The predictive value of multiple electrode platelet aggregometry for postoperative bleeding complications in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Abstract

Introduction

Postoperative bleeding is one of the most serious complications of cardiac surgery and requires transfusion of blood or blood products. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel (CLO) are the two most commonly used antiplatelet agents; when used in combination (i.e., as dual antiplatelet therapy [DAPT]), they exert a synergistic effect. Dual antiplatelet therapy, however, significantly increases the risk of postoperative bleeding. The effect of antiplatelet therapy can be monitored by platelet aggregation testing. One of the most commonly methods used for assessing platelet reactivity is multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) which can be performed with the use of Multiplate analyzer. Although the method has long been used in interventional cardiology to assess the effect of antiplatelet therapy, it is not available at cardiac surgery departments as a standard diagnostic procedure. The aim of the study was to establish the frequency of bleeding complications following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in patients on single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) and patients on DAPT and to determine the usefulness of routine measurement of platelet responsiveness before CABG surgery in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy.

Material and methods

A consecutive cohort of 200 patients referred for elective surgical treatment of stable coronary artery disease was enrolled (100 consecutive patients on SAPT [ASA 75 mg/day] and 100 consecutive patients on DAPT [ASA 75 mg/day + CLO 75 mg/day]). All subjects continued their antiplatelet therapy until the day before surgery. For each subject, platelet aggregation testing in the form of an ASPI test and an ADP test was performed on the Multiplate analyzer. Each subject underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. For the primary and secondary endpoints in our study we adopted the definition provided in ‘Standardised Bleeding Definitions for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: A Consensus Report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium’ (‘Circulation’, 2011) for BARC type 4 bleeding (i.e. CABG-related bleeding).

Results

An ROC curve was constructed for the ASPI test and ADP test for a total of 200 patients. No significant correlations were demonstrated between the ASPI test results and either the primary endpoint or the secondary endpoints. A correlation was found between the ADP test results and the composite primary endpoint and each of the secondary endpoints. The primary endpoint of major postoperative bleeding occurred in 16 subjects. From the ROC curve, we established the optimal cut-off value for the ADP test of 26 U at sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 69%, positive predictive value of 69.90%, and negative predictive value of 71.13%.

Conclusions

In patients on antiplatelet therapy, an ADP test result of < 26 U is strongly predictive of serious bleeding complications after CABG surgery. The MEA ADP test allows to identify the group of patients at an increased risk of postoperative bleeding.

Introduction

Postoperative bleeding is one of the most serious complications of cardiac surgery and requires the transfusion of blood and blood products. Transfusions of blood and blood products increase the risk of postoperative complications. An increasing percentage of patients referred for surgical treatment receive chronic antiplatelet therapy, which dramatically increases the risk of peri- and postoperative bleeding. According to the most recent ‘ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease’ (SCAD), patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease should receive acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) at a daily dose of ≥ 75 mg for ischemic event prevention [1]. The guidelines also highlight the role of clopidogrel (CLO) as second-line therapy, especially for ASA-intolerant patients. The guidelines also recommend dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after stent implantation, and for 12 months in all patients after an acute coronary syndrome irrespective of the adopted revascularisation strategy. Acetylsalicylic acid and CLO are the two most commonly used antiplatelet agents. Acetylsalicylic acid is a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. The effects of ASA on platelets are irreversible and persist throughout the rest of their lifespan of 7-10 days. Clopidogrel is a prodrug which is oxidised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms 3A4 (CYP3A4) and 2B6 (CYP2B6) to the pharmacologically active form which selectively and irreversibly binds to the P2Y₁₂ receptor on platelets and inhibits ADP-induced platelet activation. The inhibition of platelet function by CLO persists for about 7-10 days [2, 3]. When used in combination (i.e., as DAPT), ASA and CLO exert synergistic effects. Dual antiplatelet therapy, however, significantly increases the risk of postoperative bleeding [4]. The effect of antiplatelet therapy may be monitored by platelet aggregation testing. There is a considerable patient-to-patient variability in platelet responsiveness to the same antiplatelet regimen, ranging from very little or no inhibition of platelet aggregation (which is described as “non-response”, “hypo-responsiveness”, or “resistance”) to profound inhibition of platelet aggregation (“hyper-responsiveness”) [5–7].

Quantitative assessment of platelet aggregation is not, however, available at cardiac surgery departments as a standard diagnostic procedure; according to the guidelines on myocardial revascularization, measuring treatment response by platelet function assays should be limited to clinical research and should not be routinely used in clinical practice [8].

The aims of the study were as follows: to establish the frequency of bleeding complications following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in patients on single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) and patients on DAPT, to establish the usefulness of routine measurements of platelet responsiveness before CABG surgery in patients on antiplatelet therapy, to determine the cut-off value of the aggregometry test result that best discriminates patients at low risk from those at high risk of bleeding complications following CABG surgery, and to establish whether this cut-off value correlates with the risk of primary and secondary endpoints.

Material and methods

The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Institute of Cardiology and, given the fact that the study entailed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data, the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived by the Committee.

Recruitment started in 2012 and continued until a consecutive cohort of 200 patients referred for elective surgical treatment of SCAD was enrolled (100 consecutive patients on SAPT [ASA 75 mg/day] and 100 consecutive patients on DAPT [ASA 75 mg/day + CLO 75 mg/day]).

Patients with thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150,000 cells/mm³), abnormal coagulation test results (activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT] > 40 sec, international normalised ratio [INR] > 1.25), current treatment with a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor, or a history of redo-CABG, as well as patients currently referred for CABG combined with valve surgery were excluded from the study [9].

The following variables were documented preoperatively in each subject: age, sex, laboratory parameters (red blood cell [RBC] count, haematocrit, platelet [PLT] count, INR), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) estimated by echocardiography, the number of implanted stents, and the following risk scores: the EuroSCORE, the logistic EuroSCORE, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) mortality risk score (Table I).

Tab. II.

Surgical outcomes and transfusions in the cohort study. Testing for significant differences between the two study groups in the duration of mechanical ventilation and postoperative levels of serum creatinine and CK-MB was carried out using Student's t-test for independent variables and with the use of the Pearson χ² test for the remaining variables

	ASA n = 100	ASA + CLO n = 100	P < 0.05 (test χ2)
OPCAB	84	76	0.157
ECC	19	24	0.410
Arterial grafts	100	97	0.649
Venous grafts	100	100	1.000
Time of mechanical ventilatory support (h)	10.46 ± 3.647	20.83 ± 77.480	0.182
Time of ICU hospitalization (% of patients > 2 days)	53%	59%	0.187
Time of hospitaliza-tion (% of patients < 7 days)	52%	51%	0.327
Creatinine post-op	88.2 ± 46.804	90.45 ± 34.401	0.791
Infections	7	12	0.335
CK-MB (> 308 U/l)	23	28	0.420
10 x TnI (% of pa-tients)	20.5%	26.5%	< 0.001
Catecholamines (% of patients)	29%	38%	0.178
Atrial Fibrillation	25	26	0.875
RBC units	60	73	0.071
FFP units	91	92	1.0
PLT units	56	92	0.026

OPCAB – off-pump coronary artery bypass, ECC – extracorporal circulation, ICU – intensive care unit, CK-MB – creatine kinase-MB, TnI – troponin I, RBC – red blood cell, FFP – fresh frozen plasma, PLT – platelet

The variables documented in each subject in the postoperative period included: chest tube drainage output, the number of units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs), PLT concentrate and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfused, whether re-exploration was required, whether the patient underwent (traditional) on-pump CABG (in which case two additional variables were documented: cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic clamp time) or off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery. Postoperative bleeding was assessed in terms of chest tube output in the first 24 hours after surgery, amount of blood and blood products transfused (PRBCs, PLT concentrate, FFP), and the need for chest re-exploration for bleeding. All the samples for laboratory tests were collected on the day before the surgery.

All the subjects continued their antiplatelet therapy until the day of sampling. The samples were processed and immediately analysed at the Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacology of our Institute. Two tests were performed in each subject: the ADP test and the ASPI test. Each subject underwent CABG. In each individual case, the decision whether to perform on-pump or off-pump surgery was left to the discretion of the operator, and, in either case, a standard surgical protocol for the respective type of CABG surgery was followed. The provision of general anaesthesia in both SAPT and DAPT subjects followed the same protocol.

