Abstract
Objective:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaginal estradiol (E2) softgel capsules for moderate-to-severe symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA). Previous phase 1 studies showed lower systemic estrogen concentrations with this softgel capsule compared with an approved low-dose vaginal E2 tablet.
Methods:
In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study, 50 postmenopausal women (aged 40-75 y) with at least1 moderate-to-severe VVA symptom received 10 μg vaginal E2 softgel capsules or placebo daily for 14 days. Changes from baseline in vaginal maturation index, investigator's assessment of vaginal mucosa (secretions, epithelial integrity, epithelial surface thickness, color), vaginal pH, and most bothersome symptom were assessed. Adverse events were evaluated.
Results:
Compared with placebo, the percentage of superficial (35.2 percentage points [pp] vs 8.75 pp; P = 0.0002) and intermediate (18.7 pp vs −3.54 pp; P = 0.0017) cells increased from baseline significantly more with vaginal E2 capsules, and parabasal cells decreased significantly more (−54.4 pp vs −4.80 pp; P < 0.0001). Vaginal pH decreased significantly more with vaginal E2 capsules (−0.974 vs −0.339; P = 0.0002). Decreases in severity of atrophic effects on vaginal epithelial integrity (−0.342 vs 0.176; P = 0.0001) and secretions (−0.643 vs −0.274; P = 0.0401) were significantly greater with vaginal E2 capsules vs placebo. There was no statistical difference in most bothersome symptom severity change from baseline. No serious adverse events were reported.
Conclusions:
Vaginal E2 softgel capsules are a safe, effective, local treatment option for postmenopausal women with moderate-to-severe VVA, with lower systemic estrogen absorption than currently available intravaginal treatments.
Keywords: Estradiol, Estrogen therapy, Menopause, Vaginal atrophy
Menopause is marked by a decline in endogenous estrogen, which causes atrophic changes to occur in the genital tract. Over time, the tissue lining the vagina becomes thinner, drier, and less elastic, resulting in vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA; also known as genitourinary syndrome of menopause).1 VVA is generally accompanied by symptoms such as vaginal dryness, irritation, itching, dysuria, and vaginal pain or bleeding associated with sexual activity2,3; however, early, sustained treatment can preclude irreversible declines in vaginal health.4 Up to 32 million women in the United States currently are suffering from symptoms of VVA,5,6 and more than 85% of this population currently receives no prescription therapy for the condition.7 Effective treatments designed to help relieve the pain and discomfort associated with VVA symptoms will improve the quality of life for many women.
The North American Menopause Society and the International Menopause Society recommend local vaginal estrogens when menopausal symptoms are limited to VVA.4,8,9 Despite the relative safety and efficacy of local vaginal treatments, consumers remain dissatisfied with the currently available local treatment options.7 Vaginal creams approved in the 1980s are antiquated. They require an applicator, can be unsanitary and inconvenient for women to apply, and dosing can be complicated and confusing.3 The creams can be messy and cause excessive discharge, leading some women to alternatively choose vaginal tablets or rings.3,10 Vaginal tablets currently on the market, however, can be difficult to use, may not fully dissolve for days, and may be inconvenient, in addition to concerns of overall treatment efficacy. Likewise, the vaginal ring may be difficult to insert and remove,3 may change position or dislodge,9 and has been shown to release an initial burst of systemic estradiol (E2).11
A new softgel vaginal capsule (VagiCap) that contains solubilized 17β-E2, known as TX-004HR (TherapeuticsMD, Inc, Boca Raton, FL), was designed to treat moderate-to-severe symptoms of VVA in postmenopausal women. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated lower systemic estrogen exposure with TX-004HR as compared with equivalent doses of the vaginal E2 tablet (Vagifem, Novo Nordisk, Plainsboro, NJ).12 This lower systemic exposure of E2 supports the call of the Working Group on Women's Health and Well-Being in Menopause to modify the boxed warning on labels and package inserts for low-dose vaginal estrogen.13 The warning included in the black box on low-dose vaginal estrogens is based on extrapolations from trials of systemic estrogen or combination estrogen-progestin hormone preparations.13 The Working Group proposes to distinguish that the relevance of findings of risks associated with systemic estrogen administration is not applicable to low-dose vaginal estrogen preparations.13 This clarity is likely to increase use and compliance, resulting in substantial vaginal health benefits to a broader population.
If approved, TX-004HR, as a vaginal E2 softgel capsule, would fill an unmet need for a more user-friendly, modern product, considering that most of the available products were approved more than 20 years ago. TX-004HR is expected to provide improved ease of vaginal administration without the need of an applicator and minimize vaginal discharge after administration. TX-004HR may also provide a more effective dosage form with improved efficacy, early onset of action, and patient compliance, as well as lower systemic estrogen levels than currently available products. The phase 3 REJOICE trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsules at 4, 10, and 25 μg doses in the United States and Canada.
The overall objective of this phase 2 pilot study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 10-μg TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsules, when compared with placebo, as a treatment for postmenopausal women suffering from moderate-to-severe symptoms of VVA.
METHODS
Study design and drug administration
In this single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 pilot trial, eligible women were randomized 1:1 to either 10 μg TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsules or matching placebo vaginal softgel capsules (TherapeuticsMD) administered intravaginally once-daily for 14 days. A reproducible, computer-generated block randomization schedule (produced in SAS v. 9.1.3, PLAN procedure) was used to randomize the women to the study groups. Biostudy Solutions, LLC generated the assignment codes, which were locked in a room with restricted access. The packaging, labeling, appearance, and route of administration of TX-004HR and placebo were identical, and all persons participating in the study were blinded to the treatment each woman received. The blind was maintained until study completion.
On day 1, participants completed a questionnaire that assessed VVA symptoms and specified their most bothersome symptom (MBS), and the investigator assessed the appearance of the vaginal mucosa (secretions, color, epithelial integrity, and epithelial surface thickness; see Table 1). Women self-administered their first dose of study medication at the clinical site under supervision, and capsule disintegration was assessed after 6 hours. During screening, vaginal smears were collected to evaluate vaginal pH and cytology (vaginal maturation index [VMI]). Participants were provided with a diary and instructed to record dosing dates and times for the 2-week study period. On day 15, VVA symptoms (participant assessment via questionnaire), vaginal mucosa, cytology, pH, and capsule disintegration (investigator assessment) were evaluated. Diaries were collected and adverse events (AEs) were assessed on days 8 and 15. E2 levels were tested during screening at a local laboratory using a lower limit of quantification of less than 10 pg/mL.
TABLE 1.
Participant demographics and baseline characteristics
| Parameter | Vaginal E2 softgel (N = 24) | Placebo (N = 24) |
| Age, y | 62.4 ± 5.7 | 62.6 ± 7.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.4 ± 3.9 | 27.4 ± 3.4 |
| Estradiol, pg/mLa | 8.38 ± 9.54 | 6.96 ± 7.56 |
| Parabasal cells, % | 62.5 ± 40.1 | 64.6 ± 38.8 |
| Superficial cells, % | 1.7 ± 2.4 | 0.2 ± 1.0 |
| Intermediate cells, % | 35.8 ± 38.3 | 35.2 ± 38.4 |
| pH | 6.00 | 6.13 |
| MBS (mean severity scoreb) | 2.52 | 2.58 |
| VVA symptoms (mean severity scoreb) | ||
| Vaginal dryness | 2.292 | 2.375 |
| Vaginal and/or vulvar irritation/itching | 0.875 | 1.333 |
| Pain, burning, or stinging when urinating | 0.583 | 0.625 |
| Sexually active womenc | ||
| Vaginal pain with sexual activity (mean severity score) | 2.083 | 2.333 |
| Vaginal bleeding with sexual activity, % | 25 | 33.33 |
Data are presented as the mean ± SD, except where noted.
BMI, body mass index.
aValues below 10 pg/mL were set to 0.0.
bSubjectively assessed as 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe.
cn = 12 women for each study arm sexually active at baseline.
An independent institutional review board approved the protocol, and participants provided written informed consent before any study-related activities. The trial was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practices, US federal regulations, and the Declaration of Helsinki regarding treatment of human participants in a study.
Study participants
Postmenopausal women (40-75 y of age) were enrolled if they had a body mass index less than or equal to 34 kg/m2; less than or equal to 5% superficial cells on vaginal smear cytology; a vaginal pH more than 5.0; an E2 level less than or equal to 50 pg/mL; and at least one of the following symptoms of VVA with a moderate-to-severe severity score: vaginal dryness, vaginal pain associated with sexual activity, vaginal and/or vulvar irritation/itching, dysuria, or vaginal bleeding associated with sexual activity.
Women were excluded if they had a current or prior medical condition considered clinically significant, undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, or a current vaginal infection requiring treatment; had a contraindication to estrogen therapy (ET) or an allergy to E2; smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day; or had substance abuse in the past year. Participants could not have taken any prescription or over-the-counter drug that might interact with E2 therapy within 28 days of screening, or used progestogen implants, vaginal or injectable ET, or vaginal or injectable estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT) within the past 3 months; transdermal ET or EPT or ET lotions or gels within the past 8 weeks; or estrogen pellets or injectable progestogen therapy within the past 6 months.
