Abstract
Pediatric dermatoses are one of the most common presentations in a dermatology clinic and reflect the health and hygiene status of children. The incidence and severity of these skin lesions are influenced by geographical area, seasonal and cultural factors, and socioeconomic status. This study was done to show the prevalence of different pediatric dermatoses in a tertiary care hospital of Western Nepal. Chart reviews of children aged one day to 17 years, presenting to Universal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal, from 1 September 2014 to 30 august 2015, were done. Descriptive analysis and two-sided chi-square test were done. Among 23992 patients visiting the dermatology outpatient department (OPD), 5398 (22.5%) were of pediatric age groups (male/female: 1.2/1); most of them belonged to young teens and teenagers (n = 3308; 61.3%). Three most common dermatoses were fungal infections (18.5%), eczema (14.4%), and acne (10.1%). Fungal infections (n = 653; 65.4%) and acne (n = 284; 51.9%) were common in males, whereas eczema (n = 402; 51.7%) was more common in females. Fungal infection (P < 0.001), eczema (P < 0.001), pigmentation disorders (P < 0.001), and acne (P < 0.01) were significantly more during summer, while scabies was more in winter (P < 0.001). Dermatophytosis, pyoderma, and warts comprised frequently occurring fungal, bacterial, and viral infections, respectively.
1. Introduction
Pediatric dermatology is an important branch of dermatology that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of skin diseases occurring in infancy, childhood, and adolescence [1]. Skin diseases are common in children, the incidence being 9–37% all over the world with almost 13.4% in Nepal [2, 3].
Dealing with a child with skin disorders requires special skills as they differ in clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis when compared with adult dermatosis [3]. It has been observed that a pediatrician encounters almost 30% of all his outpatient children having dermatological problems while a dermatologist encounters about 30% of children visiting the outpatient department [4].
Studies of pediatric population suffering from skin diseases can play an important role in public health and policy making [5]. Many factors like geographical area, climate, season, and socioeconomic status influence the pattern of skin diseases in children. Various studies conducted in different parts of the world shows different patterns of skin diseases in children.
This study aims to find different patterns of skin diseases in pediatric population along with the seasonal variation in western part of Nepal.
2. Materials and Methods
This was a retrospective study conducted in department of dermatology at Universal College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital (UCMS-TH), a tertiary care referral hospital situated in Rupandehi District of western region of Nepal. This region is a tropical zone with humid summers. More than 90% of the patients visiting this hospital are from Terai region of Nepal (a plain area in Nepal nearby Uttar Pradesh state of India). The data of children, aged from one day to 17 years, between 1 September 2014 and 31 August 2015, were collected from the record section of the hospital. All new and old cases were included in the study. All the diagnoses were made by dermatologists based on detailed history, clinical presentation, and appropriate investigations. The age group of children included in the study was divided into 0-1 year (infants), 1–5 years (toddlers and preschoolers), 6–11 years (middle childhood), and 12–17 years (young teens and teenagers). The diagnoses were grouped into 13 categories; any diagnosis which did not fit into these categories was included in other categories. The 13 categories included were acne, bacterial infections, bite reactions, drug reactions, eczema, fungal infections, hair disorders, naevus, papulosquamous diseases, pigmentary diseases, scabies, urticaria, and viral infections. Frequencies of diseases according to months and gender were recorded. Data was entered and tabulated in MS-excel sheet and descriptive analysis using variables (mean, percentage, and proportion) was done. Analytical analysis was done by calculating chi-square (χ 2) to compare different dermatoses with seasonal variation. P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
Out of total 23992 patients visiting the dermatology outpatient department (OPD), 5398 (22.5%) were of pediatric age groups. The three most common dermatoses were fungal infections (18.5%), eczema (14.4%), and acne (10.1%). Most frequently presenting age group was young teens and teenagers (61.3%). Eczema was most frequently presenting dermatosis followed by scabies in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. In middle childhood, the commonest dermatosis was eczema followed by fungal infection, whereas fungal infection was commonest followed by acne in young teens and teenagers. The distribution of different dermatoses according to age groups is shown in Table 1. Young teens and teenagers were most frequently presenting age groups.
Table 1.
