Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry logoLink to Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
. 1996 Sep;61(3):242–249. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.61.3.242

Epidemiology of disabling neurological disease: how and why does disability occur?

D T Wade 1
PMCID: PMC486545  PMID: 8795593

Full text

PDF
242

Images in this article

244Image
on p.244

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ader R., Cohen N., Felten D. Psychoneuroimmunology: interactions between the nervous system and the immune system. Lancet. 1995 Jan 14;345(8942):99–103. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90066-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson S. W., Damasio H., Jones R. D., Tranel D. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1991 Nov;13(6):909–922. doi: 10.1080/01688639108405107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Arnett P. A., Rao S. M., Bernardin L., Grafman J., Yetkin F. Z., Lobeck L. Relationship between frontal lobe lesions and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1994 Mar;44(3 Pt 1):420–425. doi: 10.1212/wnl.44.3_part_1.420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Badley E. M. An introduction to the concepts and classifications of the international classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps. Disabil Rehabil. 1993 Oct-Dec;15(4):161–178. doi: 10.3109/09638289309166008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Badley E. M. The genesis of handicap: definition, models of disablement, and role of external factors. Disabil Rehabil. 1995 Feb-Mar;17(2):53–62. doi: 10.3109/09638289509166628. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bamford J., Sandercock P., Dennis M., Burn J., Warlow C. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet. 1991 Jun 22;337(8756):1521–1526. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93206-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Belcher S. A., Clowers M. R., Cabanayan A. C., Fordyce W. E. Activity patterns of married and single individuals after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982 Jul;63(7):308–312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bendall M. J., Bassey E. J., Pearson M. B. Factors affecting walking speed of elderly people. Age Ageing. 1989 Sep;18(5):327–332. doi: 10.1093/ageing/18.5.327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown R. G., Marsden C. D. How common is dementia in Parkinson's disease? Lancet. 1984 Dec 1;2(8414):1262–1265. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92807-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Brown S., Betts T., Chadwick D., Hall B., Shorvon S., Wallace S. An epilepsy needs document. Seizure. 1993 Jun;2(2):91–103. doi: 10.1016/s1059-1311(05)80111-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cockburn J., Smith P. T., Wade D. T. Influence of cognitive function on social, domestic, and leisure activities of community-dwelling older people. Int Disabil Stud. 1990 Oct-Dec;12(4):169–172. doi: 10.3109/03790799009166611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cornwall A. The relationship of phonological awareness, rapid naming, and verbal memory to severe reading and spelling disability. J Learn Disabil. 1992 Oct;25(8):532–538. doi: 10.1177/002221949202500808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Diehr P., Diehr G., Koepsell T., Wood R., Beach K., Wolcott B., Tompkins R. K. Cluster analysis to determine headache types. J Chronic Dis. 1982;35(8):623–633. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(82)90014-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Farmer J. E., Eakman A. M. The relationship between neuropsychological functioning and instrumental activities of daily living following acquired brain injury. Appl Neuropsychol. 1995 Aug-Nov;2(3-4):107–115. doi: 10.1080/09084282.1995.9645347. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Filippi M., Paty D. W., Kappos L., Barkhof F., Compston D. A., Thompson A. J., Zhao G. J., Wiles C. M., McDonald W. I., Miller D. H. Correlations between changes in disability and T2-weighted brain MRI activity in multiple sclerosis: a follow-up study. Neurology. 1995 Feb;45(2):255–260. doi: 10.1212/wnl.45.2.255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Geurts A. C., Mulder T. W., Nienhuis B., Rijken R. A. Dual-task assessment of reorganization of postural control in persons with lower limb amputation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991 Dec;72(13):1059–1064. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Gladman J. R., Harwood D. M., Barer D. H. Predicting the outcome of acute stroke: prospective evaluation of five multivariate models and comparison with simple methods. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992 May;55(5):347–351. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.55.5.347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Goldberg Y. P., Telenius H., Hayden M. R. The molecular genetics of Huntington's disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 1994 Aug;7(4):325–332. doi: 10.1097/00019052-199408000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hanley J., McAndrew L. A survey of the younger chronic sick and disabled living in the community in Lothian Region. Int Disabil Stud. 1987;9(2):74–77. doi: 10.3109/03790798709166241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Herbert T. B., Cohen S. Depression and immunity: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 1993 May;113(3):472–486. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hopkins A., Menken M., DeFriese G. A record of patient encounters in neurological practice in the United Kingdom. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989 Apr;52(4):436–438. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.52.4.436. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. House A. Depression after stroke. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987 Jan 10;294(6564):76–78. doi: 10.1136/bmj.294.6564.76. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hénon H., Godefroy O., Leys D., Mounier-Vehier F., Lucas C., Rondepierre P., Duhamel A., Pruvo J. P. Early predictors of death and disability after acute cerebral ischemic event. Stroke. 1995 Mar;26(3):392–398. doi: 10.1161/01.str.26.3.392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Jørgensen H. S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H. O., Gam J., Olsen T. S. Silent infarction in acute stroke patients. Prevalence, localization, risk factors, and clinical significance: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke. 1994 Jan;25(1):97–104. doi: 10.1161/01.str.25.1.97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kase C. S., Wolf P. A., Chodosh E. H., Zacker H. B., Kelly-Hayes M., Kannel W. B., D'Agostino R. B., Scampini L. Prevalence of silent stroke in patients presenting with initial stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1989 Jul;20(7):850–852. doi: 10.1161/01.str.20.7.850. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Khoury S. J., Guttmann C. R., Orav E. J., Hohol M. J., Ahn S. S., Hsu L., Kikinis R., Mackin G. A., Jolesz F. A., Weiner H. L. Longitudinal MRI in multiple sclerosis: correlation between disability and lesion burden. Neurology. 1994 Nov;44(11):2120–2124. doi: 10.1212/wnl.44.11.2120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Lehmann J. F., Condon S. M., Price R., deLateur B. J. Gait abnormalities in hemiplegia: their correction by ankle-foot orthoses. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987 Nov;68(11):763–771. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Leone M., Bottacchi E., D'Alessandro G., Kustermann S. Hereditary ataxias and paraplegias in Valle d'Aosta, Italy: a study of prevalence and disability. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995 Mar;91(3):183–187. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb00430.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lipsey J. R., Robinson R. G., Pearlson G. D., Rao K., Price T. R. Nortriptyline treatment of post-stroke depression: a double-blind study. Lancet. 1984 Feb 11;1(8372):297–300. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90356-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Louis E. D., Marder K., Cote L., Wilder D., Tang M. X., Lantigua R., Gurland B., Mayeux R. Prevalence of a history of shaking in persons 65 years of age and older: diagnostic and functional correlates. Mov Disord. 1996 Jan;11(1):63–69. doi: 10.1002/mds.870110112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. McDonough P. A., Badley E. M., Tennant A. Disability, resources, role demands and mobility handicap. Disabil Rehabil. 1995 Apr-Jun;17(3-4):159–168. doi: 10.3109/09638289509166711. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Miller L. S., Miyamoto A. T. Computed tomography: its potential as a predictor of functional recovery following stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1979 Mar;60(3):108–109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Minden S. L., Schiffer R. B. Affective disorders in multiple sclerosis. Review and recommendations for clinical research. Arch Neurol. 1990 Jan;47(1):98–104. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1990.00530010124031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Morrissey S. P., Miller D. H., Kendall B. E., Kingsley D. P., Kelly M. A., Francis D. A., MacManus D. G., McDonald W. I. The significance of brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. A 5-year follow-up study. Brain. 1993 Feb;116(Pt 1):135–146. doi: 10.1093/brain/116.1.135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Möller A., Wiedemann G., Rohde U., Backmund H., Sonntag A. Correlates of cognitive impairment and depressive mood disorder in multiple sclerosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994 Feb;89(2):117–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01497.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Nagi S. Z. An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States. Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc. 1976 Fall;54(4):439–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Parker V. M., Wade D. T., Langton Hewer R. Loss of arm function after stroke: measurement, frequency, and recovery. Int Rehabil Med. 1986;8(2):69–73. doi: 10.3109/03790798609166178. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Perkin G. D. An analysis of 7836 successive new outpatient referrals. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989 Apr;52(4):447–448. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.52.4.447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Phillimore P., Beattie A., Townsend P. Widening inequality of health in northern England, 1981-91. BMJ. 1994 Apr 30;308(6937):1125–1128. doi: 10.1136/bmj.308.6937.1125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Prouse P., Ross-Smith K., Brill M., Singh M., Brennan P., Frank A. Community support for young physically handicapped people. Health Trends. 1991;23(3):105–109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rao S. M. Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 1995 Jun;8(3):216–220. doi: 10.1097/00019052-199506000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Reding M. J., Orto L. A., Winter S. W., Fortuna I. M., Di Ponte P., McDowell F. H. Antidepressant therapy after stroke. A double-blind trial. Arch Neurol. 1986 Aug;43(8):763–765. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1986.00520080011011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Roberts R. C., Shorvon S. D., Cox T. C., Gilliatt R. W. Clinically unsuspected cerebral infarction revealed by computed tomography scanning in late onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1988 Mar-Apr;29(2):190–194. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1988.tb04418.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Ron M. A. Somatisation in neurological practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994 Oct;57(10):1161–1164. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.57.10.1161. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Rondinelli R. D., Murphy J. R., Wilson D. H., Miller C. C. Predictors of functional outcome and resource utilization in inpatient rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991 Jun;72(7):447–453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Sharpe M., Hawton K., Simkin S., Surawy C., Hackmann A., Klimes I., Peto T., Warrell D., Seagroatt V. Cognitive behaviour therapy for the chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 1996 Jan 6;312(7022):22–26. doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7022.22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Smith G. D. Income inequality and mortality: why are they related? BMJ. 1996 Apr 20;312(7037):987–988. doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7037.987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Stübgen J. P., Lahouter A. Limb girdle muscular dystrophy: weakness and disease duration as predictors of functional impairment. Muscle Nerve. 1994 Aug;17(8):873–880. doi: 10.1002/mus.880170806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Tatemichi T. K., Desmond D. W., Mayeux R., Paik M., Stern Y., Sano M., Remien R. H., Williams J. B., Mohr J. P., Hauser W. A. Dementia after stroke: baseline frequency, risks, and clinical features in a hospitalized cohort. Neurology. 1992 Jun;42(6):1185–1193. doi: 10.1212/wnl.42.6.1185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Thompson A. J., Kermode A. G., MacManus D. G., Kendall B. E., Kingsley D. P., Moseley I. F., McDonald W. I. Patterns of disease activity in multiple sclerosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. BMJ. 1990 Mar 10;300(6725):631–634. doi: 10.1136/bmj.300.6725.631. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Wade D. T., Hewer R. L. Epidemiology of some neurological diseases with special reference to work load on the NHS. Int Rehabil Med. 1987;8(3):129–137. doi: 10.3109/03790798709166197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Wade D. T., Hewer R. L. Functional abilities after stroke: measurement, natural history and prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987 Feb;50(2):177–182. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.50.2.177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Wade D. T., Legh-Smith J., Hewer R. A. Depressed mood after stroke. A community study of its frequency. Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Aug;151:200–205. doi: 10.1192/bjp.151.2.200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Wade D. T., Skilbeck C., Hewer R. L. Selected cognitive losses after stroke. Frequency, recovery and prognostic importance. Int Disabil Stud. 1989 Jan-Mar;11(1):34–39. doi: 10.3109/02599148909166376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Waters R. L., Adkins R., Yakura J., Vigil D. Prediction of ambulatory performance based on motor scores derived from standards of the American Spinal Injury Association. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994 Jul;75(7):756–760. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Whyte J. Toward a methodology for rehabilitation research. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1994 Nov-Dec;73(6):428–435. doi: 10.1097/00002060-199411000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Willmes K., Poeck K. To what extent can aphasic syndromes be localized? Brain. 1993 Dec;116(Pt 6):1527–1540. doi: 10.1093/brain/116.6.1527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Yardley L., Putman J. Quantitative analysis of factors contributing to handicap and distress in vertiginous patients: a questionnaire study. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1992 Jun;17(3):231–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1992.tb01833.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Ziegler D. K., Hassanein R. S., Couch J. R. Headache syndromes suggested by statistical analysis of headache symptoms. Cephalalgia. 1982 Sep;2(3):125–134. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1982.0203125.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES