Dear Editor,
In ALL, cytogenetic subgroups according to recurrent genetic abnormalities are used to classify patients for risk stratification and to introduce them to the proper therapeutic strategies—such as the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the case of t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)/BCR-ABL1 fusion [1]. Therefore, the identification of genetic aberrations is clinically significant and crucial in understanding the leukemogenesis mechanisms.
t(12;17)(p13;q11.2)/TAF15-ZNF384 rearrangement is a rare chromosomal abnormality [2]. It has been reported in lymphoid as well as myeloid leukemia and is thought to be involved in the early differentiation of common progenitors [3]. Although some cases of the disease have reported a poor outcome [4,5], the clinical characteristics and prognostic impact of TAF15-ZNF384 are not well characterized, since not all the previous studies investigated the precise molecular consequences of the translocation. We report a B-ALL case with t(12;17)(p13;q11.2) detected by cytogenetic analysis and confirmed by direct sequencing of the TAF15-ZNF384 transcripts, which substantiated genes involved in the rearrangement.
A 32-month-old girl was admitted following four days of fever and erythema of both legs. Initial complete blood counts demonstrated pancytopenia, with hemoglobin level of 5.5 g/dL, white blood cell counts of 2.63×109/L, and platelet counts of 123×109/L. Leukemic blasts up to 5% were observed in peripheral blood and 84.9% in bone marrow. The leukemic blasts varied in size, with scanty and occasionally granulated cytoplasms. Blasts were positive for CD34, CD19, CD13, CD33, cytoplasmic CD79a, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and negative for CD2, CD7, CD10, CD14, myeloperoxidase, and cytoplasmic CD3, indicating pro-B cell stage ALL. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using the HemaVision kit (DNA technology, Aarhus, Denmark) and fluorescence in situ hybridization using Vysis IGH/MYC/CEP8 tri-color dual fusion, CDKN2A (p16)/CEP9 dual spot, and MLL Break Apart probes (Abbott Molecular, Abbott Park, IL, USA) showed negative results. G(Giemsa)-T(Trypsin)-G-banding analysis using the bone marrow sample revealed a karyotype of 46,XX,t(12;17)(p13;q11.2)[8]/46,XX[11] (Fig. 1A). To confirm the TAF15-ZNF384 fusion transcript, complementary DNA was synthesized from total RNA, amplified, and sequenced by using primers specific for TAF15 and ZNF384 [6]. The fusion transcript, amplified by using specific primers, was approximately 800 bp in length (Fig. 1B). Sequence alignment of the amplified product revealed breakpoints between exon 9 of TAF15 and exon 3 of ZNF384 (Fig. 1C).
Fig. 1. (A) G(Giemsa)-T(Trypsin)-G-banding analysis using the bone marrow sample revealed a translocation involving the breakpoint on chromosome 12p13 and 17q11.2. (B) Agarose gel electrophoresis of the TAF15-ZNF384 fusion transcript obtained from patient (approximately 800-bp-sized PCR product) (C) Direct sequencing of complementary DNA showed breakpoints between exon 9 of TAF15 and exon 3 of ZNF384. Lane L, bp markers; Lane Pat, reported patient with TAF15-ZNF384 fusion transcript.
Diagnostic lumbar puncture and computed tomography ruled out the central nervous system (CNS) involvement. She achieved complete remission by day 35 following a single course of standard risk induction chemotherapy, including cytarabine, methotrexate, vincristine, hydrocortisone, and I-asparaginase. Thereafter, she received high-dose cyclophosphamide consolidation and intrathecal methotrexate CNS prophylaxis, followed by high-risk vincristine and methotrexate maintenance, and has been in remission for eight months after the initial diagnosis.
The t(12;17)(p13;q11), t(12;17)(p13;q12), or t(12;17)(p11-12;q11-12), for which the breakpoint assignment differs slightly, was first described in 1982 by Kaneko et al. [7]. Its molecular fusion gene, TAF15-ZNF384, was shown to be involved in tumorigenesis in 2002 [2]. To the best of our knowledge, there have been 10 cases of TAF15-ZNF384 fusion confirmed using molecular studies (Table 1). In addition to the early B-cell morphology, coexpression of myeloid markers and a lack of expression of CD10 are common immunophenotypic features of this entity [8]. There are conflicting reports regarding the prognosis of cases with t(12;17) [3,5,6]. Owing to its low incidence, the treatment protocol differs between institutions, and the statistical significance of t(12;17) in terms of clinical outcome has not been analyzed to date [3]. Studies with a larger ALL patient group displaying such changes are required in order to determine the prognostic impact of TAF15-ZNF384 fusion.
Table 1. Summary of acute leukemia cases with the TAF15-ZNF384 fusion transcript confirmed by molecular studies.
| Reference | Sex/Age (yr) | Extramedullary involvement | Initial WBC (× 109/L) | Immunophenotype | Diagnosis | Treatment | Follow-up (month) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| La Starza R, et al. [5] | M/24 | No | 22.9 | HLA-DR+, CD34+, CD13+, CD19+, CD22+, TdT+ | Pro-B ALL | aBMT 2 CR | 89+ |
| La Starza R, et al. [5] | F/44 | No | 2.9 | HLA-DR+, CD34+, CD13+, CD33+, CD19+, CD22+, CD79a+, TdT+ | Pro-B ALL | BMT 1 CR | 60+ |
| La Starza R, et al. [5] | F/16 | No | 30.4 | HLA-DR+, CD34+, CD13+, CD19+, CD22+, CD45+ | Pro-B ALL | BMT 2 CR | 49+ |
| La Starza R, et al. [5] | F/26 | Spleen | 4.8 | HLA-DR+, CD34+, CD19+, sCD22+,TdT+ | Pro-B ALL | BMT 1 CR | 44+ |
| La Starza R, et al. [5] | M/7 | No | 7.2 | HLA-DR+, CD34+, CD33+, CD19+, CD22+, CD24+, cCD79A+, CD10+, TdT+ | Pro-B ALL | 1 CR | 33+ |
| La Starza R, et al. [5] | M/29 | No | 65.6 | CD13+, CD33+, CD19+ | AML (M1) | CHT relapse | 8d |
| Nyquist KB, et al. [6] | M/19 | No | 92 | HLA-DR+, CD34+, CD19+, CD22+, CD38+,CD45+, CD58+, CD123+, CD10+, TdT+ | Pro-B ALL | 1 CR | 27+ |
| Nyquist KB, et al. [6] | F/3 | NA | 36.5 | HLA-DR+, CD33+, CD19+, CD22+, cCD79a+, CD10+, TdT+ | Pro-B ALL | HR relapse | 96d |
| Grammatico S, et al. [3] | F/25 | No | 3.1 | CD34+, CD33+, CD19+, CD22+ | Pro-B ALL | HR relapse | 34d |
| This study | F/2 | No | 2.6 | CD34+, CD13+, CD33+, CD19+, cCD79a+, TdT+ | Pro-B ALL | 1 CR | 8+ |
Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cells; aBMT, autologous bone marrow transplantation; BMT, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation; CR, complete remission; CHT, standard chemotherapy; HR, high-risk chemotherapy; d, died; +, alive; NA, not available.
Primers and probes for TAF15-ZNF384 are not usually included in commercial kits for screening leukemia translocations, so this abnormality may be missed in routine clinical settings. We suggest that special attention be paid when a translocation between 12p13 and 17q11 is suspected and that additional studies for TAF15-ZNF384 may be useful in ALL diagnoses. Including this fusion transcript in the initial screening panel can assist in identifying underdiagnosed cases and distinguishing ambiguity of t(12;17), therefore establishing their incidence and clinical significance.
Footnotes
Authors' Disclosures of Potential Conflicts of Interest: No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
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