Abstract
Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) may rarely be complicated by intracranial complications; the most common of them is a cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Pneumocephalus as a complication of ESS is quite rare. Here, we presented a unique case of tension pneumocephalus causing brain herniation as a complication of ESS, to whom emergent craniotomy was performed.
Keywords: Brain herniation, craniotomy, endoscopic sinus surgery, tension pneumocephalus
Introduction
Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) may rarely be complicated by several intracranial complications, which occurs as <1% of the cases.[1] The most common intracranial complication of ESS is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula. Pneumocephalus as a complication of ESS is quite rare. Furthermore, tension pneumocephalus causing brain herniation after ESS is almost unique.
Here, we presented a case of tension pneumocephalus causing brain herniation as a complication of ESS, on whom emergent craniotomy was performed.
Case Report
A 72-year-old female underwent ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis at an outside institution. The 1st day after the nasal packings were removed, she gradually developed a headache, vomiting, and altered mental status. Then, the patient was referred to our institution. On arrival, her Glasgow Coma Scale score was 8. Her pupils were asymmetric with a right pupil is 3 mm larger than the left pupil and sluggishly reactive to light. She was opening her eyes with noxious stimulus and was not following commands. She was able to localize noxious stimulus with no verbal response.
Emergent computed tomography (CT) of the head revealed a large bifrontal air collection [Figure 1a and b]. The initial diagnosis was tension pneumocephalus with brain herniation. The patient underwent an emergency bifrontal craniotomy for the evacuation of the air and the dural defect repair. The dura was opened in a standard fashion, the exploration of the anterior skull base revealed a bony defect through ethmoidal sinus to the anterior skull base with a dural tear. The dural defect was repaired with galea and fibrin glue. The patient was kept in bed rest and intravenous antibiotics for 3 days. She was extubated on her first postoperative day, and neurological examination was completely normal. Postoperative CT obtained at the 9th day revealed complete resolution of the pneumocephalus [Figure 1c and d]. She was discharged on the 9th postoperative day as well-being.
Figure 1.
Preoperative computed tomography revealing bifrontal pneumocephalus (a and b). Postoperative computed tomography obtained on the 9th day revealing a complete resolution of the pneumocephalus (c and d)
Discussion
Pneumocephalus is defined as the presence of air within the cranium. The most common causes of pneumocephalus were head trauma and iatrogenic violation of the dura. Moreover, emphysematous bacterial infections, tumor invasion, encephalocele, and valsalva maneuver may cause pneumocephalus.[2] Pneumocephalus as a complication of ESS is quite rare.[3] Furthermore, tension pneumocephalus is a condition, in which pneumocephalus progresses gradually, behaving like a mass effect, causing intracranial hypertension, and leading to neurological deficits.[4] Tension pneumocephalus after ESS as a cause of brain herniation is a unique condition. To the best of our knowledge, there were only two previously reported cases treated by craniotomy in the English literature.[2,5]
There are two theories for the development of pneumocephalus: The “inverted bottle” and the “ball-valve.” In the “inverted bottle” theory, drainage of CSF leads to negative intracranial pressure causing a pressure gradient concluding the influx of air. The “ball-valve” mechanism theorizes that the positive pressure forces air through the cranial defect.[3]
Because of the existing literature that is consist of the case reports and small case series rather than larger clinical studies; a standard treatment regimen for tension pneumocephalus after ESS has not been presented yet. Conservative treatment including bed rest, head of bed elevation, avoidance of positive pressure events, pain control, and normobaric oxygen therapy can be tried on small defects with small amounts of air. Although, complete resorption of 50 ml of air can take 6 weeks, and conservative treatment may not be definitive in many cases with tension pneumocephalus and large defects.[6] Tension pneumocephalus causing brain herniation is a life-threatening condition, and the emergency craniotomy with dural repair is the treatment of choice.
Conclusion
After ESS, tension pneumocephalus causing brain herniation is an extremely rare condition. To the best of our knowledge, the presented case is the third case in the English literature. Despite ESS is considered as a minimally invasive procedure, tension pneumocephalus causing brain herniation must be kept in mind by physicians as a life-threatening complication.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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