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. 2015 Dec 6;120(1):561–568. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b10336

Tunable Plasmonic Nanohole Arrays Actuated by a Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Cushion

Nityanand Sharma †,‡, Hamid Keshmiri †, Xiaodong Zhou ∥, Ten It Wong ∥, Christian Petri †,§, Ulrich Jonas §, Bo Liedberg ‡, Jakub Dostalek †,*
PMCID: PMC4863199  PMID: 27182290

Abstract

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New plasmonic structure with actively tunable optical characteristics based on thermoresponsive hydrogel is reported. It consists of a thin, template-stripped Au film with arrays of nanoholes that is tethered to a transparent support by a cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm)-based polymer network. Upon a contact of the porous Au surface with an aqueous environment, a rapid flow of water through the pores enables swelling and collapsing of the underlying pNIPAAm network. The swelling and collapsing could be triggered by small temperature changes around the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the hydrogel. The process is reversible, and it is associated with strong refractive index changes of Δn ∼ 0.1, which characteristically alters the spectrum of surface plasmon modes supported by the porous Au film. This approach can offer new attractive means for optical biosensors with flow-through architecture and actively tunable plasmonic transmission optical filters.

Introduction

The extraordinary transmission of light through thin metallic films with periodic nanohole arrays (NHAs)1 has attracted substantial attention in the past decade. This phenomenon is attributed to the diffractive excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), and it enables efficient tunneling of light through (otherwise opaque) metallic film in narrow wavelength regimes.2,3 The transmission characteristics of metallic NHAs can be controlled by shape, depth, and periodicity of the nanoholes as well as by the type of metal and refractive index of the surrounding medium.4−6 Plasmonic NHAs have been prepared by a range of modern fabrication techniques such as focused ion beam milling,7 laser interference lithography,8 electron beam lithography,9 and template stripping.10 The relative simplicity of design and fabrication of plasmonic NHAs have paved the way for their applications in detection and observation of biomolecules by using direct refractometric format,7,9,11 fluorescence spectroscopy,12 surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,13 and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy14 as well for spectral filtering15 and transparent electrode.16 Conventional designs of plasmonic nanostructures are static, and their optical properties are fixed once they are prepared. In order to actuate resonant coupling to surface plasmons, metallic nanostructures have been interfaced with inorganic materials with electro-optically17,18 or magneto-optically19,20 modulated refractive index. In parallel, organic materials have been explored for actuating of surface plasmon resonance by refractive index variations associated with the photochromic effects21 and liquid crystal phase transitions22 as well as by mechanical changes induced by specific molecular binding23 and by responsive polymers.24 Among the systems that utilize responsive polymers, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) based polymers (in particular copolymers with carboxylic acid groups) hold a prominent position due to their strong volumetric change upon swelling and collapsing by variation of the temperature around its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of ∼32 °C. This polymer was explored in form of brushes that surrounded25 or directly capped26,27 metallic nanoparticles in order to reversibly tune localized surface plasmon resonance. In addition, pNIPAAm microgels28 were coupled with Au nanoparticles. Moreover, pNIPAAm-based networks were used as a host for Au nanoparticles29 that displayed tunable localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength originating from near field plasmonic coupling. The swelling and collapsing of pNIPAAm-based architectures is driven by water diffusion, and the response in the millisecond range was measured for about micrometer thick cross-linked pNIPAAm-based hydrogel layer by long-range surface plasmons on the top of a indium tin oxide microheater.30 pNIPAAm brush with a thickness of 30 nm was characterized to respond faster in about 150 μs, when rapid plasmonic heating was employed.31 This work presents a new plasmonic structure that is tunable by thermoresponsive pNIPAAm-based hydrogel and that can be prepared by template stripping. It consists of a thin Au film with NHA that allows for diffractive coupling to propagating SPPs. This structure is tethered to a solid surface by a cross-linked pNIPAAm-based hydrogel cushion which responds to temperature variations. It can rapidly swell and collapse, which triggers a flow of water through the plasmonic pores, and it strongly modulates the refractive index by altereing the polymer fraction in the hydrogel film, leading to changes in the transmission spectrum mediated by surface plasmon modes.

