Fungal spondylodiscitis due to Candida albicans: an atypical case and review of the literature

Abstract

Spondylodiscitis due to Candida is a rare complication from hematogenic dissemination of infection caused by this fungus. We present an atypical case of spondylodiscitis caused by this germ that occurred after chest contusion and progressed with necrotizing fasciitis of the anterior region of the chest and osteomyelitis of the sternum. Through contiguity, it also affected the upper thoracic spine. The patient evolved with neurological alterations and recovered satisfactorily after appropriate treatment with surgical decompression of the spinal cord and specific antibiotic therapy.

Introduction

Spinal cord infections are rare and comprise approximately 1% of bone infectious involvement.¹ Most of these infections are of pyogenic or tuberculous origin. Fungal infections are increasing, but are still extremely rare and occur more as opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals.² Despite the increased frequency, infection by Candida albicans is not common.³ We report an unusual case of thoracic spondylodiscitis caused by C. albicans. The literature was reviewed, aiming to better understanding the subject.

Case report

The patient was a 39-year-old homeless, chronic alcoholic male individual. He fell two meters to the ground in October 2012. He was treated in a trauma hospital, where he showed signs of septic shock, hyperemia and crackles in the sternal region, with 10 cm in diameter. Chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) showed pre-sternal subcutaneous emphysema and signs of sternum fracture, and culminated with a diagnosis of anterior chest wall necrotizing fasciitis (Fig. 1). Surgical debridement was performed in this region. The result of the of sternum soft tissue culture was positive for multisensitive Escherichia coli and the result of the sternal bone fragment culture for C. albicans was positive. Treatment with fluconazole (6 mg/kg/day) and Ciprofloxacin (400 mg 12/12 h) was started and drug use was scheduled for six months, initially intravenously and, after clinical improvement, by oral route. The patient developed vertebral osteomyelitis signs, with decreased height of the vertebral bodies and discs at the thoracic spine levels of T4–T5–T6 (Fig. 2). The patient was paralyzed, with altered sensitivity at the T4 level, compatible with Frankel B. Initial Cobb angle of 68° (Fig. 3) was observed. The patient underwent thoracotomy, which disclosed a spinal abscess and a large amount of purulent secretion. A corpectomy was performed from T4 to T6 with autologous iliac graft replacement and comprehensive spinal decompression in T4. There was improvement of pain complaints in the thoracic spine, with fever disappearance and improvement to Frankel C. At a second procedure, he was submitted to posterior fixation and arthrodesis with pedicle screws at the level of the thoracic spine from T3 to T7 (Fig. 4).

Fig. 1.

Initial aspect of the sternum lesion.

Fig. 2.

CT scans in the sagittal, axial and coronal sections.

Fig. 3.

Cobb angle in the preoperative period between T2 and T7.

Fig. 4.

postoperative AP and profile radiographies.

Postoperatively, he showed improvement of 13° of kyphosis in the Cobb angle and remained at 55° (Fig. 4, Fig. 5). After eight months of the diagnosis, the patient showed improvement of the neurological level to Frankel D at the T4 level. Upon assessment at 12 months after the first diagnosis, the wounds were healed and he showed significant improvement in the thoracic kyphosis (Fig. 5). The patient was well, communicative, independent in relation to self-care, and managed to perform his activities without assistance or difficulty. During hospitalization the Oswestry Disability Index 2.0 was applied preoperatively and after the definitive surgical procedure. Preoperatively, he scored 70% and was classified as disabled. Postoperatively, the index was 25%, which showed good results in the pain/disability item.

Fig. 5.

Clinical evolution 12 months after the initial diagnosis.

Discussion

Despite the increase in the frequency of fungemia, infection by C. albicans is also a rare cause of spinal infection.³ The main risk factors are: prior antibiotic therapy, ICU stay, long-term catheter use, corticosteroids, intravenous drugs, transplants and chemotherapy.1, 2, 4, 5 In our case, the patient was alcoholic, homeless and immunocompromised.

The most common location of spondylodiscitis by Candida is in the lumbar spine, and the presence of neurological deficit is infrequent.²

In 2001, Miller⁶ described 59 cases of spinal infection by Candida, 33 affecting the lumbar spine, 17 the chest, three the cervical and six both the thoracic and lumbar spine.

In our case, the upper thoracic region was affected and there was neurological deficit, in contrast to the literature. This condition is usually insidious. The most useful clinical finding is pain in the affected area, both bone and paravertebral types.⁷ The paraplegia was noteworthy in our case. An association was observed between chest trauma and the spinal injury, a fact validated by literature.⁸

When C. albicans affects the spine, it usually causes disk narrowing, destruction of the endplates and the subjacent vertebral bone.⁴ These imaging findings are consistent with what we found in our case.

The optimized management of spinal infections by Candida remains unclear. Case reports such as this one help to increase the experience in the management and treatment of this disease.

Surgical treatment is not required in spondylodiscitis by Candida. However, it should be performed in cases where there is neurological deficit and vertebral instability.4, 5 In the present report, the patient had neurological deficit (Frankel B) and vertebral instability, characterized by kyphosing of the thoracic spine.

Clinical treatment is carried out with antifungal drugs, using amphotericin B or fluconazole. One proposed treatment consists of 6–10 weeks of Amphotericin B IV at a dose of 0.5–0.6 mg/kg/day.⁹ Studies have shown that Fluconazole is as effective as amphotericin, showing higher safety and tolerability. In our institution, we chose to carry out the treatment with fluconazole.

Studies have documented that diagnostic delay is common.¹⁰ That is attributed to the rare occurrence and difficulty in cultivating the microorganisms. It has been suggested that a delay in the start of antifungal therapy is associated with a worse outcome, particularly the neurological one.¹⁰ We believe that our success was due to the early diagnosis and confirmation by biopsy and the sternum bone culture, as well as the identification of spinal cord compression. The treatment was promptly carried out with spinal decompression, rapid microbiological results and start of specific antifungal treatment.

Spondylodiscitis by Candida should be considered in immunocompromised patients. The definitive diagnosis is achieved through isolation of C. albicans in blood or cultures. The antifungal treatment often results in the cure, even in cases of delayed diagnosis. When there is neurological instability or deficit, surgical treatment should be considered.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.