Table 1.
Patient and provider characteristics, overall and stratified by sites.
| Patients characteristics | Overall N = 1546 | Site 1 n = 271 | Site 2 n = 186 | Site 3 n = 1089 | P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average age | 54.2 | 51.8 | 55.3 | 54.7 | <0.01 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 799 (52) | 151 (56) | 105 (56) | 543 (50) | 0.09 |
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 728 (47) | 257 (95) | 118 (63) | 353 (32) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 624 (40) | 7 (3) | 43 (23) | 574 (53) | |
| Hispanic | 113 (7) | 0 (0) | 4 (2) | 109 (10) | |
| Other | 81 (5) | 7 (3) | 21 (11) | 53 (5) | |
| Average number of risk factors† | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.9 | <0.001 |
| Language, n (%) | |||||
| English | 1423 (92) | 263 (97) | 165 (89) | 995 (92) | <0.001 |
| Non-English | 120 (8) | 8 (3) | 21 (11) | 91 (8) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | |||||
| Medicaid | 468 (30) | 69 (25) | 56 (30) | 343 (32) | <0.001 |
| Medicare | 309 (20) | 85 (31) | 73 (39) | 151 (14) | |
| Dual-eligible | 408 (26) | 12 (4) | 11 (6) | 385 (35) | |
| Private | 245 (16) | 71 (26) | 26 (14) | 148 (14) | |
| Others | 116 (8) | 34 (13) | 20 (11) | 62 (6) | |
| PCP visits, past year, n (%) | |||||
| 1–3 | 267 (17) | 59 (22) | 11 (6) | 197 (18) | <0.001 |
| 4–6 | 551 (36) | 89 (33) | 35 (19) | 427 (39) | |
| >7 | 728 (47) | 123 (45) | 140 (75) | 465 (43) | |
| ED visits, past year, n (%) | |||||
| 0 | 920 (60) | 235 (87) | 157 (84) | 528 (48) | <0.001 |
| 1–3 | 494 (32) | 32 (12) | 28 (15) | 434 (40) | |
| 4–6 | 87 (6) | 4 (1) | 1 (1) | 82 (8) | |
| >7 | 45 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 45 (4) | |
| MED‡ | |||||
| <50 mg | 1165 (75) | 238 (88) | 152 (82) | 775 (71) | <0.0001 |
| 50–100 | 206 (13) | 23 (8) | 20 (11) | 163 (15) | |
| >100 | 175 (11) | 10 (4) | 14 (8) | 151 (14) | |
| Provider characteristics | Overall (N = 67) | Site 1 (n = 10) | Site 2 (n = 12) | Site 3 (n = 45) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MD/physician | 53 (80) | 8 (80) | 10 (83) | 35 (78) | 0.25 |
| Nurse practitioner | 7 (10) | 2 (20) | 2 (17) | 3 (7) | |
| Resident | 7 (10) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (16) |
*
χ2 test for categorical variables and analysis of variance for continuous variables across 3 sites.
†
Opioid misuse risk factors (age <45, drug use disorder, alcohol use disorder, tobacco use, mental health disorder as documented in the electronic medical record).
‡
Average daily dose of morphine equivalent (mg).
ED, emergency department; MED, morphine equivalent daily opioid medication dose, calculated from pills per day and converted with an online conversion tool14; PCP, primary care providers.