Skip to main content
PMC home page
Protein & Cell logoLink to Protein & Cell
. 2011 Mar 12;2(2):87–89. doi: 10.1007/s13238-011-1025-2

Reprogrammed astrocytes with old ‘memories’ blossom into region-specific neurons

Anuja Ghorpade 1,✉
PMCID: PMC4875260  PMID: 21400043

The content is available as a PDF (79.4 KB).

References

  1. Aasen T., Raya A., Barrero M.J., Garreta E., Consiglio A., Gonzalez F., Vassena R., Bilić J., Pekarik V., Tiscornia G., et al. Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:1276–1284. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aoi T., Yae K., Nakagawa M., Ichisaka T., Okita K., Takahashi K., Chiba T., Yamanaka S. Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult mouse liver and stomach cells. Science. 2008;321:699–702. doi: 10.1126/science.1154884. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Caldwell M.A., He X., Wilkie N., Pollack S., Marshall G., Wafford K.A., Svendsen C.N. Growth factors regulate the survival and fate of cells derived from human neurospheres. Nat Biotechnol. 2001;19:475–479. doi: 10.1038/88158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Carey B.W., Markoulaki S., Hanna J., Saha K., Gao Q., Mitalipova M., Jaenisch R. Reprogramming of murine and human somatic cells using a single polycistronic vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:157–162. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811426106. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Carleton A., Petreanu L.T., Lansford R., Alvarez-Buylla A., Lledo P.M. Becoming a new neuron in the adult olfactory bulb. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6:507–518. doi: 10.1038/nn1048. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Hanna J., Markoulaki S., Schorderet P., Carey B.W., Beard C., Wernig M., Creyghton M.P., Steine E.J., Cassady J.P., Foreman R., et al. Direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated mature B lymphocytes to pluripotency. Cell. 2008;133:250–264. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.028. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Hu Q., Friedrich A.M., Johnson L.V., Clegg D.O. Memory in induced pluripotent stem cells: reprogrammed human retinal-pigmented epithelial cells show tendency for spontaneous redifferentiation. Stem Cells. 2010;28:1981–1991. doi: 10.1002/stem.531. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Jain M., Armstrong R.J., Tyers P., Barker R.A., Rosser A.E. GABAergic immunoreactivity is predominant in neurons derived from expanded human neural precursor cells in vitro. Exp Neurol. 2003;182:113–123. doi: 10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00055-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Kim J.B., Greber B., Araúzo-Bravo M.J., Meyer J., Park K.I., Zaehres H., Schöler H.R. Direct reprogramming of human neural stem cells by OCT4. Nature. 2009;461:649-3. doi: 10.1038/nature08436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Kim J.B., Sebastiano V., Wu G., Araúzo-Bravo M.J., Sasse P., Gentile L., Ko K., Ruau D., Ehrich M., van den Boom D., et al. Oct4-induced pluripotency in adult neural stem cells. Cell. 2009;136:411–419. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Kim J.B., Zaehres H., Araúzo-Bravo M.J., Schöler H.R. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from neural stem cells. Nat Protoc. 2009;4:1464–1470. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2009.173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Kim J.B., Zaehres H., Wu G., Gentile L., Ko K., Sebastiano V., Araúzo-Bravo M.J., Ruau D., Han D.W., Zenke M., et al. Pluripotent stem cells induced from adult neural stem cells by reprogramming with two factors. Nature. 2008;454:646–650. doi: 10.1038/nature07061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kim K., Doi A., Wen B., Ng K., Zhao R., Cahan P., Kim J., Aryee M.J., Ji H., Ehrlich L.I., et al. Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature. 2010;467:285–290. doi: 10.1038/nature09342. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Lois C., Alvarez-Buylla A. Long-distance neuronal migration in the adult mammalian brain. Science. 1994;264:1145–1148. doi: 10.1126/science.8178174. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Park, A. (2007). A Breakthrough on Stem Cells. In: TIME (Time Inc.). E-pub. Tuesday, Nov. 20. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1685965,00.html
  16. Pereira C.F., Terranova R., Ryan N.K., Santos J., Morris K.J., Cui W., Merkenschlager M., Fisher A.G. Heterokaryonbased reprogramming of human B lymphocytes for pluripotency requires Oct4 but not Sox2. PLoS Genet. 2008;4:e1000170. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000170. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Polo J.M., Liu S., Figueroa M.E., Kulalert W., Eminli S., Tan K.Y., Apostolou E., Stadtfeld M., Li Y., Shioda T., et al. Cell type of origin influences the molecular and functional properties of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28:848–855. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1667. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Schapira A.H. Science, medicine, and the future: Parkinson’s disease. BMJ. 1999;318:311–314. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7179.311. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Stadtfeld M., Brennand K., Hochedlinger K. Reprogramming of pancreatic beta cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Curr Biol. 2008;18:890–894. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Takahashi K., Okita K., Nakagawa M., Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from fibroblast cultures. Nat Protoc. 2007;2:3081–3089. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2007.418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Takahashi K., Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126:663–676. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Tian, C., Wang, Y., Sun, L., Ma, K., and Zheng, J. (2011). Reprogrammed Mouse Astrocytes Retain a “Memory” of Tissue Origin and Possess More Tendencies for Neuronal Differentiation than Reprogrammed MEFs. Protein Cell (in this issue). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  23. Utikal J., Maherali N., Kulalert W., Hochedlinger K. Sox2 is dispensable for the reprogramming of melanocytes and melanoma cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Sci. 2009;122:3502–3510. doi: 10.1242/jcs.054783. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ye Z., Zhan H., Mali P., Dowey S., Williams D.M., Jang Y.Y., Dang C.V., Spivak J.L., Moliterno A.R., Cheng L. Humaninduced pluripotent stem cells from blood cells of healthy donors and patients with acquired blood disorders. Blood. 2009;114:5473–5480. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-04-217406. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Yu J., Vodyanik M.A., He P., Slukvin I.I., Thomson J.A. Human embryonic stem cells reprogram myeloid precursors following cell-cell fusion. Stem Cells. 2006;24:168–176. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Yu J., Vodyanik M.A., Smuga-Otto K., Antosiewicz-Bourget J., Frane J.L., Tian S., Nie J., Jonsdottir G.A., Ruotti V., Stewart R., et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 2007;318:1917–1920. doi: 10.1126/science.1151526. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Protein & Cell are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES