Abstract
Background
Thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery is regarded as a definitive treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis. However, the optimal surgical strategy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes based on the level and type of sympathetic disconnection in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis.
Methods
From January 2009 to December 2014, 101 patients with palmar hyperhidrosis underwent thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery at Gangnam Severance Hospital. Complete follow-up information was obtained from 59 patients. We retrospectively analyzed the results of operation, degree of palmar sweating (%), grade of compensatory sweating (none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe), grade of satisfaction (very satisfied, satisfied, moderate, dissatisfied, very dissatisfied), and recurrence/failure.
Results
R4 sympathicotomy, R4 sympathetic clipping, and R3 sympathetic clipping were performed in 16, 20, and 23 patients, respectively. The mean degree of palmar sweating after sympathetic surgery was not significantly different between these three groups (17.50% vs. 27.00% vs. 29.78%; P=0.38). The rate of life-bothering compensatory sweating was lower in the R4 sympathicotomy group compared with those of other two groups (0% vs. 25%, 47.8%; P=0.09). The rate of very satisfied to moderate grades of satisfaction were lower in the R3 sympathetic clipping group compared with those of other two groups (93.8%, 100% vs. 73.9%; P=0.07). The rate of recurrence/failure rates were lower in the R4 sympathicotomy group compared with those of other two groups (12.50% vs. 35.00%, 34.8%; P=0.25). Sympathetic surgery at the R3 level was the only significant risk factor for patient dissatisfaction (odd ratio =12.353, 95% confidence interval =1.376–110.914; P=0.025).
Conclusions
Our data support that R4 sympathicotomy had lower grades of compensatory sweating, higher grades of satisfaction, and lower rates of recurrence/failure. We therefore consider R4 sympathicotomy as an optimal surgical treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis.
Keywords: Hyperhidrosis, sympathicotomy, sympathetic clipping
Introduction
Primary hyperhidrosis is sweating that exceeds physiologic needs. It is typically localized to the hands, axillae, face, or feet and is caused by stressful or emotionally-charged situations. Although it is a benign disorder, primary hyperhidrosis can interfere with daily activities of living. Treatment for primary hyperhidrosis includes topical antiperspirants, botulinum toxin A, oral medication, and iontophoresis; however, these treatments are not effective and their effects are usually transient (1-3).
Thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery is regarded as a definitive treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis. It is easy to learn and practice, with short operation times, high success rates, and low morbidity (4-6). Compensatory sweating (CS) is the most uncomfortable and unwanted complication following thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery. Indeed, the high satisfaction rate (89%) immediately following hyperhidrosis surgery eventually decreases to 66% after six months, in large part due to CS (7). Various surgical strategies have been employed to achieve optimal control of palmar hyperhidrosis while simultaneously achieving a lower grade of CS, higher grade of patient satisfaction, and lower rates of recurrence/failure. However, the optimal surgical strategy for palmar hyperhidrosis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare clinical outcomes based on the level and type of sympathetic disconnection in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis.
Methods
Patients
From January 2009 to December 2014, 101 patients with palmar hyperhidrosis underwent thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery at Gangnam Severance Hospital. Complete follow-up information was obtained from 59 patients. The medical records of these cases were reviewed retrospectively. Data acquisition and analyses were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gangnam Severance Hospital. The medical records contained the patient characteristics, operative procedures, and perioperative results. We interviewed the patients using a previously reported and revised telephone questionnaire (2) in June 2015. The telephone questionnaire addressed degree of palmar sweating, grade of CS, grade of satisfaction, and recurrence/failure. The degree of palmar sweating was defined as the percentage of post-operative palmar sweating compared with pre-operative palmar sweating. Grade of CS was classified as none, mild (not bothering), moderate (sometimes bothering), severe (often bothering), or very severe (intolerable). Grade of satisfaction was classified as very satisfied, satisfied, moderate, dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied. Recurrence/failure was defined as cases in which any other treatments were performed, or in which patients reported a residual 40% of palmar sweating for those who had undergone sympathetic surgery.
As a supplementary explanation for recurrence/failure, five patients received other treatments for palmar hyperhidrosis after sympathetic surgery. Two patients reported having 100% of their original palmar sweating after sympathetic surgery. Some patients wished to reduce palmar sweating even though they received sympathetic surgery, but they did not know other treatments. For discrimination and calibration of recurrence/failure, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was determined. The cut-off value that maximizes the Youden index for optimal prediction of recurrence/failure was more than 40% of palmar sweating after sympathetic surgery. The ROC curve is shown in Figure 1. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 87.5%, respectively.
Figure 1.
Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve for the predictive value of recurrence/failure.
We retrospectively analyzed the results of operation, degree of palmar sweating (%), grade of CS, grade of satisfaction, and recurrence/failure rate.
Operations
Thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery was performed with the patient in the Semi-fowler’s position with both arms elevated and supported to 90° under general anesthesia using a single lumen endotracheal tube. Palmar temperature monitoring was not used. Operation techniques were selected based on the operating surgeon’s preference. In case of sympathetic clipping, one port was made for the insertion of endoscopic instruments in the anterior axillary line at the level of the third intercostal space. Another port was made in the mid-axillary line at the level of the fifth intercostal space for insertion of a 5-mm, 0° telescope (Olympus Winter & Ibe, Germany). Then, 1,500 to 1,700 mL of CO2 gas were installed into the thoracic cavity to gradually deflate the lung. The parietal pleura was opened along the main sympathetic trunk using diathermy, and the sympathetic chain was dissected with scissors avoiding diathermy to prevent any thermal injury. The sympathetic chain was clipped on the upper border of the fourth or third rib (R4 sympathetic clipping or R3 sympathetic slipping, respectively) using an endoclip (Ligaclip, Ethicon, USA). In the case of sympathicotomy, costal pleura on surfacing of the sympathetic chain were transected at the level of the fourth rib bed (R4 sympathicotomy) with diathermy. In order to amputate the potential bypass nerve fibers, we extended the transection range by approximately 2 cm laterally along the surface of the corresponding rib. A 10-Fr chest tube was placed in the pleural cavity, the lung was inflated, and the chest tube was removed once air escape ceased. We routinely conducted the operation on the right side first, in view of the imbalanced innervation of the heart by bilateral sympathetic nerves (8). The same procedure was performed on the contralateral site. A postoperative routine chest radiograph was obtained in all patients before extubation in the operating room for the detection of pneumothorax. Most of the patients were discharged the same day or the following day. The operative procedures were adopted from our previously published technique (9).
Statistical analyses
All descriptive statistics are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. Categorical data were analyzed with linear-by-linear association. Continuous data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Correlations between variables were analyzed using Spearman’s rank-order correlation. Risk factors of life bothering CS, dissatisfaction, and recurrence/failure were analyzed using a logistic regression model. Differences were considered to be statistically significant with P values less than 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software version 21.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Patient characteristics
R4 sympathicotomy, R4 sympathetic clipping, and R3 sympathetic clipping were performed in 16, 20 and 23 patients, respectively. The mean age of these groups were 25.1 years (range, 15–46 years), 21.5 years (range, 16–33 years) and 21.5 years (range, 9–33 years), respectively (P=0.24). The mean operative time was not significantly different between these groups (33.25±9.5 vs. 29.20±8.3 vs. 37.78±36.8 min; P=0.51) (Table 1).
Table 1. Characteristics of patients with palmar hyperhidrosis and follow-up results after sympathetic surgery.
| Variables | R4 sympathicotomy (n=16) | R4 sympathetic clipping (n=20) | R3 sympathetic clipping (n=23) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 25.13±9.2 [15–46] | 21.50±5.1 [16–33] | 21.52±7.1 [9–33] | 0.24 |
| Operation time (minutes) | 33.25±9.5 [17–51] | 29.20±8.3 [17–49] | 37.78±36.8 [15–201] | 0.51 |
| Follow-up duration (months) | 10.44 ±5.8 [6–27] | 29.65±19.6 [11–33] | 56.00±17.8 [25–77] | <0.001 |
| Palmar sweating (%) | 17.50±20.1 [0–70] | 27.00±8.2 [0–70] | 29.78±8.2 [0–100] | 0.38 |
| Compensatory sweating, n (%) | ||||
| None–mild | 16 (100.0) | 15 (75.0) | 12 (52.2) | 0.09 |
| Moderate–severe–very severe | 0 | 5 (25.0) | 11 (47.8) | |
| Satisfaction, n (%) | ||||
| Very satisfied–satisfied–moderate | 15 (93.8) | 20 (100.0) | 17 (73.9) | 0.07 |
| Dissatisfied–very dissatisfied | 1 (6.3) | 0 | 6 (26.1) | |
| Recurrence/failure, n (%) | 2 (12.5) | 7 (35.0) | 8 (34.8) | 0.25 |
Palmar sweating (%), degree of palmar sweating after sympathetic surgery compared to before surgery.
Follow-up results after sympathetic surgery
There were no postoperative complications in any patients. The mean follow-up duration was 10.44±5.8 months (range, 6–27 months) in the R4 sympathicotomy group, 29.65±19.6 months (range, 11–33 months) in the R4 sympathetic clipping group, and 56.00±17.8 months (range, 25–77 months) in the R3 sympathetic clipping group. The mean degree of palmar sweating after surgery was not significantly different between the three groups (17.50% vs. 27.00% vs. 29.78%; P=0.38). The frequency of life bothering CS (moderate to very severe grades of sweating) was lower in the R4 sympathicotomy group than in the other two groups (0% vs. 25%, 47.8%; P=0.09). The frequency of very good to moderate grades of satisfaction was lower in the R3 sympathetic clipping group than in the other two groups (93.8%, 100% vs. 73.9%; P=0.07). Additionally, recurrence/failure rates were lower in the R4 sympathicotomy group than in the other two groups (12.50% vs. 35.00%, 34.8%; P=0.25) (Table 1). During the study period, five patients received other treatments for palmar hyperhidrosis after sympathetic surgery due to suboptimal control of their disease. One patient in the R4 sympathicotomy group underwent repeat R3 sympathicotomy. One patient in the R4 sympathetic clipping group underwent repeat R4 sympathicotomy, and two patients in the R4 sympathetic clipping group began glycopyrrolate treatment. One patient in the R3 sympathetic clipping group underwent repeat R3 sympathicotomy. Two patients in the R3 sympathetic clipping group responded that there was no reduction of their palmar sweating after sympathetic surgery.
Table 2 and Figure 2 describe the details of CS and satisfaction in the patient groups. In the R4 sympathicotomy group, there were no reports of life bothering (i.e., moderate to very severe) CS; 7 (43.8%) patients were answered none and 9 (56.3%) patients answered mild. In the R4 sympathetic clipping group, no patient reported a very severe grade of CS; 7 (35.0%), 8 (40.0%), 2 (10.0%), and 3 (15%) patients responded that there were none, mild, moderate, and severe grades, respectively. In the R3 sympathetic clipping group, 6 (26.1%), 6 (26.1%), 7 (30.4%), 2 (8.7%), and 2 (8.7%) patients responded that there was none, mild, moderate, severe, and very severe grade CS, respectively. In terms of satisfaction in the R4 sympathicotomy group, 8 (50.0%), 5 (31.3%), 2 (12.5%), and 1 (6.3%) patients responded that they were very satisfied, satisfied, moderate, and dissatisfied, respectively. In the R4 sympathetic clipping group, 9 (45.0%), 3 (15.0%), and 8 (40.0%) patients responded that they were very satisfied, satisfied, and moderate, respectively. In the R3 sympathetic clipping group, 6 (26.1%) patients were not satisfied after surgery; 3 (13.0%) responded that they were dissatisfied and 3 (13.0%) responded that they were very dissatisfied.
Table 2. Grades of compensatory sweating and satisfaction after sympathetic surgery.
| Variables | Grade | R4 sympathicotomy (n=16) | R4 sympathetic clipping (n=20) | R3 sympathetic clipping (n=23) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compensatory sweating, n (%) | None | 7 (43.8) | 7 (35.0) | 6 (26.1) |
| Mild | 9 (56.3) | 8 (40.0) | 6 (26.1) | |
| Moderate | 0 | 2 (10.0) | 7 (30.4) | |
| Severe | 0 | 3 (15.0) | 2 (8.7) | |
| Very severe | 0 | 0 | 2 (8.7) | |
| Satisfaction, n (%) | Very satisfied | 8 (50.0) | 9 (45.0) | 6 (26.1) |
| Satisfied | 5 (31.3) | 3 (15.0) | 5 (21.7) | |
| Moderate | 2 (12.5) | 8 (40.0) | 6 (26.1) | |
| Dissatisfied | 1 (6.3) | 0 | 3 (13.0) | |
| Very dissatisfied | 0 | 0 | 3 (13.0) |
Figure 2.
Diagrams of compensatory sweating and satisfaction after sympathetic surgery. Grade of compensatory sweating was classified as none, mild, moderate, severe, or very severe. Grade of satisfaction was classified as very satisfied, satisfied, moderate, dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied. (A) Grades of compensatory sweating from R4 sympathicotomy patients; (B) grades of compensatory sweating from R4 sympathetic clipping patients; (C) grades of compensatory sweating from R3 sympathetic clipping patients; (D) grades of satisfaction from R4 sympathicotomy patients; (E) grades of satisfaction from R4 sympathetic clipping patients; (F) grades of satisfaction from R3 sympathetic clipping patients.
Correlation between follow-up duration and other variables
There have been some reports that the results of sympathectomy deteriorate with time (10,11). CS usually develops within the first six months after surgery (12). Not surprisingly, some have found that the recurrence rate increases with time, while satisfaction decreases with time (9).
Because of the aforementioned findings, we analyzed correlations between follow-up duration and compensatory hyperhidrosis, satisfaction, or recurrence/failure variables using Spearman’s rank-order correlation. There were no positive correlations between variables (Table 3). In our study, the different follow-up durations did not influence different results between groups.
Table 3. Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient between follow-up duration and compensatory hyperhidrosis or satisfaction.
| Variables | Follow-up duration |
|
|---|---|---|
| Correlation coefficient | P value | |
| Palmar sweating (%) | −0.123 | 0.433 |
| Compensatory sweating [5] | 0.248 | 0.109 |
| Compensatory sweating [2] | 0.310 | 0.43 |
| Satisfaction [5] | −0.006 | 0.968 |
| Satisfaction [2] | 0.76 | 0.629 |
| Recurrence/failure | −0.333 | 0.029 |
Palmar sweating (%), degrees of palmar sweating after sympathetic surgery; compensatory sweating [5], divided into 5 grades (none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) of compensatory sweating; compensatory sweating [2], divided into 2 grades (none–mild, moderate–very severe) of compensatory sweating; satisfaction [5], divided into 5 grades (very satisfied, satisfied, moderate, dissatisfied, very dissatisfied) of satisfaction; satisfaction [2], divided into 2 grades (very satisfied–moderate, dissatisfied–very dissatisfied) of satisfaction.
Risk factors of life bothering compensatory sweating, dissatisfaction, recurrence/failure
To predict the risk factors of life bothering CS, dissatisfaction, and recurrence/failure, we used logistic regression models. After analyzing with a logistic regression model, sympathetic surgery of the R3 level was the only significant risk factor of dissatisfaction (odd ratio =12.353, 95% confidence interval =1.376–110.914; P=0.025), and there were no statistically significant risk factors of CS and recurrence/failure.
Discussion
Primary hyperhidrosis is sweating beyond what is expected physiologically and affects a significant proportion of the general population (5). It is caused by hyperfunctioning sudoriparous glands, which are frequently triggered by emotion (8). Although it is benign in nature, it can nevertheless be a cause of significant social, emotional, and professional disability. There is a potential role for genetic predisposition for primary hyperhidrosis, given a positive family history, in up to 25% to 50% of affected individuals (2,3,5). Non-surgical treatment with iontophoresis, botulinum toxin, injections, etc. is not permanent. Thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery is thus regarded as a definitive treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis. Indeed, thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery has lower complication rates irrespective of the method used to interrupt the sympathetic trunk; to date, however, the optimal surgical technique and level of sympathetic trunk interruption in thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery is still debated (5,13). We compared the clinical results by level and type of sympathetic disconnection in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis.
