Tumor-associated fibroblasts promote the proliferation and decrease the doxorubicin sensitivity of liposarcoma cells

Abstract

The reasons for the distinct chemoresistance of liposarcomas and their high risk of local recurrence still remain unclear. Depending on the histological subtype of liposarcoma, first-line therapy with the cytostatic agent, doxorubicin, only achieves response rates of approximately 36%. Approximatley 70% of all local recurrences develop in spite of complete surgical resection of the primary tumor with microscopically negative margins. In this study, we aimed to assess the influence of tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) obtained from surgically removed liposarcomas on the well-established human liposarcoma SW872 cell line. Intratumoral TAFs were isolated from intermediate- and high-grade liposarcoma samples. The human liposarcoma cell line, SW872, was co-cultured with the corresponding TAFs or with dermal fibroblasts as a control. The proliferation (by BrdU assay), cell viability (by MTT assay) and sensitivity to doxorubicin (using the iCELLigence system) of the co-cultured SW872 cells were examined. The SW872 cells exhibited a significant increase in proliferation and viability when co-cultured with the TAFs. As detected by real-time cell analysis, the SW872 cells co-cultured with the TAFs exhibited a diminished response towards doxorubicin. Notably, co-culture with TAFs obtained from high-grade liposarcoma samples resulted in higher proliferation and increased chemoresistance than co-culture with TAFs obtained from intermediate-grade liposarcoma samples. The findings of the present study thus indicate that TAFs from liposarcomas enhance the proliferation and decrease the chemosensitivity of SW872 liposarcoma cells significantly compared with normal fibroblasts from the dermis. TAFs from more malignant liposarcomas promoted tumor cell proliferation and chemoresistance more strikingly than TAFs from less malignant liposarcomas. These data provide evidence for the influence of the tumor microenvironment on liposarcoma and support for further investigations in patients with different liposarcoma subentities, assessing the influence of TAFs on tumor progression.

Introduction

Soft tissue sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of solid malignant tumors which represent approximately 1% of all malignancies (1). Liposarcomas are the most common soft tissue sarcomas in adults, comprising approximately 20% of all soft tissue sarcomas (2,3). The peak incidence of liposarcomas is between 52 and 56 years of age, and men are slightly more often affected than women (3,4). Liposarcomas can occur throughout the body; however, 50–60% of all liposarcomas are localized in the deep, subfascial soft tissues of the thighs (3,5).

In patients with primary diagnosed liposarcoma without concurrent distant metastasis, the therapy of choice involves limb-sparing surgical resection with clear margins, usually followed by radiation treatment to decrease local recurrence (6,7). In this context, the achievement of negative surgical margins in primary liposarcoma has been determined to be an important factor for improving local disease control (8–12). However, approximately 62–70% of all local recurrences develop in spite of complete surgical resection of the primary tumor with microscopically negative margins (5,13,14).

Disseminated liposarcomas pose another therapeutic challenge due to the limited effectivity of the currently available treatment options. Notably, approximately 30% of all patients with liposarcoma develop distant metastases during the course of the disease (3,15–19). In cases of distant metastatic disease, the median survival time is only <10 months (19). Doxorubicin, which has been the most frequently used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of metatstatic soft tissue sarcomas, only achieves response rates of 36% in liposarcoma as a whole (20). Concerning the four different histological subsets, well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas display even worse response rates of 12 and 13%, respectively (21). Pleomorphic liposarcomas represent the most chemoresistant subentity, with response rates of only 5% towards doxorubicin, while myxoid/round cell liposarcomas are considered the most chemosensitive subgroup, displaying response rates of 44–48% (22–24). The combination of doxorubicin with ifosfamide is more effective, achieving higher response rates than doxorubicin alone; however, it is associated with severe short-and long-term toxicities, including cardiomyopathy and bone marrow suppression (25–27). Unfortunately, trabectedin, which had been approved as a promising second-line cytostatic agent in the treatment of patients with disseminated soft tissue sarcomas, could not achieve significant higher response rates than doxorubicin in a recently published phase III trial (28).

Due to the rarity and heterogeneity of liposarcomas, further investigations assessing the mechanisms leading to the distinct chemoresistance are still lacking. In recent experimental studies on other solid malignancies, the tumor microenvironment and particularly, tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs), were identified as a potential perpetrator of chemoresistance. Two different mechanisms could be observed here. Firstly, TAFs can modulate the chemosensitivity of malignant cells through the secretion of certain cytokines. In an extensive in vitro study, Straussman et al determined the pro-tumorigenic influence of 35 different cytokines on 45 malignant cell lines that had been co-cultured with TAFs (29). Interestingly, 65% of all treatment groups displayed a diminished chemotherapeutic response that was mediated by TAF-secreted cytokines. Since then, further in vitro studies have revealed a similar cytokine-mediated chemoresistance in breast, lung and pancreas carcinoma cells (30–32). A second mechanism of TAF-induced chemoresistance was detected by Loeffler et al (33). The authors hypothesized that chemotherapeutic drug uptake may be dictated by the interstitial tumor pressure, which in turn is maintained by intratumoral collagen type I. Subsequently, they targeted TAFs as a primary source for collagen type I to decrease the interstitial tumor pressure. By specific in vivo targeting of TAFs via immunotherapy, doxorubicin-intake in breast carcinoma cells was enhanced up to 70%, resulting in marked suppression of tumor growth (33).

Apart from their influence on chemosensitivity, TAFs have also been found to promote the growth and invasive potential of tumor cells by the secretion of cytokines and the remodelling of the extracellular matrix, leading to an increased malignancy in many types of cancer, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, breast, colon and prostate carcinoma (34–39). To date, the crosstalk between host and cancer cells via cytokines with effects on both partners is still unknown in liposarcoma. In the present study, we suggested that there may be a bidirectional crosstalk between liposarcoma cells and TAFs, which may lead to increased proliferation and chemoresistance via soluble mediators. Therefore, we determined the proliferation and doxorubicin sensitivity in a well-established liposarcoma cell line (SW872) following co-culture with primary TAFs obtained from surgically resected liposarcomas.

Materials and methods

Ethics statement

This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany with the permit no. 5078-14. All participating patients gave their written informed consent.

TAFs

Tissues for primary cultures of TAFs were collected from one patient with an intermediate-grade myxoid/round cell liposarcoma and a high-grade pleomorphic liposarcoma and one patient with a high-grade pleomorphic liposarcoma that were completely resected for curative intent at our institution. Normal fibroblasts (NFs) were surgically obtained from the dermal layer of both patients. The harvested tissues were minced into small sections, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) several times and digested with collagenase type I and hyaluronidase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Following filtration and centrifugation at 400 × g for 5 min at 23°C, the cells were placed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Biochrom GmbH, Berlin, Germany) supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FCS; PAN-Biotech GmbH, Aidenbach, Germany), 1% penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 µg/ml) and 1% L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich). The cells were cultured in a humidified atmosphere at 37°C with 5% CO₂ in 25 cm² flasks. The medium was changed every second day. The experiments were conducted in early passages (3–4 following isolation). α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) is a well-established marker to detect TAFs in tumor tissue (34,40,41). In our study, the isolated TAFs were examined by immunofluorescence using α-SMA antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) at the second passage to confirm the fibroblastic origin of the isolated cells.

Histopathological classification

Both tumors were diagnosed by the Institute of Pathology at the Ruhr University of Bochum. The Institute of Pathology and the Department of Plastic Surgery are part of the Sarcoma Reference Center at the Ruhr University of Bochum. All pathological slides were analyzed or reviewed for consensus diagnosis by experienced soft tissue pathologists.

Liposarcoma cell line and co-culture

The human liposarcoma cells, SW872, were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Wesel, Germany; cell line CCI-121) and maintained in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% penicillin (100 U/ml), 1% streptomycin (100 µg/ml) and 1% L-glutamine. The cells were cultured in a humidified atmosphere at 37°C with 5% CO₂ in 25 cm² flasks. For co-culture, 5×10⁴ SW872 cells were seeded in 12-well co-culture plates (Corning Life Sciences, Acton, MA, USA) in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% complete chemically defined serum substitute PANEXIN NTA (PAN-Biotech), penicillin (100 U/ml), 1% streptomycin (100 µg/ml) and 1% L-glutamine. After 10 min Transwells with a pore size of 0.4 µm and 12 mm diameter (Corning Life Sciences) were inserted. Subsequently, 4×10⁴ TAFs were seeded in each Transwell insert and co-cultured with the SW872 cells for 48 h before the subsequent experiments were performed.

Cell viability assay

The metabolic activity was measured via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay according to the standard protocol. SW872 cells were grown for 48 h in co-culture with TAFs or NFs. Subsequently, the SW872 cells were seeded in 96-well microtiter plates (Corning Inc., New York, NY, USA) in a concentration of 3×10⁴ cells/well. The following day, the cells were incubated in serum-free medium. Thereafter, the cells were incubated in fresh medium containing MTT solution for a further 4 h. Vital cells integrated the dye as a sign of active metabolism (glycolysis rate). The cells were lysed with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) and glycine buffer. The amount of integrated dye represented the level of metabolism and was quantified at 562 nm using an Elx808 Ultra Microplate Reader (BioTek Instruments GmbH, Bad Friedrichshall, Germany).

Cell proliferation assay

To determine and quantify the effects of TAF co-culture on SW872 cell proliferation, a colorimetric cell proliferation 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-ELISA (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany) assay was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, the SW872 cells that were grown for 48 h in co-culture were seeded at 3×10⁴ cells/well in 96-well plates. BrdU labeling solution was added followed by incubation for a further 4 h. Proliferating cells integrated BrdU, a pyrimidine analogue, into their DNA. The level of proliferation was quantified by the light emission detected using an Orion microplate luminometer (Berthold Detection Systems GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany).

Real-time cell analysis

For chemosensitivity analysis, the SW872 cells were incubated in co-culture with TAFs or NFs for 48 h. Thereafter, the SW872 cells were seeded in two 8-well plates with an integrated microelectronic sensor array (iCELLigence Real-Time cell analyzer; CEA Biosciences, San Diego, USA). After 24 h, the cultivated human liposarcoma cells were incubated with doxorubicin at a concentration of 0.25 µg/ml that exhibited strong pro-apoptotic effects in previous a in vitro study (42). Cell proliferation and survival were monitored real-time by measuring cell-to-electrode responses of the seeded cells. The cell index (CI) was calculated for each E-plate well using RTCA software 1.2 (Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France), as previously described (43). CI was calculated for each E-plate well using RTCA Software. The graphs are real-time generated outputs from the iCELLigence system.

Analysis of cell morphology

The morphology of the adherent and suspended cells was examined and documented using a phase contrast Zeiss Axiovert 25 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany).

Statistical analysis

Comparisons between the experimental groups in BrdU- and MTT-assay were performed using one-way measures of variance (one way ANOVAs) over all time points (Tukey test). The results were considered statistically significant for p-values ≤0.05.

Results

TAFs exhibit a dynamic expression of α-SMA

Both, TAFs and NFs expressed α-SMA at the second passage, indicating the effective isolation and cultivation of TAFs from tumor tissue (Fig. 1). The morphology of the TAFs obtained from intermediate-grade (TAF1) and high-grade liposarcoma (TAF2) tumor samples did not differ from that of the NFs. They displayed a similar spindle-shaped, elongated and flattened phenotype with few protrusions and small lamellae. The TAFs and NFs exhibited a comparable α-SMA expression when cultivated with medium containing 10% FCS. Notably, the enhancement of the FCS concentration up to 20% for 24 h led to an increase in α-SMA expression in the TAFs, while the NFs did not respond to this change in the FCS concentration in this short time period (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Immunofluorescence detection of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in isolated normal fibroblasts (NFs) and tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs). NFs originated from dermal tissue and TAFs from liposarcomas. TAFs expressed α-SMA. TAF1 were obtained from intermediate-grade myxoid/round cell liposarcoma and TAF2 from high-grade pleomorphic liposarcoma. Notably, the increase in the FCS concentration led to an enhanced expression of α-SMA in TAFs. Original magnification, ×200.

Co-culture with TAFs leads to a significantly increased cell viability of SW872 human liposarcoma cells

MTT assay revealed a markedly enhanced metabolic activity of SW872 liposarcoma cells when co-cultured with TAFs (Fig. 2). The SW872 cells that were co-cultured with TAF2 from more malignant high-grade liposarcoma displayed a significantly increased cell viability when compared with the controls cultured with NFs (p<0.001) or with the cells cultured with TAF1 (p=0.001) from less malignant intermediate-grade liposarcoma. Nevertheless, co-culture with TAF1 was also associated with a significantly increased cell viability when compared to co-culture with the NFs (p=0.010). Hence, both TAF subgroups were able to enhance the viability of the SW872 cells significantly after 48 h of co-culture.

Figure 2.

MTT assay. SW872 liposarcoma cells were pre-treated with normal fibroblasts (NFs), tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs)1 and TAF2 in transwell co-cultures for 48 h. TAF1 were obtained from intermediate-grade myxoid/round cell liposarcoma and TAF2 from high-grade pleomorphic liposarcoma. Subsequently, the viability of the pre-treated SW872 was measured by MTT assay. The assay was performed following 4 h of incubation. Data are presented as the means ± SD of 16 measurements. ANOVA was used to demonstrate statistical significance between the different categories with a Tukey's multiple comparison post hoc test. Significantly different at ^***p≤0.001, ^*p<0.05. The indicators of significance refer to the differences between the NFs as a control series and the other groups.

The proliferation of SW872 liposarcoma cells is significantly enhanced following co-culture with TAFs from high-grade liposarcoma, but not from intermediate-grade liposarcoma

As indicated by BrdU assay, the proliferative potency of the SW872 cells was significantly increased following co-culture with TAF2 when compared to co-culture with NFs (p<0.001) or TAF1 (p=0.019) (Fig. 3). Co-culture with TAF1 failed to reach a statistically significant enhancement of proliferation compared to co-culture with NFs (p=0.081).

Figure 3.

BrdU assay. SW872 liposarcoma cells were pre-treated with normal fibroblasts (NFs), tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) 1 and TAF2 in Transwell co-cultures for 48 h. TAF1 were obtained from intermediate-grade myxoid/round cell liposarcoma and TAF2 from high-grade pleomorphic liposarcoma. The proliferation of the pre-treated SW872 was measured by BrdU assay. The assay was performed following 4 h of BrdU-incubation. Data are presented as the means ± SD of 10 measurements. ANOVA was used to demonstrate statistical significance between the different categories with a Tukey's multiple comparison post hoc test. Significantly different at ^***p≤0.001, ^*p< 0.05; ns, p>0.05. The indicators of significance refer to the difference between NFs as a control series and the other groups.

Doxorubicin treatment is less effective in SW872 cells co-cultured with TAFs from high-grade liposarcoma

The SW872 cells were pre-treated with different co-cultures of NFs, TAF1 and TAF2. Thereafter, the SW872 cells were seeded in plates with an integrated microelectronic sensor array. After 24 h, doxorubicin was applied to the treatment groups. The viability and proliferation of the SW872 cells were monitored before and during doxorubicin incubation in real-time (Fig. 4). The CI which reflects the number of viable cells initially increased in all treatment groups, but began to decrease after 15 h of incubation with doxorubicin. Remarkably, the CI of the SW872 cells which had been co-cultured previously with TAF2 diminished more slightly than that of the cells that had been co-cultured with NFs and TAF1. Finally, the CI of the cells co-cultured with TAF2 continuously remained at higher levels.

Figure 4.

Real-time analysis of SW872 cell viability during (A) doxorubicin treatment and (B) untreated conditions. SW872 liposarcoma cells were pre-treated with normal fibroblasts (NFs), tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) 1 and TAF2 in Transwell co-cultures for 48 h. TAF1 were obtained from intermediate-grade myxoid/round cell liposarcoma and TAF2 from high-grade pleomorphic liposarcoma. Thereafter, pre-treated SW872 cells were seeded in 8-well plates with an integrated microelectronic sensor array. The cell index (CI) reflecting the number of viable cells was monitored continuously in real-time. Doxorubicin (0.25 µg/ml) was applied to the wells after 24 h resulting in a bend of the CI curve in all groups because impedance measurements were transiently disrupted by (A) the addition of doxorubicin solution. CI initially increased, but began to decrease after 15 h of incubation with doxorubicin in all groups, whereas (B) the untreated cells displayed a steady increase in CI. Notably, CI of cells co-cultured with TAF2 continuously remained at higher levels in the doxorubicin- and the untreated group as well.