Laboratory methods

Platelet aggregation testing was performed on a Multiplate analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) using the ASPI test and ADP test reagents to quantify the effects of ASA and CLO, respectively. Multiplate (short for ‘multiple platelet function analyzer’) is a multichannel analyzer of platelet reactivity, which performs the analysis on samples of whole blood. The principle underlying the method involves measuring the change of electric resistance occurring during platelet adhesion and aggregation to two electrodes, which is recorded by the analyzer over a period of six consecutive minutes. The result is presented graphically as an receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (with the resulting parameters being: aggregation and slope of the curve) [10, 11]. The result is expressed as area under the curve (AUC). The reference ranges for healthy subjects given by the manufacturer were 51-117 U for the ASPI test and 57-113 U for the ADP test. The units we used were U (not AU/min as reported by Weber et al.), as recommended by the manufacturers in recent years (U = AU/10).

Study endpoints

For the primary endpoint in our study, we adopted the definition provided in ‘Standardised Bleeding Definitions for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: A Consensus Report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium’ (‘Circulation’, 2011) for BARC type 4 bleeding (i.e., CABG-related bleeding). The primary endpoint was a composite endpoint of:

• perioperative intracranial bleeding within the first 48 hours post-op,

• re-operation after closure of sternotomy for the purpose of controlling bleeding,

• transfusion of 5 or more units of PRBCs within the first 48 hours post-op,

• chest tube output of 2000 ml or more within the first 24 hours post-op.

Each of the above four events separately constituted a set of four secondary endpoints (with death being the fifth one) [12].

Tab. I.

Preoperative characteristics of the study cohort (N = 200)

	ASA n = 100	ASA + CLO n = 100	p < 0.05
Age (years)	64.46 ± 9.029	65.49 ± 9.259	0.599
Sex	M: 76, F: 24	M: 77, F: 23	0.867
RBC (106/µl)	4.611 ± 0.967	4.439 ± 0.535	0.546
PLT (103/ml)	218.31 ± 54.072	226.02 ± 81.487	0.027
HCT (%)	40.188 ± 4.258	40.535 ± 4.854	0.174
INR	1.058 ± 0.759	1.061 ± 0.782	0.743
EF pre-op (%)	51.80 ± 9.936	52.20 ± 9.826	0.787
EuroScore (%)	1.645 ± 1.796	2.263 ± 3.793	0.102
EuroScore Log. (%)	6.894 ± 8.070	9.628 ± 11.502	0.097
ASPI (U) median value	13 ± 12	14 ± 17	0.907
ADP (U) median value	52 ± 23	28 ± 16	< 0.001
STS (re-OP risk score)	8.009 ± 2.428	8.836 ± 4.195	0.056
PCI + stent in history	18	40	< 0.001

RBC – red blood cell, PLT – platelet, HCT – haematocrit, INR – international normalised ratio, EF – ejection fraction, STS – Society of Thoracic Surgeons, PCI – percutaneous coronary intervention

Statistical methods

Continuous variables were expressed as mean (± standard deviation). The association between the preoperative variables and postoperative bleeding was assessed through preliminary univariate analysis using Student's t-test. Between-group differences in excessive bleeding and transfusions were explored with the Pearson χ² test.

The correlation between the ASPI and ADP test results and the study endpoints were assessed by logistic regression. Adjustments for other potential factors related to the primary endpoint were made using multivariate logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to define an optimal cut-off point for the test result, which best predicts the occurrence of a primary endpoint event. In order to study the impact of therapy on the correlation between platelet reactivity test results and the primary endpoint, an interaction test was performed. P values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of age, sex, or laboratory variables (RBC count, PLT count, haematocrit, INR). Coronary artery bypass graft procedures followed a standard protocol and the groups did not differ significantly with regard to the numbers of subjects undergoing on-pump versus off-pump surgery. In the DAPT group, there were three conversions to on-pump CABG, all due to hemodynamic instability. In both groups, similar numbers of arterial and venous bypass grafts were performed. The difference in the number of transfused PRBC and FFP units was not statistically significant. However, a statistically significant difference was found in the number of transfused units of PLT concentrate. The surgical outcomes are provided in Table II. Surgery results based on endpoints in the two study groups are provided in Figures 1 and 2.

Fig. 1.

Surgery results based on primary endpoints in the two study groups with p = 0.087. The primary endpoint was a composite endpoint of: perioperative intracranial bleeding within the first 48 hours post-op, re-operation after closure of sternotomy for the purpose of controlling bleeding, transfusion of ≥ 5 units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) within the first 48 hours post-op, chest tube drainage ≥ 2000 ml within the first 24 hours post-op

Fig. 2.

Surgery results based on secondary endpoints in the two study groups

ASPI test results

The impact of the ASPI test result in both groups was compared in all the 200 subjects. An ROC curve was constructed for the ASPI test for a total of 200 patients (Fig. 3). The result is expressed as AUC. The units we used were U (not AU/min as reported by Weber et al. [13]), as recommended by the manufacturers in recent years (U = AU/10).

Fig. 3.

An receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the ASPI test results of the entire study cohort (N = 200)

No significant associations were demonstrated between the ASPI test results and either the primary endpoint (95% CI: 0.48-0.63; p = 0.460) or the secondary endpoints (95% CI: 0.509-0.650 and p = 0.372 for chest tube drainage output of 2000 ml or more within the first 24 hours post-op; 95% CI: 0.22 and p = 0.210 for transfusion of 5 or more units of PRBCs within the first 24 post-op: 95% CI: 153.91-440.66 and p = 0.889 for death: 95% CI: 112.66-68.96 and p = 0.635 for rethoracotomy).

ADP test results

The impact of the ADP test result in both groups was compared in all the 200 subjects. An ROC curve was constructed for the ADP test for a total of 200 patients (Fig. 4). The result is expressed as AUC. The units we used were U (not AU/min as reported by Weber et al. [13]), as recommended by the manufacturers in recent years (U = AU/10).

Fig. 4.

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the ADP test results of the entire study cohort (N = 200)

From the ROC curve, the optimal cut-off value for the ADP test was established at 26 U (p = 0.043), at the sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 69%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 69.90%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 71.13%.

Logistic regression showed that an ADP test result of < 26 U tripled the risk of the composite primary endpoint (OR 3.15; 95% CI: 1.20-8.26; p = 0.019). Additional multivariate analysis demonstrated that an ADP test result of < 26 U was predictive of the composite primary endpoint regardless of age (p = 0.049) or sex (p = 0.176).

Multivariate analysis also demonstrated that an ADP test result of < 26 U was associated with an independent (and higher) predictability for the composite endpoint compared to the EuroScore (p = 0.022 for ADP test results of < 26 U, p = 0.052 for EuroScore).

The risk of chest tube drainage output of 2000 ml or more within the first 24 hours post-op was described by an OR of 2.07 (95% CI: 0.40-10.59; p = 0.378).

In subjects with ADP test results of < 26 U, the risk of transfusion of 5 or more units of PRBCs within the first 24 hours post-op corresponded to an OR of 2.817 (95% CI: 0.61-12.97; p = 0.183). The secondary endpoint of rethoracotomy occurred in 11 subjects, and, in subjects with ADP test results of < 26 U, the estimated risk of this endpoint corresponded to OR 6.02 (95% CI: 1.54-23.52; p = 0.009).

Three subjects undergoing surgery died. We found that the occurrence of the primary endpoint increased the risk of death (OR 18.26; 95% CI: 0.89-1.26; p = 0.024).

Student's t-test showed a statistically significant difference in the ADP test results between the subjects on SAPT and the subjects on DAPT (52 U vs. 28 U, respectively; p < 0.004).

The interaction test demonstrated that the type of antiplatelet therapy (SAPT vs. DAPT) did not modify the correlations between the ADP test results and the endpoints in a significant manner.

Discussion

Quantitative assessment of platelet aggregation by impedance aggregometry is an effective tool for identifying patients who are at an increased risk of developing postoperative bleeding and requiring transfusions of blood and blood products.

In patients on DAPT undergoing CABG surgery, the ADP test provides an accurate preoperative prediction of bleeding, risk and our study has demonstrated the validity of the method.

In the study, we adopted the definition of postoperative bleeding consistent with the literature without referring to our institution's experiences. We measured platelet reactivity only in subjects currently on SAPT or DAPT. The subjects were not stratified by the time that had elapsed since the discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. The study included only subjects undergoing one type of surgical procedure – isolated CABG. The analysis of the ROC curve identified a cut-off value for the ADP test, which correlated with the secondary endpoints of the bleeding definition.