Study endpoints
Efficacy endpoints were based on the FDA's Guidance,14 and included change from baseline (screening) to day 15 in the percentage of parabasal vaginal cells, percentage of superficial vaginal cells, and percentage of intermediate vaginal cells; in vaginal pH; and change from baseline (randomization) to day 15 in self-assessed severity of most bothersome VVA symptom (MBS). The range of MBS severity scores was 0 (none) to 3 (severe). Endpoints also included change from baseline to day 15 in investigator assessment of the vaginal mucosa (secretions, epithelial integrity, epithelial surface thickness, and color). The severity scale ranged from 0 to 3, with 0 indicating no atrophy and 3 indicating severe atrophy.
Safety endpoints included changes in vital signs, weight, results of a physical examination (including breast and pelvic examination), and AEs.
Statistical analyses
A sample size of 50 (25 women per treatment arm) was considered adequate to estimate the magnitude and variability of efficacy measures needed to determine sample size for a future phase 3 trial. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SAS v.9.1.3. All statistical tests were two-sided. A P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant, with the exception that confidence intervals were based on an alpha level of 0.10 (ie, 90% CI).
Efficacy endpoints were expressed in terms of change from baseline. For all comparisons except severity of the MBS and investigator assessments of the vaginal mucosa, the change from baseline values was evaluated using ANCOVA with baseline as the covariate, to analyze the differences between the TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsules and placebo groups.
The frequency and severity of AEs were summarized descriptively for each group. All randomized participants were included in the safety evaluation.
RESULTS
Participant disposition and baseline characteristics
Fifty postmenopausal women were enrolled in the study and randomized to either TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsule (n = 24) or placebo (n = 26). Two women in the placebo group discontinued treatment; one was due to an AE (vulvovaginal discomfort) and the other withdrew consent.
Overall, participant demographics and baseline characteristics were not statistically different between the treatment groups (Table 1).
EFFICACY
Vaginal maturation index and pH
The prevalence of superficial cells increased from baseline by 35.2 percentage points with TX-004HR at day 15. This increase was significantly greater than the increase seen with placebo of 8.75 percentage points (P = 0.0002; Fig. 1). The change from baseline to day 15 in the percentage of intermediate cells also increased more with TX-004HR vaginal softgel capsules (18.7 percentage points) compared with placebo (−3.54 percentage points; P = 0.0017; Fig. 1). Accordingly, the prevalence of parabasal cells showed a significantly greater decrease from baseline to day 15 with TX-004HR than with placebo (−54.4 percentage points vs −4.80 percentage points; P < 0.0001; Fig. 1).
FIG. 1.
Changes from baseline in the maturation index of the vaginal smear (least squares [LS] means and standard errors [SE]). ∗P values represent significant differences in LS mean change from baseline to day 15 between the vaginal E2 softgel capsule and placebo using ANCOVA with treatment as a fixed effect and baseline as a covariate. Numerical values are rounded to the nearest whole number.
Vaginal pH decreased significantly more from baseline to day 15 with TX-004HR (−0.974) than with placebo (−0.339; P = 0.0002).
VVA most bothersome symptom
Overall, no significant difference in the decrease from baseline in severity of the MBS between treatments was found (−1.043 vs −1.042 for TX-004HR vs placebo, respectively; P = 0.9951). Although no statistical difference between groups was found, the individual symptoms of dryness and dyspareunia decreased in severity by approximately 1.0 and 0.8 points versus approximately 0.7 points and 0.5 points for the E2 softgel capsules and placebo, respectively.
Investigator assessment of the vaginal mucosa
Greater mean decreases from baseline were observed with vaginal epithelial integrity (−0.342 vs 0.176; P = 0.0001) and vaginal secretions (−0.643 vs −0.274; P = 0.0401) in the TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsules group compared with the placebo group (Fig. 2). No significant differences from baseline were observed for vaginal color or epithelial surface thickness between treatments.
FIG. 2.
Investigator's assessment of the mucosal epithelium (least squares [LS] means and standard errors [SE]). ∗P values represent significant differences in LS mean change from baseline to day 15 between the vaginal E2 softgel capsule and placebo using ANCOVA with treatment as a fixed effect and baseline as a covariate. Numerical values are rounded to the nearest tenth. aAtrophy subjectively assessed as 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe.
SAFETY
Over the 14-day study period, a total of 14 (28%) women experienced 17 AEs (13 AEs in the TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel group and 4 AEs in the placebo group). All AEs were mild in severity, no serious AEs were reported, and no deaths occurred during the study.
DISCUSSION
This phase 2 study showed that TX-004HR, a novel, solubilized E2 vaginal softgel capsule, was better than placebo in improving the VMI, reducing vaginal pH, and reducing atrophic effects on epithelial integrity and vaginal secretions. In addition, treatment with TX-004HR was safe and well tolerated when administered intravaginally once daily for 14 days. Also, as demonstrated in phase 1 pharmacokinetic studies, systemic estrogen levels with TX-004HR were two to three times lower than with an approved vaginal E2 tablet at equivalent doses.12 Thus, this new vaginal E2 softgel capsule is effective at treating the signs of VVA with low systemic estrogen levels. Furthermore, the results of a survey of the women participating in this study indicate that the majority of women thought the capsule was easy to use, were satisfied with the product, and would consider using the treatment again.15
The significant improvements in the signs of VVA that this study found with the TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsule were clinically meaningful. The efficacy observed with TX-004HR at week 2 with objective markers (ie, changes in VMI) in our study seems to be superior to historical data reported with the vaginal E2 tablet at the same dose (10 μg E2). In a 52-week, multicenter, double-blind study (n = 309), improvements were observed from baseline after 2 weeks of daily administration of a 10-μg E2 tablet that were significantly better than with placebo. The increase in the percentage of superficial cells at 2 weeks was significantly greater than placebo, but was less than the improvement seen in this study in which superficial cells increased to 37% after 2 weeks of treatment.16
The significant improvements seen in our pilot phase 2 study in all components of the VMI, in pH, and in observations of vaginal epithelial integrity and secretions are an important indication of potential improvements in symptoms of VVA. The VMI and pH are the most useful objective markers of vaginal atrophy due to estrogen decline.17 Visual assessments of the vaginal mucosa have been shown to correlate with the objective measures and, thus, are an additional validation of the diagnosis of VVA and of the monitoring of effects of treatment on VVA.18 Significant improvements in VMI, pH, and the vaginal examination (vaginal epithelial integrity and vaginal secretions) were observed within 2 weeks. With a longer duration of treatment and follow-up, and a larger sample size, improvements in the vaginal MBS would be expected to follow.
No major or unexpected safety concerns were observed with TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsule treatment during the study period. This is consistent with the favorable safety profiles of other low-dose vaginal estrogen therapies that have been previously reported.19-21
The testing of the safety and efficacy of TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsules is currently being expanded in the phase 3 REJOICE trial. Three doses are being tested (25 μg, 10 μg, and an ultra-low-dose of 4 μg) with additional outcome measures. Primary outcome measures include change from baseline in VMI, vaginal pH, and the severity of dyspareunia as MBS after 12 weeks. Secondary outcome measures include change from baseline in the severity of vaginal dryness and vaginal burning; appearance of the vaginal mucosa at 2, 6, 8, and 12 weeks; change from baseline in Female Sexual Function Index at 12 weeks; and hormone concentration assessments at pretreatment, day 1, and weeks 2 and 12.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsules are a safe, effective, local, novel treatment option for postmenopausal women with moderate-to-severe VVA. Improvements in vaginal cytology and pH from baseline at week 2 were significantly higher with TX-004HR than with placebo. These improvements on vaginal cell physiology seem to be superior to other vaginal therapies based on historical data. The clinical evidence presented here, coupled with favorable pharmacokinetic results showing two to three times lower systemic exposure of E2 than an approved vaginal E2 tablet at the same dose, along with positive satisfaction survey results, is promising and has helped to frame the design of a larger phase 3 trial to further evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of TX-004HR. If approved, the TX-004HR vaginal E2 softgel capsule would provide a new alternative for women with VVA, with better efficacy, earlier onset of action, easier usage, and lower systemic estrogen exposure than currently available options.
Acknowledgments
We thank Chastity Bradley, PhD, and Jolene Mason, PhD, of Precise Publications for their assistance in the writing of this manuscript.
Footnotes
Funding/support: TherapeuticsMD sponsored the study and funded the medical writing support provided by Chastity Bradley, PhD, and Jolene Mason, PhD, of Precise Publications, LLC.
Financial disclosure/conflicts of interest: Dr Pickar was formerly an employee of Wyeth Research; has received consultant fees from Wyeth/Pfizer, Besins Healthcare, Shionogi Inc, Metagenics, and TherapeuticsMD; and has stock options with TherapeuticsMD (but was not paid for his role as an author on this paper). Dr Hill declares no conflicts of interest. Dr Bernick, Dr Mirkin, and Ms Amadio are employees of TherapeuticsMD.
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