Methods

Materials

Off-stoichiometry thiol–ene polymer (OSTEmer 321) was purchased from Mercene Laboratories (Sweden). Ethanol of analysis grade was purchased from Merck Millipore (Austria). Ethylene glycol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Austria). Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184) was purchased from Dow Corning (USA). pNIPAAm-based terpolymer (composed of N-isoproprylacrylamide, methacrylic acid, and 4-methacryloyloxybenzophenone in a ratio of 94:5:1) was synthesized as reported before.32 (3-Thiopropyl)oxybenzophenone (benzophenone-thiol) was synthesized as described in the literature.33

Preparation of Au NHA

The electron beam lithography system ELS-7000 from Elionix (Japan) was used to structure NEB22 resist layer with a thickness of 220 nm on a 600 μm thick silicon wafer with native oxide. The exposure dose of 178 μC cm–2 and a current of 800 pA were used and the resist was developed by o-xylene. Then, Au layer was deposited by vacuum evaporation with Denton Explorer E-beam (USA) at deposition rate of 2 Å s–1. Finally, the lift-off process was accomplished by removing the NEB22 resist by soaking the wafer in remover 1165. The wafer was structured by a series of pads carrying A NHA, each with an area of 1.2 × 1.2 mm2.

Responsive Polymer Deposition

The silicon wafer with Au NHA was incubated in an ethanolic 1 mM benzophenone-thiol solution for 24 h in order to form a self-assembled monolayer. Afterward, the surface was rinsed with ethanol and dried in a stream of air. Thin pNIPAAm layer was prepared by spin-coating an ethanolic pNIPAAm solution with a polymer concentration of 3 wt % and a spin rate of 2000 rpm for 2 min. Subsequently, the polymer layer was dried in a vacuum oven (VT6025, Thermo Scientific) overnight at T = 50 °C. pNIPAAm-based polymer was simultaneously cross-linked and attached to Au surface by using a UV light at λ = 365 nm with an irradiation dose of 25 J cm–2 (UV-lamp Bio-Link 365 from Vilber, Germany). The cross-linked polymer network was rinsed thoroughly with water to remove loosely bound pNIPAAm polymer chains, and it was finally dried with a stream of air.

Template Stripping

A drop of OSTEmer 321 epoxy was placed onto the surface of a BK7 glass substrate and contacted with a flat block of PDMS in order to spread homogeneously. Then the OSTEmer 321 polymer was precured by UV light at λ = 365 nm (irradiation dose of 3 J cm–2) through the PDMS block. Afterward, the PDMS block was peeled off, yielding the glass substrate with the rubbery OSTEmer layer on its top. The OSTEmer surface was pressed against the pNIPAAm film covering Au NHA on the top of a silicon wafer. In order to establish a bond between pNIPAAm and OESTEmer, the structure was kept overnight at temperature of T = 50 °C. The silicon wafer was then stripped off using a sharp blade leaving the Au NHA bonded to the glass substrate via the pNIPAAm-based layer.

Imaging of the Stripped Au NHA

Au NHA structures were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) EVO from Carl Zeiss (Germany) that was operated at a low voltage of 5 kV. Atomic force microscope (AFM) Pico Plus from Molecular Imaging (USA) was used in tapping mode to observe the morphology of the dry structure. In addition, substrates with the NHA in contact with air and water were analyzed by optical microscope (BX51 M with camera SC30 from Olympus Soft Imaging Solution, Germany).

Optical Measurement

Transmission spectra were measured using an in-house developed spectroscopy system. White light emitted from a halogen lamp LSH102 from LOT-Oriel (Germany) was coupled to a multimode optical fiber M26L02 from Thorlabs (UK) and focused by an achromatic lens (f = 6 cm, 14 KLA 001 from CVI Melles Griot, Germany) at the investigated structure. The focused light beam passed through the substrate under angles between θ = 0 and 4°. The investigated structure was clamped to a transparent flow cell in order to flow aqueous samples over its surface. Temperature-dependent measurements were performed by using a Peltier device that was integrated to the flow cell. A translation stage was used to select illuminated area that carried either Au NHA or a flat Au layer as reference. Transmitted light was coupled via a lens (F810SMA-635 from Thorlabs, UK) into a multimode optical fiber (M26L02 from Thorlabs, UK) that was connected to a high-resolution spectrometer (SR-303i-B from Andor, UK). The acquired wavelength spectra were compensated for dark current. The spectra measured on the Au NHA were normalized with that obtained on a reference flat Au surface.