The difference in the number of transfused units of PRBCs (60 units in SAPT group vs. 73 units in DAPT group: p = 0.071) and FFP (91 units in SAPT group vs. 92 units in DAPT group: p = 1.000) was not statistically significant. A statistically significant difference was, however, found in the number of transfused units of PLT concentrate (56 units in SAPT group vs. 92 units in DAPT group, p = 0.026). Pearse et al. have shown decreases in the incidence of PRBC (47.3% vs. 32.4%; p < 0.0001) and platelet transfusion (36.1% vs. 13.5%; p < 0.0001) [14]. Corredor et al. showed decreases in the incidence of PRBC (OR 0.86; 95% CI: 0.78-0.94; p = 0.001) and FFP transfusion (OR 0.42; 95% CI: 0.30-0.59; p = 0.001) [15]. A proportion study assessing the use of Multiplate tests for the prediction of the postoperative bleeding risk was conducted by Ranucci et al. [16]. This retrospective analysis demonstrated a correlation between the ADP test results and postoperative bleeding. A non-linear regression plot of the ADP test results relative to the postoperative drainage output was obtained. The cut-off value for the ADP test was determined to be 31 U with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 66%. PPV was 29%, and NPP was 92%. Subjects with ADP test results below 31 U demonstrated statistically significant postoperative bleeding and required more RBC transfusions. Interestingly, major postoperative bleeding occurred in 31.8% of subjects with results exceeding 31 U. Conversely, in the AUC < 31 U group, postoperative bleeding occurred in 28.6% of subjects. Of note is the fact that all the subjects in the analysis discontinued CLO at least 5 days before surgery. In our view, this study has several limitations. First of all, all the surgeries involved CPB. Secondly, the subjects were undergoing various surgeries: 71% underwent bypass grafting only, 14% – valvular heart disease surgery, and 9% – complex surgeries (valvular and CABG surgery). The third limitation is the fact that postoperative haemorrhage was defined as > the 90^th percentile of the postoperative drainage value of the author's centre [16]. It was, therefore, not defined on the basis of the criteria referred to in our study.

Petricevic et al. published a study on the use of impedance aggregometry assays solely in coronary surgery [17]. A total of 211 patients were divided into 4 groups: ASA alone, ASA plus CLO, CLO alone, and no antiplatelet therapy. Each ASPI and ADP test result was classified to one the four pre-specified ranges. The study demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between postoperative drainage and results of the ASPI and ADP tests in the groups with the lowest values. Moreover, the ASPI test result correlated with the number of transfused units of blood and blood products. The study showed that the time since the discontinuation of CLO did not correlate with the ADP test results. All surgeries involving CPB and off-pump procedures formed an exclusion criterion. The amount of postoperative drainage was considered significant if it exceeded the 75^th percentile of the results of surgical procedures in the author's institution. As in the previous analysis, there were no clearly defined postoperative haemorrhage criteria. No predictive values of the ASPI test or the ADP test in predicting major postoperative bleeding were obtained.

Conclusions

The results show a positive association between the Multiplate aggregometry results and the development of bleeding complications in subjects on SAPT or DAPT undergoing CABG surgery.

In patients on antiplatelet therapy, an ADP test result of < 26 U is strongly predictive of serious bleeding complications after CABG surgery.

We also observed a correlation between the ADP test result and the development of complications that was independent of whether the patient was on SAPT or DAPT.

Consistently with these results, we found that, in patients on antiplatelet drugs until surgery, a result of perioperative platelet testing with the ADP test < 26 U was a strong predictor of bleeding. The ADP test enables identification of a group of patients at an increased risk of postoperative bleeding.

Limitations

Our study was a prospective, non-randomised, single-centre observational study. The decisions to perform blood and blood product transfusions and to perform re-exploration were not based on the results of platelet function tests. Furthermore, all the surgical procedures, both on-pump and off-pump, were performed by different surgeons. Although haemostasis was achieved with standard surgical methods, the decision to proceed with re-exploration was in each case made individually by the operator. Another limitation was the fact that the TRAP test was not included. The TRAP test is normally intended for patients treated with GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, and treatment with these agents was an exclusion criterion in our study. In the absence of GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, the TRAP test measures the “natural” ability of platelets to aggregate and may be used as a tool for predicting bleeding in patients not on antiplatelet therapy (control group). As our research hypothesis pertained to patients on antiplatelet therapy only, we decided not to include the TRAP test in our study. The last limitation was the lack of postoperative measurement of platelet aggregation, particularly in subjects with signs of bleeding. Although, as already mentioned, measurement of platelet function is not a standard diagnostic procedure in cardiac surgery departments, it could be helpful in treatment decisions in patients with higher postoperative drainage.

Biography

Disclosure

Authors report no conflict of interest.