxity with 132 N of pressure was measured using Kneelax 3 to assess the stability of the posterior cruciate ligament, and flexor and extensor torques were measured at 60°/sec, 180°/sec, and 240°/sec to measure the isokinetic muscle strength of the knee joint. The average and standard deviation values were extracted from all data to assess the measured data. [Results] Regarding the ipsilateral and contralateral laxity, the deviation value at the peak force and maximum manual drawer was statistically significant. The peak torque and peak torque per body weight in isokinetic measurements were significantly different only for knee extensor torque at 60°/sec, 180°/sec, and 240°/sec. [Conclusion] Return to normal activities post injury is important. Thus base data gathered by comparing patients’ ipsilateral and contralateral sides will serve as essential criteria for structuring future rehabilitation programs to facilitate functional improvements.
Key words: Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury, Knee laxity, Isokinetic muscle strength
INTRODUCTION
The knee joint is a complex joint that consists of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and the meniscus. Therefore, simple and complex injuries can easily occur in the knee joint1, 2), and since it has a pathologically disadvantageous circular structure, the weakening of one ligament can weaken other ligaments3, 4). In the knee joint complex, the posterior cruciate ligament is located at the posterior side of the knee joint, preventing excessive extension and providing rotational stability5). Moreover, because it limits the tibia from shifting dorsally to the femur, the posterior cruciate ligament is important for stabilizing the knee joint6, 7).
Approximately 32% of various sports activities cause knee joint injuries8), 72% of which are contactless injuries9) and 28% of which are contact injuries10). The frequency of posterior cruciate ligament injuries has been reported to range from 1–44%11, 12), and the accident rate of contact sports with many abrupt landings and turnabouts, such as football and rugby, is >40%13,14,15). The frequent site of injury in contact sports is the posterior cruciate ligament, and the stability of ligament laxity and muscle development are required to prevent instability and pain in the knee joint16). When there are no associated ligament injuries, conservative treatment that improves elasticity of the ligaments and increases muscle strength can lead to a good prognosis17). However, when left untreated, arthritis and patellar pain can occur in the patellofemoral joint18).
The posterior cruciate ligament is twice as strong as the anterior cruciate ligament, and it has intrinsic healing abilities and plays an important role in stabilizing the knee joint2, 19). The posterior drawer laxity test for posterior cruciate ligament injury categorizes this injury into three grades (I, II, and III)20). Conservative nonsurgical treatments are generally recommended for grade I (≤5 mm) and grade II (5–10 mm) isolated injuries or when the medial femoral plateau is pushed dorsally19). A reasonable assessment of the knee joint considers the torque level of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, and can provide important data for determining intrinsic lesions21, 22). Failure to treat the injury properly can result in instability of the knee joint, meniscal cartilage damage, and patellofemoral degeneration23). Thus collecting base data may help surgeons manage these injuries.
Therefore, a comparative evaluation of knee laxity and isokinetic muscle strength in patients with a posterior cruciate ligament injury may provide optimal criteria for injury prevention and treatment. We aimed to use the present study’s results as base data for future treatment and rehabilitation by assessing the ipsilateral and contralateral functional levels in patients with a previous isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury in accordance with their participation in sports by using laxity and isokinetic muscle strength tests.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Twenty high school rugby players with a previous posterior cruciate ligament injury in the knee joint and abnormal findings higher than a surgical grade I were included as subjects in the present study. The average age, height, and weight of the subjects were 18.8 ± 1.0 years, 177.2 ± 6.7 cm, and 76.7 ± 13.4 kg, respectively. Patients were divided into the ipsilateral and contralateral side groups according to the severity of their posterior cruciate ligament injuries. All the subjects understood the purpose of this study and provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. We conducted a laxity test to assess the stability of the posterior cruciate ligament and an isokinetic muscular strength test to evaluate the function of torque in the knee joint. For the laxity test, we excluded subjective judgments of the injury and pain and used Kneelax 3 (Monitored Rehab Systems, Haarlem, the Netherlands) to obtain an objective assessment.
The Kneelax 3 was calibrated before the measurements were performed to ensure reliability and eliminate errors in the data. Subjects asked to assume in the supine position, and similar to the posterior drawer test, they were asked to bend their knees to an angle of about 70–90° while their soles were still touching the ground. We measured the side ipsilateral to the injury first. To measure the laxity of the cruciate ligament, we used a force sensor that measures each push and pull as a force value and a distance sensor to measure movement of the tibia tuberosity. Laxity was measured in terms of the distance traveled by the cruciate ligament according to the force from eight types of pressures (±44 N, ±66 N, ±88 N, and ±132 N) caused by pulling (+, anterior) and pushing (−, posterior). We used results from previous studies that measured and assessed laxity of posterior cruciate ligament injuries using the deviation value at the peak force of 132 N24,25,26). In accordance with the guidelines from the manufacturer of the Kneelax 3, we also used the results for 132 N and the maximum manual drawer in this study.
To measure the isokinetic muscle strength of the knee joint, a Humac Norm Test and Rehabilitation System (CSMi Medical Solutions, Stoughton, MA, USA) was used, and the peak torque (Nm) relative to the knee flexor and extensor torques at 60°/sec, 180°/sec, and 240°/sec; peak torque/body weight (%); and bilateral balance ratio (%) were measured. After adjusting the axis of rotation of the dynamometer to correspond to the subject’s knee joint, we then adjusted the lower leg and shaft length to each of the subject’s leg length to measure the peak torque. Moreover, we secured body parts that could hinder the application of external force on the joint according to repetitive femoral movements during knee flexion and extension exercises. In addition, the anatomical joint range of motion for each subject was controlled to prevent hyperextension or flexion relative to the knee joint. Knee flexion and extension exercises were performed three times at 60°/sec, 10 times at 180°/sec, and 20 times at 240°/sec, and the contralateral side was measured after first measuring only the ipsilateral side. Furthermore, the gravity effect torque was corrected and used only to measure the torque of the knee joint.
All measured data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), and the average and standard deviation values were extracted. We used the paired sample t-test to compare the ipsilateral and contralateral functional levels, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Laxity of the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of patients with a posterior cruciate ligament injury was statistically significant in terms of the deviation value and the maximum manual drawer at the peak force of 132 N, as shown in Table 1. Regarding the peak torque in the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the patients with a posterior cruciate ligament injury, only the knee flexor torque at 60°/sec (p = 0.003), 180°/sec (p = 0.002), and 240°/sec (p = 0.000) was statistically significant (Table 2). Peak torque per body weight was significantly different only for the knee flexor torque at 60°/sec (p = 0.009), 180°/sec (p = 0.001), and 240°/sec (p = 0.000) (Table 3). In addition, the bilateral balance ratio was statistically significant at 180°/sec (p = 0.034) and 240°/sec (p = 0.022) (Table 4).
Table 1. Comparisons of PCL laxity.
| Variables | Non-involved side | Involved side |
|---|---|---|
| 132 (N) | −2.0±1.0 | −2.8±0.8*** |
| MMD (mm) | 2.7±1.2 | 3.9±1.0*** |
Values are shown as the mean±SD, ***p<0.001. MMD: maximum manual drawer
Table 2. Comparisons of peak torque of the knee joint.
| Variables (Nm) | Non-involved side | Involved side | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60°/sec | Extensors | 206.4±55.0 | 175.0±37.8** |
| Flexors | 120.2±32.1 | 113.7±23.5 | |
| 180°/sec | Extensors | 123.7±29.9 | 102.5±24.4** |
| Flexors | 81.3±22.3 | 76.9±20.9 | |
| 240°/sec | Extensors | 108.3±23.9 | 87.9±20.6*** |
| Flexors | 74.6±19.9 | 71.1±18.3 | |
Values are shown as the mean±SD, **p<0.01; ***p<0.001
Table 3. Comparisons of peak torque/body weight of the knee joint.
| Variables (%) | Non-involved side | Involved side | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60°/sec | Extensors | 261.5±87.4 | 224.3±71.0** |
| Flexors | 152.5±49.6 | 145.3±40.3 | |
| 180°/sec | Extensors | 156.1±49.6 | 125.1±34.2** |
| Flexors | 102.7±37.6 | 97.5±34.6 | |
| 240°/sec | Extensors | 136.5±42.2 | 109.3±30.1*** |
| Flexors | 94.6±34.8 | 91.2±33.0 | |
Values are shown as the mean±SD, **p<0.01; ***p<0.001
Table 4. Comparisons of bilateral balance ratios of the knee joint.
| Variables (%) | Non-involved side | Involved side |
|---|---|---|
| 60°/sec | 60.5±15.0 | 66.5±13.4 |
| 180°/sec | 68.3±20.4 | 77.6±17.5* |
| 240°/sec | 72.5±25.9 | 84.0±20.6* |
Values are shown as the mean±SD, *p<0.05
DISCUSSION
The posterior cruciate ligament has a large per unit area compared with the anterior cruciate ligament, and its stable force protects it from damage2, 19). However, the accident rate of contact sports has been gradually increasing, and it is hypothesized that the posterior cruciate ligament has low consequences and recovery compared with other ligaments2, 15, 27). In particular, because the rugby players in the present study participated in games without special protective gear, there was a high risk of injuring their posterior cruciate ligaments14, 28). Similar to the present study, a cohort study by Lee et al.14) examined 1,169 rugby players and reported that 26% of them retired due to injury, of which >35% of cases were due to injury of the knee joint, including cruciate ligament injury.
Another previous study stability resulting from use of knee braces after posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients according to severity of the pulled posterior ligament and found that stability was 4.1 ± 1.7 mm for general braces and 1.8 ± 1.3 mm for tibia support braces (p = 0.0006)2). Similarly, the present study, which compared the ipsilateral (−2.0 ± 1.0 mm) and contralateral (−2.8 ± 0.8 mm) sides, also showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.000) between the two sides. It was determined that more aggressive treatment on the contralateral side can ensure greater stability. To investigate instability of the posterior cruciate ligament while walking downstairs, Iwata et al.25) examined laxity by categorizing study subjects according to the presence of giving way. The results did not reveal a statistically significant difference, which was contradictory to the results of our study. However, when we examined the results more closely, stability of the group that did and did not experience giving way were 5.0 ± 3.1 mm and 4.8 ± 3.7 mm, respectively, and this indicated that posterior laxity of the ipsilateral side was stiffer than that of the contralateral side, which was similar to the trend observed in our study.
Fundamentally, the knee joint uses flexor and extensor muscles for stable movements29), and the extensor muscle plays a primary role in the quadriceps for important functions such as supporting weight, aligning the body, and ensuring stability30, 31). Knee flexor and extensor forces that largely affect leg movements can increase the possibility of injury due to accumulated leg movements, and this becomes an important criterion for resolving muscle imbalances and applying indices for the severity of muscle damage32, 33). In studies that conducted an isokinetic muscle strength test for the knee joint in terms of flexion and extension of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, there was no difference in the knee flexor torque at each speed (p > 0.05), but there was a statistically significant difference in knee extensor torque (p < 0.01). It was determined that these results from comparison of the ipsilateral and contralateral isokinetic muscle strength can be attributed to a functionally unstable quadriceps due to insufficient extensor movement on the ipsilateral side.
Kim et al.34) compared the correlation of the effect of knee pain on the quadriceps torque, proprioceptive sense, and balance in 33 patients with knee osteoarthritis and evaluated the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the corresponding patients. Although there was a significant difference in the knee extensor torque on both sides of the knee joint (p < 0.05), there was no difference in the knee flexor torque, which is similar to the results of the present study. Messier et al.35) studied torque and reduced stability in subjects with knee pain, as determined by 30 months of longitudinal observation, and reported that weakening of the quadriceps, which occurred in a group with chronic knee joint pain, was statistically significant compared with that of their control group. Furthermore, Lee et al.36) divided eight female patients with an isolated cruciate ligament injury into ipsilateral and contralateral side groups; they found that isokinetic exercises affected the rotational force of the knee joint and that isokinetic exercises had a statistically significant association between peak torque and peak torque per body weight, which is similar to the results of the present study.
As posterior cruciate ligament injuries are associated with a positive prognosis, conservative treatment is possible, but lesions such as abnormal agitation to the knee joint and early degenerative changes can become problematic. As a result, aggressive interventions, e.g., structured rehabilitation programs, may be required.
Therefore, because return to normal activities after injury is important, base data gathered by comparing patients’ ipsilateral and contralateral sides will be important criteria for structuring future strategic rehabilitation programs to facilitate functional improvements.
REFERENCES
- 1.Boden BP, Sheehan FT, Torg JS, et al. : Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: mechanisms and risk factors. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2010, 18: 520–527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Li B, Shen P, Wang JS, et al. : Therapeutic effects of tibial support braces on posterior stability after posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autogenous hamstring tendon graft. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 2015, 51: 163–170. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Ferber R, Kendall KD, Farr L: Changes in knee biomechanics after a hip-abductor strengthening protocol for runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Athl Train, 2011, 46: 142–149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Witvrouw E, Lysens R, Bellemans J, et al. : Intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in an athletic population. A two-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med, 2000, 28: 480–489. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Wind WM, Jr, Bergfeld JA, Parker RD: Evaluation and treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries: revisited. Am J Sports Med, 2004, 32: 1765–1775. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Barber FA, Fanelli GC, Matthews LS, et al. : The treatment of complete posterior cruciate ligament tears. Arthroscopy, 2000, 16: 725–731. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Castle TH, Jr, Noyes FR, Grood ES: Posterior tibial subluxation of the posterior cruciate-deficient knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1992, (284): 193–202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.McLean SG, Huang X, van den Bogert AJ: Association between lower extremity posture at contact and peak knee valgus moment during sidestepping: implications for ACL injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2005, 20: 863–870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.An KO, Park GD, Lee JC: Effects of acceleration training 24 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on proprioceptive and dynamic balancing functions. J Phys Ther Sci, 2015, 27: 2825–2828. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Allen CR, Livesay GA, Wong EK, et al. : Injury and reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament and knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 1999, 7: 110–121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Fanelli GC, Edson CJ, Orcutt DR, et al. : Treatment of combined anterior cruciate-posterior cruciate ligament-medial-lateral side knee injuries. J Knee Surg, 2005, 18: 240–248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Shelbourne KD, Davis TJ, Patel DV: The natural history of acute, isolated, nonoperatively treated posterior cruciate ligament injuries. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med, 1999, 27: 276–283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Schulz MS, Russe K, Weiler A, et al. : Epidemiology of posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2003, 123: 186–191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Lee AJ, Garraway WM, Hepburn W, et al. : Influence of rugby injuries on players’ subsequent health and lifestyle: beginning a long term follow up. Br J Sports Med, 2001, 35: 38–42. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Park SK, Stefanyshyn DJ, Ramage B, et al. : Alterations in knee joint laxity during the menstrual cycle in healthy women leads to increases in joint loads during selected athletic movements. Am J Sports Med, 2009, 37: 1169–1177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Sugimoto D, Myer GD, Bush HM, et al. : Compliance with neuromuscular training and anterior cruciate ligament injury risk reduction in female athletes: a meta-analysis. J Athl Train, 2012, 47: 714–723. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Shelbourne KD, Muthukaruppan Y: Subjective results of nonoperatively treated, acute, isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Arthroscopy, 2005, 21: 457–461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Boynton MD, Tietjens BR: Long-term followup of the untreated isolated posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med, 1996, 24: 306–310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Margheritini F, Rihn J, Musahl V, et al. : Posterior cruciate ligament injuries in the athlete: an anatomical, biomechanical and clinical review. Sports Med, 2002, 32: 393–408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Andrews JR, Edwards JC, Satterwhite YE: Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries. History, mechanism of injury, physical findings, and ancillary tests. Clin Sports Med, 1994, 13: 519–530. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Ko TS, Han GS, Cho BJ: Effect of 24 weeks of physical activity therapy on the low leg muscular strength. J Phys Ther Sci, 2015, 24: 351–353. [Google Scholar]
- 22.Kimura A: The effects of hamstring stretching on leg rotation during knee extension. J Phys Ther Sci, 2013, 25: 697–703. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Tan SS, van Linschoten RL, van Middelkoop M, et al. : Cost-utility of exercise therapy in adolescents and young adults suffering from the patellofemoral pain syndrome. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2010, 20: 568–579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Paine R, Lowe W: Comparison of Kneelax and KT-1000 knee ligament arthrometers. J Knee Surg, 2012, 25: 151–154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Iwata S, Suda Y, Nagura T, et al. : Clinical disability in posterior cruciate ligament deficient patients does not relate to knee laxity, but relates to dynamic knee function during stair descending. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2007, 15: 258–265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Yosmaoglu HB, Baltaci G, Ozer H, et al. : Effects of additional gracilis tendon harvest on muscle torque, motor coordination, and knee laxity in ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2011, 19: 1287–1292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Jee YS: The changes of pain degree, range of motion, and musculo-articulation functions in athletes with isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury. Korean J Phys Educ, 2002, 41: 501–515. [Google Scholar]
- 28.Bottini E, Poggi EJ, Luzuriaga F, et al. : Incidence and nature of the most common rugby injuries sustained in Argentina (1991–1997). Br J Sports Med, 2000, 34: 94–97. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Kim SH, Kwon OY, Park KN, et al. : Correlation between the angle of lateral tibial rotation and the ratio of medial and lateral hamstring muscle activities during standing knee flexion. J Phys Ther Sci, 2013, 25: 383–386. [Google Scholar]
- 30.Ott B, Cosby NL, Grindstaff TL, et al. : Hip and knee muscle function following aerobic exercise in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 2011, 21: 631–637. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Kang DY, Kim HS, Lee KS, et al. : The effects of bodyweight-based exercise with blood flow restriction on isokinetic knee muscular function and thigh circumference in college students. J Phys Ther Sci, 2015, 27: 2709–2712. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Beck TW, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, et al. : Effects of two days of isokinetic training on strength and electromyographic amplitude in the agonist and antagonist muscles. J Strength Cond Res, 2007, 21: 757–762. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Möller M, Lind K, Styf J, et al. : The reliability of isokinetic testing of the ankle joint and a heel-raise test for endurance. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2005, 13: 60–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Kim JH, Hwang JH, Ko MJ, et al. : The effects of knee pain on the quadriceps strength, proprioception and balance in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Korean J Sports Med, 2013, 31: 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- 35.Messier SP, Glasser JL, Ettinger WH, Jr, et al. : Declines in strength and balance in older adults with chronic knee pain: a 30-month longitudinal, observational study. Arthritis Rheum, 2002, 47: 141–148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Lee CS, Kwon YK, Kim BY: The effects of 8 weeks isokinetic exercise on torque variables of knee joint in anterior cruciate ligament patient women. Korean J Soc Sport Leis Studis, 2008, 34: 975–984. [Google Scholar]