Simulations

The finite difference time domain (FDTD) model implemented by Lumerical Inc. (Canada) was used for simulations of the near field and far field optical properties of the investigated structure. A unit cell with the width equal to the period Λ was used and periodic Bloch boundary condition in x- and y-axes was applied (Cartesian coordinates defined in Figure 1a). In the z direction, a perfectly matched layer was placed at the distances of 1 μm above and below the layer stack. A transmission monitor was placed 0.7 μm below the Au layer. A 2D monitor in the xz-plane was employed for simulating near field distribution of the electric field intensity. The wavelength-dependent refractive index of Au nm was obtained from the literature.34

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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(a) Schematics of the investigated structure that comprise Au film with NHA that is attached to a glass substrate by a responsive pNIPAAm-based hydrogel cushion. (b) Preparation procedure of the structure by using template stripping from a Si wafer.

Results and Discussion

Preparation of Template Stripped NHA with Responsive PNIPAAm Cushion

As illustrated in Figure 1a, the investigated plasmonic structure consists of an Au film with rectangular NHA that is attached to a pNIPAAm-based hydrogel layer. When brought in contact with an aqueous environment, water flows thought the pores in the Au membrane into the underneath hydrogel which swells. The pNIPAAm polymer exhibits thermoresponsive properties that cause the polymer network to collapse when the structure is heated above the LCST expelling water through the porous Au membrane. The Au NHA structure with a thickness of dm = 50 ± 1 nm was prepared on a silicon wafer with native oxide by using electron beam lithography. In order to covalently attach the pNIPAAm-based hydrogel film to the Au NHA surface, it was first modified by a self-assembled monolayer of a thiol functionalized with benzophenone groups that served as a linker for attachment of pNIPAAm-based polymer. The modified Au surface was subsequently coated by a film of the pNIPAAm-based terpolymer that carries benzophenone groups as photo-cross-linking units, as well as carboxylic acid substituents for improved swelling and for subsequent chemical modification (e.g., with biological ligands). After the pNIPAAm polymer layer was dried, it was exposed to UV in order to cross-link the polymer chains and simultaneously attach them to the Au surface by exploiting the photoreactivity of the benzophenone moieties. Afterward, the Au NHA with the pNIPAAm network layer was bonded to a UV-precured OSTEmer layer on a glass substrate (see Figure 1b). This rubbery film was pressed against the surface of the pNIPAAm film and attached via the reactive epoxy groups at elevated temperature. Finally, the stack of layers was stripped from the Si wafer to yield the surface of the Au NHA film on the top of a cross-linked pNIPAAm-based hydrogel cushion.

