Abstract
Objectives:
To analyze prevalence of anxiety and depression among doctors serving in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, with a study of impact of relevant demographic features.
Methods:
A cross sectional study was conducted at Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, from February 2014 to Jan 2015. Participants were doctors serving in subject hospital for at least six months duration. Standardized Hospital Anxiety Depression Score (HADS) inventory was selected as inventory. Formal approval from hospital ethical committee and written informed consent from participants were obtained. Demographic characteristics of participants were recorded as independent variables; anxiety and depression scores being outcome variables. Data analysis was done via descriptive statistics (SPSS-20), qualitative data expressed as frequencies, percentages; quantitative as mean ± standard deviation(SD). Cross tabulation was done via chi-square, p-value < 0.05 considered as significant.
Results:
Out of 203 volunteers, 97(47.78%) responded. Score of anxiety was 7.04±4.470, maximum being 19, scores of depression was 4.94±3.605, maximum score being 15. Mild to moderate anxiety and depression were revealed in 33(34%) and 24(24.8%) respectively, while 7(7.2%) and 1(1.0%) had severe anxiety and depression respectively. There was strong positive relation between anxiety and depression (p<0.001). There was significant impact of service years on depression (p-0.011) and gender on anxiety (p-0.002), 9(17.31%) males and 24(53.33%) females had mild to moderate anxiety while 4(7.69%) males and 3(6.66%) females revealed severe anxiety and other variables did not reveal significant impact on HADS scores.
Conclusion:
Doctors showed high grades of anxiety and depression. They must be promptly screened and managed at all medical institutions.
KEY WORDS: Health Care Professional, Physician, Developing Countries, Psychological Stress
INTRODUCTION
In today’s world, almost everyone is familiar with the terms “Anxiety” and “Depression”. No part of the world is free from anxiety and depression.1 Yet as an iceberg phenomenon, these diseases are under-estimated, under-diagnosed and under-treated. Adequate mental health is basic necessity of every human being as a prerequisite to spend a good life. Anxiety and depression cast negative impacts on personal and professional life.2 But majority of people, even the health care professionals, are not ready to accept screening or treatment for health care problems.
Formal assessment of mental health issues including anxiety and depression is not a commonly practiced phenomenon. Literature reveals that developing countries are bearing almost two third of total psychiatric patients in the world, and the situation is expected to worsen.3
Doctors by the virtue of their job are at enhanced risk of carrying mental health challenges which may cause or exacerbate anxiety and depression. Mental health issues of doctors are mostly over-looked not only by public but even by the doctors themselves. Although appreciable work has been carried out in developed countries like US and Canada to evaluate psychological status of physicians, yet developing countries considerably lag behind.4
In Pakistan proper studies regarding anxiety and depression are scanty in general public as well as in doctors. Some literature revealed that 25% to 30% of population in Karachi was suffering from anxiety and depression.5 Another study documented a high prevalence of anxiety and depression among family practitioners in Karachi.2 It is documented in some literature that risk of harboring depression and suicidal ideation was twice in physicians as compared to general population.6 But effective screening of doctors is not comparable to such data.
This study was anticipated to reveal yielding results in analyzing prevalence of anxiety and depression among doctors serving in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, with considerable analysis of contributory factors. It expected to gain fruitful guidelines for future strategies. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was selected as a hospital inventory as its scores are a useful guideline to plan lifestyle modifications and apt management for anxiety and depression.7
Fig.1.
Frequency of anxiety in study Participants (n-97).
METHODS
A cross sectional study was conducted at Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, from February 2014 to Jan 2015. Participants were doctors serving in subject hospital for at least six months duration. Doctors serving since lesser duration, already screened for, diagnosed or under treatment for any mental health issue, with history of recent stress or past mental health ailment, and those with co-morbid conditions (e.g diabetes, hypertension, tuberculosis, and chronic pain in any body part) were excluded from the study. Sampling was done by non-probability purposive technique. Standardized Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) was selected as screening instrument. Subjects were doctors serving in tertiary care hospital for at least six months’ duration, both genders from different departments. Formal approval was taken from the ethical committee of the hospital and written informed consent from the participants. Prior estimation of non-response rate was 50%, required sample size was 96 representing a population of 20000. Therefore, 220 demographic forms and HADS-inventory were distributed to volunteers. Data analysis was done via descriptive analysis (SPSS-20), qualitative data expressed as frequencies and percentages; quantitative as mean±standard deviation(SD). Main outcome variables, anxiety and depression, were cross-tabulated with independent variables (age, marital status, number of children, education, service years, nature of job, current employment, working hours per week, additional duties, income per month in PKR, and socioeconomic class).
Fig.2.
Frequency of depression in study participants (n-97).
RESULTS
Out of 220 volunteer doctors, respondents were 47.78%(n-97). Mean age was 33.47±9.454 years. Males were 52(53.6%) and females 45(46.4%). Frequencies of other demographic characteristics are shown in Table-I. The scores of anxiety and depression are highlighted in Table-II. There was a strong positive relation between anxiety and depression scores (p<0.001). Impact of gender on anxiety scores was significant (p-0.002), 9(17.31%) males and 24 (53.33%) females had mild to moderate anxiety while 4(7.69%) males and 3(6.66%) females had severe anxiety.
Table-I.
Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants (Frequency/Percentage) (n-97).
| Age Group (Years) | ||||
| 22-29 Yrs (44/45.4%) | 30-39 Yrs (26/26.8%) | 40-49 Yrs (16/16.5%) | 50-59 Yrs (10/10.3%) | ≥60 Yrs (1/1.0%) |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Single (33/34.0%) | Once Married (64/66.0%) | Divorced (0/0%) | Widowed (0/0%) | ≥1Marriage (0/0%) |
| Number Of Children | ||||
| Nil (48/48.5%) | 1 (9/9.3%) | 2 (11/11.3%) | 3 (21/21.6%) | ≥4 (8/9.3%) |
| Education | ||||
| MBBS (61/62.9%) | MCPS And/Or MPH (4/4.1%) | Msc And/Or MPH (5/5.2%) | Single FCPS Or Equivalent (21/21.6%) | ≥1 FCPS Or Equivalent (6/6.2%) |
| Service Years | ||||
| <4 Yrs (46/47.4%) | 5-9 Yrs (17/17.5%) | 10-14 Yrs (7/7.2%) | 15-19 Yrs (7/7.2%) | ≥20 Yrs (19/19.6%) |
| Nature Of Job | ||||
| HO1 (29/29.9%) | MO2 Administration (3/3.1%) | MO2 Clinical (17/17.5%) | Trainee (23/23.7%) | Consultant (25/25.8%) |
| Current Employment | ||||
| Army Doctor (51/52.6%) | Retired From Army & Re-Employed (5/5.2%) | Civilian Doctor (41/42.2%) | -- | -- |
| Working Hours per Week | ||||
| 35 Hrs (6/6.2%) | 36-95 Hrs (23/23.7%) | 96-125 Hrs (13/13.4%) | 126-175 Hrs (37/37.1%) | 175-245 Hrs (19/19.6%) |
| Additional Duties | ||||
| Nil (7/7.2%) | Resident MO2 (20/20.6%) | Resident (45/46.4%) | On Call From Home (16/16.5%) | Resident MO2+ On Call From Home (9/9.3%) |
| Income per month (Thousands PKR) | ||||
| Nil (15/15.%) | 15-49 (31/32%) | 50-74 (21/21.6%) | 75-99 (6/6.2%) | ≥100 (24/24.7%) |
| Socio Economic Class | ||||
| Low (2/2.1%) | Low-Middle (4/4.1%) | Middle-Middle (48/49.5%) | Upper-Middle (33/34.0%) | Upper Class (8/8.2%) |
Table-II.
Scores of Anxiety and Depression in Study Participants as per HADS (n-97).
| S/No | Category | Grade | Anxiety | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | |||
| 1 | Anxiety | Mild | 20 | 20.6 |
| Moderate | 13 | 13.4 | ||
| Severe | 7 | 7.2 | ||
| 2 | Depression | Mild | 19 | 19.6 |
| Moderate | 5 | 5.1 | ||
| Severe | 1 | 1.0 | ||
There was no significant impact of marital status (p-0.157), number of children (p-0.505), age group (p-0.337), education (p-0.645), service years (p- 0.678), current employment (p-0.297), nature of job (p-0.868), working hours per week (p-0.338), additional duties (p-0.444), income per month in PKR (p-0.339), and socioeconomic class (p-0.672) on anxiety scores.
Regarding depression, doctors with lesser service had higher scores (p-0.011); 11.46% and 8.3% had less than 4 years and 5-9 years service respectively. The impact of gender (p-0.332), marital status (p-0.555), number of children (p-0.173), age group (p-0.075), education (p- 0.402), current employment (p-0.981), nature of job (p-0.423), working hours per week (p-0.209), additional duties (p-0.359), income per month in PKR (p-0.291), and socioeconomic class (p-0.555) on depression scores was not significant.