Discussion

Liposarcomas are rare tumors within the heterogeneous group of soft tissue sarcomas and respond poorly to conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation. Due to the rarity of liposarcomas, the development of novel therapeutics has been difficult, and the lack of novel chemotherapy protocols remains a major obstacle. The mainstay of therapy still implies complete surgical resection with the attainment of microscopically negative margins (R0 resection). Nevertheless, the rates of local recurrence in spite of complete resection are conspicuously high in liposarcomas and cannot be explained by our current knowledge.

There have been several attempts to explain the high rates of local recurrence (14). One potential explanation includes that recurring tumors derive from micrometastases in the tissue around the original location which were left in spite of previous R0 resection and may be selected out from biologically more aggressive tumor cells which display higher invasive potential and, thus, facilitating local recurrence. Another interesting hypothesis implies that altered but non-malignant cells at the original location, such as TAFs may promote the growth of viable but primarily histological inapparent residual disease in the post-resection tumor bed. In the present study, we demonstrated that TAFs were able to promote the proliferation and viability of liposarcoma cells. Therefore, it seems reasonable that TAFs may ensure the survival of remaining liposarcoma cells in the post-resection tumor bed, leading to local recurrence. In this context, further analyses should assess not only the pro-tumorigenic effects of intratumoral TAFs, but also of TAFs that were adjacent to the tumor and remain in the post-resection tumor bed despite complete tumor resection (Fig. 5).

Figure 5.

Schematic representation of potential interaction mechanisms provoked by stromal fibroblasts within liposarcomas. Intratumoral tumor-associated fibroblasts (iTAFs) may enhance tumor growth by direct paracrine stimulation of tumor cells through cytokines. Adjacent to the tumor capsule, TAFs at the resection margins (rTAFs) may promote the growth of viable liposarcoma cells located at the tissue borders. They also may alter local mesenchymal stem cells and non-malignant adipocytes facilitating the development of local recurrences.

Interestingly, our experiments indicated that TAFs from more malignant high-grade pleomorphic liposarcoma facilitated the proliferation and viability of liposarcoma cells more strikingly than TAFs from less malignant intermediate-grade myxoid/round cell liposarcoma. Thus, histological tumor grading may not only reflect the aggressiveness of the tumor cells, but may also correlate with the pro-tumorigenic features of the inherent TAFs. Vice versa, TAFs may acquire stronger tumor-promoting properties when growing in more malignant tumor tissues. Remarkably, TAFs from more malignant liposarcoma were able to decrease the chemosensitivity of SW872 liposarcoma cells. Due to our experimental design, the influence of TAFs on the proliferation, viability and chemosensitivity of SW872 liposarcoma cells was mediated through soluble factors that came into contact with the liposarcoma cells during previous co-culture and led to the sustaining alterations. Notably, NFs did not affect the proliferation or drug resistance of liposarcoma cells, indicating a complex bidirectional crosstalk between inherent TAFs and liposracoma cells.

The tumor microenvironment and the involved mediators deserve further investigation in liposarcomas. The apparent contribution to development of drug resistance and tumor progression make TAFs a potential therapeutic target. Present studies are focusing on preclinical TAF-targeting approaches. In contrast to tumor cells, TAFs represent a genetic stable target which may be advantageous for immunotherapeutic approaches (44,45). Further understanding of the involved mediators also enables therapeutic intervention via adjusted antigen body treatment (46). After identification of the involved mediators the corresponding intracellular pathways leading to chemoresistance and tumor progression in liposarcoma cells may be determined and approached.

In conclusion, the present in vitro study demonstrated that TAFs were able to promote the proliferation, viability and drug resistance of liposarcoma cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study that provides evidence for the tumor-progressive influence of TAFs in liposarcoma. The encouraging results of this study suggest experimental support for further in vitro studies with larger cohorts involving all four different liposarcoma subgroups.