Abstract
Congenital ventricular diverticulum is a rare cardiac anomaly defined as a localized protrusion of the ventricular free wall. Although, it is usually asymptomatic, complications such as embolism, infective endocarditis, and arrhythmias can occur. The diagnosis can be made by echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, or catheter angiography. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in symptomatic patients, whereas the management of asymptomatic patients often represents a therapeutic dilemma. We report here, a 9-month-old patient with asymptomatic congenital left ventricular (LV) diverticulum associated with epigastric hernia.
Keywords: Congenital, epigastric hernia, ventricular diverticulum
INTRODUCTION
Congenital ventricular diverticulum is defined as a protrusion of the free wall of the ventricle, including the endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium.[1,2] They are frequently associated with other cardiac and midline thoracoabdominal anomalies such as ventricular septal defect, tricuspid atresia, and tetralogy of Fallot. However, isolated left ventricular (LV) diverticulum is found in 30% of cases. We report a 9-month-old infant with congenital LV diverticulum.
CLINICAL SUMMARY
A well-appearing 9-month-old female infant presented with epigastric pulsations and umbilical hernia. A physical examination revealed a swelling in the umbilical and supraumbilical region. There was a visible pulsation at this region [Video 1 and Figure 1]. There was no cardiac murmur or arrhythmia. There was no significant antenatal history. Electrocardiogram was normal. Echocardiography showed aneurysmal dilation at the site of LV apex and color Doppler echocardiography revealed a systolic flow from the LV apex to the outside of the LV apical region [Video 2]. There was no additional malformation at echocardiography.
Figure 1.
Umbilical hernia of the patient
Catheter angiography was performed to confirm the diagnosis. LV angiogram showed an elongated, tubular structure extending from the LV apex downward and anterior to the umbilicus that ended blindly [Video 3 and Figure 2].
Figure 2.
Diverticulum arising from the left ventricular apex
Because the patient was asymptomatic, surgery was not performed. He was started on aspirin at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day to prevent any thromboembolic situation.
DISCUSSION
Congenital ventricular diverticulum is a rare cardiac anomaly and it has been reported as 0.05% of all congenital heart malformations.[2] It frequently includes other congenital defects involving the abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart and is called Cantrell's syndrome.[3] Isolated LV diverticulum was reported in 30% of cases. Similarly, our patient had no associated abnormalities and other congenital heart defects were excluded by echocardiography. So, the patient was diagnosed as isolated LV diverticulum.
Congenital LV diverticulum can occur in a weak area of the ventricular wall in the first 2 or 3 weeks of embryonic life. Possible etiologies of the LV diverticulum include maldevelopment of the myocardium, intraventricular sinusoids, or viral infections that may result in a localized weakness of the LV wall with gradual protrusion.[4]
A diagnosis can be made with echocardiography, computed-tomographic angiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and catheter angiography. Although, LV apical aneurysmal dilation was seen at echocardiography, catheter angiography was performed to make definite diagnosis in our patient.
Cardiac diverticula are often clinically silent but may be associated with systemic embolism, arrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiac rupture. Cases with associated sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia have required treatment with an implantable defibrillator or with cryoablative surgery.[5] True incidence of these complications were not known. In a review of 22 patients with congenital ventricular outpouching, ten patients with LV diverticulum were not surgically treated, two experienced spontaneous regression, and eight were alive without symptoms after a mean follow-up period of 8.4 years.[6] According to these findings, in our case, medical follow-up without therapy was preferred, as no arrhythmia was detected and good contractility of the diverticulum was felt to make thrombus formation unlikely.
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