DISCUSSION
Considerable number of people does comment at some time of their lives to have anxiety and/or depression. However, they would mostly be reluctant tor undergo formal screening or treatment. Even the patients with an insight of anxiety and depression often evade management. The mental health disorders are denied throughout the world due to fear of stigmatization.
Anxiety is defined as the state of anguish, fright or overwhelming worry8, which may lead to unpleasant state, undesirable psychological and physical symptoms.9 The low mood and repugnance to participate in daily activities is called as depression.10 Any anxious or depressed individual is prone to have poor mental/physical health and chances to develop personality disorders.2 Doctors are no exception. A psychologically unwell doctor cannot render his services compatible to his comrades who are mentally well. Doctors with anxiety or depression tend to depict poor work efficacy.2 The prevalence of mental disorders including anxiety/depression, substance abuse, and suicide have never been adequately studied among doctors.6
This study aimed to screen doctors serving at a tertiary care hospital at Lahore for anxiety and depression, with assessment of severity of disorder and allied contributory factors. HADS was selected as a hospital inventory which is an authentic, reliable and comprehensive assessment tool for anxiety or depression.11 It was developed by Zigmond and Snaith.12
In this study, 34% and 24.8% doctors had mild to moderate anxiety and depression respectively, while 7.2% and 1.0% had severe anxiety and depression respectively. None of them stated to have undergone formal screening or management yet. Enough data is not available about the anxiety and depression among doctors in Pakistan and its individual cities, yet some literature shows that 39% family practitioners in Karachi had anxiety and depression.2 There was a strong correlation between anxiety and depression; more anxious were more depressed and vice versa. Same is documented in other literature as well.4
In this study, females (59.99%) were significantly more prone to have anxiety than males (25.0%), while there was no significant impact of gender on depression scores. Literature revealed that females are more at risk to develop anxiety and depression,4,13 suicidal ideation and psychological distress14, six times higher risk than males doctors as per study conducted at Karachi.2
In this study depression was more pronounced in doctors with lesser service years, while service years had no significant impact on anxiety scores. In United Kingdom, senior medical staff had higher levels of psychological stress and anxiety.15 In another study, 50% of junior doctors suffered from emotional disturbance.16
In this study, no significant impact was revealed by marital status and additional working hours on HADS scores of the respondents. Researchers documented varying results. “Medical marriages” are documented in some studies to be unhappy ones, as physicians remain so committed in their profession that they often give precedence to professional obligations over personal happiness and leisure.6
Factors leading to increased rates of anxiety and depression amongst doctors include extensive workload, extended duty hours, over demanding patients, scanty resources, ethical and legal issues and traumatic or critical decision making.2 In Karachi, there was high association between anxiety and depression and working hours more than 48 hours per week.2 Another study revealed that doctors with working hours more than 46 per week were more at risk to develop psychological challenges.14 In Turkey physicians with low income were prone to have more anxiety.4
The basic aim to carry out this study was to reach productive conclusion and forthcoming tactics to attenuate the existing enigma of anxiety and depression among doctors, with a hope to develop measures which may help to decrease this incidence in upcoming days. Prevention should be employed as best cure to eliminate anxiety and depression in doctors.2
Limitations
Generalization of the study cannot be warranted as all doctors of Lahore could not be screened. Response rate was low, thus selection bias was inevitable. Respondents could be more health conscious, having extra interest in medical research, could spare time to participate or they may be less afraid of stigmatization of having mental health disorder. There is a high probability of interview bias as at least some of respondents may not be willing to declare their actual mental health state.
Nevertheless, this work is unique as no such research has been conducted in doctors serving in tertiary care hospital in Lahore. The study rendered substantial data about unexpectedly high prevalence of anxiety and depression among participants. Further research and analysis may yield more prolific results, helping us to formulate guidelines to screen anxiety and depression in doctors, and deal with suffers more aptly and at early stages. Healthy doctors can warranty explicit health care delivery.
CONCLUSION
Doctors are not immune to anxiety and depression. They should be aptly screened for anxiety and depression at regular intervals in life to avoid deterioration of their health, and to attenuate chances of patient neglect.
Acknowledgments
Kind participants of the study and Statistician Mr. Muhammad Shakir Khan.
Footnotes
Funding, Disclaimer, Declaration of interests: None.
Authors’Contributions
KA and FSS perceived, conceived and designed the study.
HUK, MZU, FSS and AL did data collection.
KA, HUK & FSS did statistical analysis.
KA, AL and ZUK did manuscript writing.
FSS and HUK did review and final approval of manuscript.
KA takes the responsibility and is accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
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