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HFD exposure increases inflammatory cytokines and alters TLR expression in the hippocampus. (a) Levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα were determined by qPCR (mRNA) and Multiplex assay (proteins). (b) ADAM17, TLR2, and TLR4 mRNA levels were also determined by qPCR. Results are presented as the mean±SEM, n=8–16 per group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and #P=0.07; NS, nonsignificant compared with the control diet group (two-tailed Student's t-test).