As seen in Figure 2a, the developed process allowed successful stripping of the Au NHA film with an underlying hydrogel layer. SEM revealed that the arrays of nanoholes retained their initial dimensions before stripping with a hole diameter of D = 208 ± 8 nm and a period of Λ = 406 ± 13 nm. Optical microscopy was used to image a corner of rectangular structured pad, as depicted in Figure 2b. The dark area in this image represents the NHA structure, and the brighter, more reflective region corresponds to the flat Au surface. Figure 2c shows an optical microscope image of the structured area that was brought in contact with water at a temperature of T = 22 °C. It indicates that the Au layer wrinkles due to the swelling of the underneath pNIPAAm hydrogel film. Such wrinkling was observed for other hydrogel films, and it is associated with stress-induced buckling, as the polymer is confined in the plane of the substrate, and thus swelling is predominantly permitted only in the direction perpendicular to the surface.35 Afterward, the surface was dried and water rapidly diffused through the NHA pores out of the hydrogel film. Interestingly, the about 50 nm thick Au film did not exhibit cracks and defects after the swelling and drying cycle as seen in Figure 2d, acquired by optical microscopy. In addition, AFM was used for the characterization of Au NHA on the top of the hydrogel cushion after it was swollen and subsequently dried. The acquired image in Figure 2e shows that most of the pores in the Au film were filled with the pNIPAAm-based polymer network, which partially protrudes above the Au surface (visible by the brighter color of the pores in height mode). In addition, one can see that the Au surface between the pores was smooth (root-mean-square roughness of 0.5 nm) and without cracks. It is worth mentioning that the observed low roughness at the upper interface is comparable to that of Si wafer as observed for other template stripped gold surfaces.36 At a larger scale the Au surface became slightly undulated after swelling and collapsing of the pNIPAAm-based hydrogel, which is probably associated with the buckling and rearrangement of pNIPAAm polymer chains below the Au membrane after swelling and drying. Nevertheless, this large-scale undulation did not affect the regularity and integrity of the nanoscale dimensions of the individual pores.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Observation of the stripped surface of the Au NHA by using (a) SEM and (b) optical microscopy with 100-fold magnification. (c) Optical microscopy images of an Au NHA surface with a structured pad (dark area) when swollen in water and (d) subsequently dried. (e) AFM observation of the stripped Au surface with NHAs after exposure to water followed by drying.

Swelling Characteristics of Plain PNIPAAm Layer

Optical waveguide spectroscopy was used to characterize thickness and swelling of the pNIPAAm polymer film (analysis of measured data presented in the Supporting Information). These measurements were performed for a pNIPAAm layer that was prepared by using identical protocol on a flat Au surface. This thickness of a dry film in contact with air was measured as 212 nm, and its refractive index was ni = 1.48. When the film is brought in contact with water at T = 22 °C, the volume fraction of the polymer chains in the hydrogel network is reduced by its swelling. Therefore, the corresponding refractive index of the pNIPAAm layer decreased to ni = 1.36 (which is close to that of water [n0 = 1.33] at the used wavelength of λ = 633 nm), and the thickness increased to about 1.2 μm. At a temperature of T = 40 °C, hydrogel film collapsed, and its refractive index decreased to ni = 1.46, which is about 0.1 refractive index units (RIU) higher than that determined in its highly swollen state at T = 22 °C. It should be noted that the thickness of the swollen and collapsed pNIPAAm hydrogel layer is much higher than the penetration depth of SPP field on a gold surface at wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared parts of spectrum.

Actuating Spectrum of the Surface Plasmons Modes

As indicated in Figure 1a, the thin Au film on the top of pNIPAAm layer supports SPP modes at its both interfaces. The mode that travels at the outer interface (in contact with air or with aqueous solution with refractive index n0) is referred to as SPPo. The mode supported by the opposite interface (in contact with pNIPAAm polymer with a refractive index ni) is named SPPi. The periodic NHA on the Au film allows for diffractive coupling of light into the SPPo and SPPi via (±1, 0), (0, ±1) and higher orders. As presented in Figure 3, this coupling manifests itself as distinct resonant features in the transmission spectra. These spectra were measured with a polychromatic light beam that was focused onto the NHA, and the transmitted beam was analyzed by a spectrometer. Obtained spectra were normalized by those measured on a reference pad with a flat, nonporous 50 nm thick Au film. Two Fano resonances can be observed for the structure in contact with air in Figure 3a. They appear as a spectral band where the transmission decreases at lower wavelengths and increases at higher wavelengths. The resonance associated with the excitation of SPPo mode at the outer interface (between Au and air) exhibits a minimum at λo < 550 nm (this resonance is spectrally broad as the wavelengths are close to the plasma frequency of Au). The second resonance due to the excitation of the SPPi mode at the inner interface (between Au and dry pNIPAAm) is manifested as minimum reflectivity at around λi = 720 nm. As the same figure shows, the SPPi resonance blue-shifts after the structure is brought in contact with water at a temperature of T = 22 °C. The SPPi resonance wavelength λi is decreased by about 15 nm, which can be attributed to the swelling of pNIPAAm cushion by water diffusing through the nanoholes, accompanied by a decrease in its refractive index from ni. The minimum of the SPPo resonance at λo red-shifts by about 50 nm as the refractive index of the medium above the Au NHA structure changes from n0 = 1 (air) to 1.33 (water).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Measured transmission spectra for the Au NHA on top of a responsive pNIPAAm hydrogel cushion (Au NHA-hydrogel) (a) in contact with air and water at T = 22 °C. (b) The swollen hydrogel cushion in contact with water spiked with ethylene glycol (EG, n0 = 1.33–1.37) at T = 22 °C. (c) Au NHA-hydrogel in water (n0 = 1.33) with temperature varied in the range of T = 22–45 °C in order to actuate the pNIPAAm cushion. (d) The collapsed cushion in contact with water spiked with ethylene glycol (n0 = 1.33–1.37) at T = 40 °C.

The controlled permeability of the Au membrane with NHAs was tested by a series of refractometric experiments where the upper and bottom interfaces were optically probed by resonantly excited SPPo and SPPi modes, respectively. Aqueous samples with water spiked by ethylene glycol at concentrations between 0 and 40 vol % were used in order to change the refractive index of the outer medium between n0 = 1.33 and 1.37. Transmission spectra for gradually increasing n0 due to the ethylene glycol were measured for the swollen pNIPAAm cushion at a temperature of T = 22 °C. As presented in Figure 3b, both SPPo and SPPi resonances shift to longer wavelengths when increasing the concentration of ethylene glycol. The SPPo resonance shifts by Δλo = 9.7 nm with the increase of ethylene glycol concentration to 40 vol %. This change corresponds to the refractive index change of Δn0 = 0.04 RIU which yields the refractive index sensitivity of SPPo mode of S = Δλo/Δn0 = 242 nm RIU–1. This value is identical to the gold grating-based SPR (∼250 nm RIU–1 for the first order coupling at a wavelength of 600 nm),37 and it is comparable to values typically observed on Au NHA (400 nm RIU–1 at wavelength of 650 nm).11 The SPPi resonance responds to ethylene glycol stronger, and it shifts by Δλi = 26.5 nm for the maximum concentration of 40 vol %. This observation indicates that the ethylene glycol can diffuse through the NHA into the underneath swollen hydrogel. The fact that Δλi is almost 3 times higher than Δλo is probably due to a partial collapse of pNIPAAm triggered by ethylene glycol that provides an additional change in Δni.

In order to prove the identity of transmission features that were assumed to be associated with the excitation of SPPi and SPPo, the refractive index was individually changed at the inner and outer side of the Au NHA structure. First, the refractive index change Δni was induced by the collapse of pNIPAAm cushion that is probed by SPPi. In order to do so, the temperature of the water flowing over the NHA structure was gradually raised from T = 22 to 40 °C. Figure 3c reveals that the SPPo resonance (that probes the outer water medium) shifts weakly with temperature. The measured maximum shift of Δλo = 2.5 nm can be attributed to the effect of collapsing hydrogel that partially protrudes through the nanoholes in Au film. An order of magnitude stronger shift of Δλi = 24.5 nm was observed for the SPPi resonance due to an outward flux of water through the NHA pores and a subsequent collapse of the underlying hydrogel. The dependence of λi on temperature presented in the Supporting Information (Figure S2) confirms that the collapse of the pNIPAAm cushion occurs at the LSCT of 31 °C similar to the plain pNIPAAm film in direct contact with an aqueous medium without the metallic structure on top.38 Assuming that the refractive index sensitivity of the SPPi resonance is similar to that of SPPo, the measured spectral shift can be converted to refractive index change due to the pNIPAAm cushion collapse of Δni = Δλi/S ∼ 0.1. Interestingly, this value is identical to that measured for swelling of pNIPAAm film without Au NHA on the top (see Figure S1).

Second, the structure was probed by SPPo and SPPi modes when refractive index at the upper interface n0 was varied. It was utilized by collapsing pNIPAAm cushion at T = 40 °C and repeating the experiment with the flow of aqueous samples spiked with ethylene glycol over the structure. The measured data in Figure 3d indicate that the SPPo resonance responds similar as at T = 22 °C (see Figure 3b). A strong resonant wavelength shift of Δλo = 7.5 nm was measured due to the increase in refractive index by ethylene glycol concentration of 40 vol %. This value is slightly lower than that measured for swollen pNIPAAm cushion which can be ascribed to the collapsed polymer in the pore which partially occupies space probed in SPPo mode. The SPPi resonance shifted much weaker by only by Δλi = 1.8 nm. This observation confirms that the hydrogel in its collapsed state prevents diffusion of molecules through the Au pores to the underneath interface that is probed by SPPi.

Simulations of NHA Optical Response

The experimental data were verified by simulating transmission spectrum for the investigated Au NHA-hydrogel geometry. In these simulations the Au film was sandwiched between two semi-infinite dielectrics with refractive index n0 and ni. The pores were assumed to exhibit refractive index of ni. The transmission spectra presented in Figure 4a for the dry (ni = 1.48 and n0 = 1) and swollen (ni = 1.36 and n0 = 1.33) geometry qualitatively agree with those measured at T = 22 °C (compare with Figure 3a). For the dry structure, simulations predict the SPPo resonance occurs at λo < 550 nm and the one associated with the SPPi mode at around λo = 690 nm. For the swollen structure, SPPo resonance red-shifts to around λo = 570 nm and the one associated with the SPPi mode blue-shifts to λo = 674 nm. It is worth of noting that the refractive index swollen hydrogel is similar to water which leads to the coupling of the surface plasmons across the Au layer. For such refractive index symmetrical configuration SPPo mode at lower wavelengths behaves like long-range surface plasmon for which the electric field is weakly confined in the Au layer. The SPPi mode, on the other hand, behaves like a short-range surface plasmon with the corresponding electric field strongly confined in the Au film. When the hydrogel film is collapsed (n0 = 1.33 and ni = 1.46), the symmetry is broken and individual SPPi and SPPo modes propagate along individual interfaces. Figure 4b illustrates for such a geometry the dispersion relation of SPPi and SPPo modes represented as absorption dependence on the angle of incidence θ and wavelength λ. It reveals complex behavior where resonances associated with the first-order coupling to SPPo and SPPi split and cross when increasing θ. In addition, flattening of SPP bands for low angle θ occurs.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Simulated transmission spectra for an Au NHA-hydrogel geometry that is (a) in contact with air (n0 = 1) and a collapsed hydrogel-like medium (ni = 1.48) as well as with water (n0 = 1.33) and a swollen hydrogel-like medium (ni = 1.36), with the optical beam normal to the surface θ = 0°. (b) Dispersion relation of excited SPPi and SPPo modes represented as absorption dependence on angle of incidence θ and wavelength λ (n0 = 1.33, ni = 1.45). Simulation of the near field distribution of the electric field intensity |E/E0|2 being normalized with that of the incident plane wave for a collapsed Au NHA-hydrogel structure (n0 = 1.33, ni = 1.45) at (c) wavelength of λ = 590 nm where the SPPo is excited and at (d) λ = 700 nm where the SPPi occurs.

In order to check for the identity of the used resonances, the near field distribution of the electric field intensity was simulated at the wavelengths 590 and 700 nm, as seen in Figures 4c and 4d, respectively. These images confirm that the shorter wavelength resonance SPPo is probing the outer interface of the Au NHA-hydrogel film in contact with water, while the inner interface in contact with the polymer layer is probed by the longer wavelength SPPi resonance.

Finally, sensitivity of SPPo and SPPi resonances to the refractive index variations above and below the Au NHA was theoretically studied. The simulated transmission spectra for ni varying between 1.35 and 1.45 and fixed n0 = 1.33 are presented in Figure 5a. These data resembles the temperature-dependent experiment with collapsing the gel (presented in Figure 3c) They show a strong shift in the SPPi resonance of Δλi = 24 nm, which is similar to the experimentally measured value. In accordance with experimental results, the simulations predict less pronounced changes in the SPPo resonance of Δλo = 11.5 nm for refractive index change in ni. Figure 5b describes the complementary case when the refractive index above the Au surface n0 is varied. These simulations are related to the experiment in Figure 3d where the refractive index n0 of the liquid medium was changed from 1.33 to 1.37 (by variation of the water/ethylene glycol mixing ratio), while the pNIPAAm hydrogel cushion with ni = 1.46 was collapsed above the LCST (T = 40 °C). The obtained simulation results predict a shift of about Δλo = 13 nm of the SPPo resonance wavelength. In accordance with the experimental findings, the response of SPPi mode of Δλo ∼ 3 nm is much smaller. We believe that deviation between the experiment and simulations can be mostly attributed to the protrusion of hydrogel present in the pores beyond the upper interface. This leads to additional refractive index changes that are not taken into account in the model.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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(a) Transmission spectra of an Au NHA-hydrogel architecture simulated for increasing refractive index ni from 1.35 to 1.45 at the Au–hydrogel interface, representing the collapse of pNIPAAm cushion, and for an aqueous medium at the outer interface (n0 = 1.33). (b) Transmission spectra for increasing refractive indices n0 from 1.33 to 1.37 of the liquid medium (representative of the varying water/ethylene glycol mixtures) above the Au NHA–hydrogel film with a collapsed pNIPAAm cushion (ni = 1.45) beneath.

Conclusions

A facile template-stripping approach to tether a thin Au NHA to a thermoresponsive hydrogel cushion is reported, and the optical properties of such structure are characterized in detail. A series of experiments show that water flow through the pores in Au NHA can be controlled by swelling the underneath hydrogel. When the hydrogel collapses upon temperature increase, water is expelled through the pores, and then they become nonpermeable/closed. In the swollen state the low polymer volume fraction in the hydrogel generates a symmetric refractive index configuration for both interfaces (Au-liquid medium and Au-hydrogel), which establishes long-range and short-range SPPs. When the gel is collapsed, the refractive index symmetry is perturbed and distinct SPPs exist at the individual interfaces. Reversible swelling and collapsing of the hydrogel is accompanied by a strong refractive index change of 0.1, which can be used for tuning the wavelength at which plasmonically enhanced transmission occurs. Because of the rapid response to the temperature variations around the LCST,30 this approach may find its applications in actively tunable optical filters. The reported structure can also be implemented in plasmonic biosensing, where analyzed samples are flowed through the plasmonic nanoholes in order to overcome diffusion-limited mass transfer of target analyte to the surface. In current sensor setups such an architecture is typically realized by using thin nitride membranes which require multiple lithography steps.9,39 The presented approach may provide simpler means for device preparation, and it holds potential to harness this intriguing biosensor concept in more practical devices. In conjunction with field intensity enhancement occurring at the nanohole plasmonic hotspot, the more efficient capture of target analyte at the surface offers attractive means to advance sensitivity in direct refractometric detection of biomolecules as well as in sensors relying on plasmonically amplified spectroscopy.

Acknowledgments

Authors gratefully acknowledge partial support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through the project ACTIPLAS (P 244920-N20) and Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology (GZ BMVIT-612.166/0001-III/I1/2010) via the International Graduate School on Bionanotechnology, a joint Ph.D. program of the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), the Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), and the Nanyang Technological University (NTU). N.S. and B.L. also acknowledge support from the School of Materials Science and Engineering and the provost’s office, Nanyang Technological University. J.D. recieved support from the Tan Chin Tuan foundation.

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b10336.

  • Investigation of swelling and collapsing of a pNIPAAm-based hydrogel layer by optical waveguide spectroscopy (Figure S1); evaluated changes in SPP resonant wavelengths for Au NHA on pNIPAAm hydrogel cushion (Figure S2) from curves presented in Figure 3 (PDF)

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Supplementary Material

jp5b10336_si_001.pdf (630.4KB, pdf)

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