In our study, the mean degree of palmar sweating after surgery was not significantly different between patients who underwent R3 clipping, R4 clipping, and R4 sympathicotomy. In line with this finding, Liu et al. compared R3 sympathicotomy an R4 sympathicotomy and found that interruption of the sympathetic chain at R4 does not compromise the therapeutic effect any more than interruption of sympathetic chain at R3 (8). Kocher et al. reported that clipping is as effective as transection of the sympathetic chain in the treatment of hyperhidrosis (13).
Based on our data, R4 sympathicotomy and R4 sympathetic clipping yielded better results for CS and patient satisfaction when compared to R3 sympathetic clipping. Lin et al. reported that in four of 25 cases in an R2 interruption group and three of 55 cases in an R3 interruption group had unacceptable reflex sweating (14). Liu et al. reported that the incidence of CS is lower in patients undergoing R4 interruption than in patients undergoing R3 interruption (56.5% vs. 77.4%) (8). However, clipping of the sympathetic trunk did not decrease the incidence of CS when compared with traditional methods of sympathicotomy (9,14).
It is an attractive and intuitively sound idea that clip removal has a potential to reverse adverse effects after CS. Some have argued that clipping cannot be considered to be a reversible technique (15,16), while others have suggested that clips should be removed between the first ten days and the first month after sympathetic clipping to ensure recovery of the sympathetic nerves (6,17). We assume that clipping removal was not done in time for reversal; therefore, we also believe clipping removal is not a reversible technique.
In this study, recurrence/failure rates were lower in the R4 sympathicotomy group than in the other two groups (12.50% vs. 35.00%, 34.8%; P=0.25). The recurrence rate can increase over time (12). Weksler et al. reported recurrence rates of 0.4% in the first year, 0.6% in the second year, and 1.1% in the third year (18). Similarly, Lin et al. and Walles et al. found that the results of sympathectomy deteriorate with time (10,11). Lee et al. suggest that the recurrent postoperative sweating may be due to local nerve regeneration, but this hypothesis has not yet been proven (19). Yazbek et al. suggest that patients have follow-up appointments or surveys at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and yearly thereafter for at least 5 years if possible to detect any possible recurrence (20).
CS is a significant complication that causes many patients to regret having sympathetic surgery. However, there are no electrophysiologic studies to support these concepts. The common explanation for CS is a thermoregulatory mechanism. Sweat glands attempt to compensate for the decreased amount of secretory tissue. Some studies have found that few or none of the fibers from T2 or T3 innervate the hands, whereas fibers from T4 to the skin of the palm definitely pass through T2 and T3 (8). Fibers directed to the palm can be transected at T4 without interrupting the sympathetic tone to the human brain. R4 sympathicotomy, even though it should theoretically result in the smallest amount of denervation of the hands, relieves the over-sweating condition of the hands; further, in the present study, it had the highest rate of ‘very satisfied’ responses from patients. The goal of the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis is to increase the quality of life of the patients rather than to fully eliminate the sweating function of their hands. For palmar hyperhidrosis, there is a slightly higher risk of CS with an R3 interruption but a risk of moister hands with an R4 interruption. Patients feel more comfortable when a certain minimal moistness is maintained and complete exsiccation is avoidable (8,17,21). Choi et al. found that a certain amount of moisture in the palms makes hand movements easier, and suggested that the ideal result of surgery for palmar hyperhidrosis is to avoid excessive sweating or dryness and maintain a slight level of moisture in the hand (22).
Sympathicotomy that transects the inter-ganglion fibers but does not resect the ganglions is the most popular method worldwide (8). This “R4 only” method is reported to result in high success rates, minimal CS, and less over-dryness of the hands (13,18,21).
Our data support the conclusions that R4 sympathicotomy has lower grades of CS, higher grades of satisfaction, and lower rates of recurrence/failure. We consider R4 sympathicotomy as an optimal surgical treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis.
Study limitations
Our study has several limitations. First, it is difficult to objectively measure the outcome of sympathetic surgery, as many centers have different methods to evaluate these results. Second, we did not follow the patients regularly. The degree of palmar sweating and grade of CS may change over time. Through regular follow-up, these changes might be detected. Third, our study was limited to a small group of patients. Finally, it was a retrospective study and was not randomized. To further validate our results, future prospective analyses of a larger group of patients are needed in a regular follow-up study.
Acknowledgements
None.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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