Distribution of dermatosis according to age group.
| Dermatosis | 0-1 year | 1–5 years | 6–11 years | 12–17 years | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Acne | 1 (0.50) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (6.0) | 538 (16.3) | 547 (10.1) |
| Bacterial infection | 11 (5.50) | 45 (6.8) | 42 (3.2) | 83 (2.5) | 188 (3.5) |
| Bite reaction | 14 (7.0) | 45 (6.8) | 42 (3.2) | 51 (1.5) | 152 (2.8) |
| Drug reaction | 1 (0.50) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.4) | 5 (0.1) | 11 (0.2) |
| Eczema | 37 (18.7) | 122 (18.3) | 211 (15.9) | 408 (12.3) | 778 (14.4) |
| Fungal infections | 20 (10.1) | 68 (10.2) | 181 (13.6) | 729 (22.0) | 998 (18.5) |
| Hair disorders | 0 (0.00) | 4 (0.6) | 44 (3.3) | 44 (1.3) | 92 (1.7) |
| Naevus | 9 (4.50) | 10 (1.5) | 16 (1.2) | 26 (7.9) | 61 (1.1) |
| Others | 64 (32.3) | 211 (31.7) | 360 (27.1) | 821 (24.8) | 1456 (27.0) |
| Papulosquamous disorders | 1 (0.5) | 6 (0.9) | 26 (1.9) | 54 (1.6) | 87 (1.6) |
| Pigment disorders | 6 (3.0) | 42 (6.3) | 168 (12.7) | 284 (8.6) | 500 (9.3) |
| Scabies | 31 (15.7) | 59 (8.9) | 64 (4.8) | 84 (2.5) | 238 (4.4) |
| Urticaria | 2 (1.0) | 39 (5.9) | 28 (2.1) | 81 (2.4) | 150 (2.8) |
| Viral infections | 1 (0.5) | 14 (2.1) | 32 (2.4) | 100 (3.0) | 147 (2.7) |
|
| |||||
| Total | 198 | 665 | 1327 | 3308 | 5398 |
Male-female ratio was 1.2 : 1 as depicted in Table 2. Among the 3 common dermatoses, fungal infections (653; 65.4%) and acne (284; 51.9%) were common in males, whereas eczema (402; 51.7%) was more common in females. Majority of female children had pigment and papulosquamous disorders, hair disorders, and nevus, whereas large number of male children presented with bacterial infection, bite reaction, drug reaction, urticaria, and scabies.
Table 2.
Gender distribution of different dermatoses.
| Dermatosis | Male | Female | Total (N) |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Acne | 284 (51.9) | 263 (48.1) | 547 |
| Bacterial infection | 106 (56.4) | 75 (43.6) | 188 |
| Bite reaction | 79 (52.0) | 73 (48) | 152 |
| Drug reaction | 7 (63.7) | 4 (36.3) | 11 |
| Eczema | 376 (48.3) | 402 (51.7) | 778 |
| Fungal infection | 653 (65.4) | 345 (34.6) | 998 |
| Hair disorders | 44 (47.8) | 48 (52.2) | 92 |
| Naevus | 10 (16.4) | 51 (83.6) | 61 |
| Others | 791 (54.3) | 665 (45.7) | 1456 |
| Papulosquamous disorders | 42 (48.3) | 45 (51.7) | 87 |
| Pigment disorders | 217 (43.4) | 283 (56.6) | 500 |
| Scabies | 157 (66.0) | 81 (34) | 238 |
| Urticaria | 108 (72.0) | 42 (28) | 150 |
| Viral infection | 79 (53.7) | 68 (46.3) | 147 |
|
| |||
| Total | 2953 | 2445 | 5398 |
The maximum number of dermatoses was seen in summer and autumn (fall), whereas winter had the least number. Winter includes the month of December, January, and February; spring includes March, April, and May. Summer includes June, July, and August, whereas fall includes September, October, and November. On comparing the 5 common dermatoses, 4 dermatoses, fungal infection (χ 2 = 26.0828; P < 0.000009), eczema (χ 2 = 21.9486; P < 0.000067), pigmentation disorders (χ 2 = 0.000633; P < 0.000633), and acne (χ 2 = 0.010228; P < 0.010228), were significantly more during summer, spring, and autumn seasons, while the number of scabies cases was more in winter season (χ 2 = 0.000586; P < 0.000586) statistically. The seasonal distribution of the five common dermatoses is shown in Table 3. Comparison of five common dermatoses with the seasons showed a strongly significant effect on occurrence of common dermatoses statistically (P < 0.05) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Seasonal trend of five common dermatoses.
| Diagnosis | Number (%) | Mean | χ 2 | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | ||||
| Fungal infection | 288 (28.04) | 235 (22.88) | 303 (29.50) | 201 (19.57) | 256.8 | 26.0828 | 0.000009 |
| Eczema | 232 (29.82) | 179 (23.01) | 218 (28.02) | 149 (19.15) | 194.5 | 21.9486 | 0.000067 |
| Pigmentation disorders | 129 (25.80) | 144 (28.80) | 141 (28.20) | 86 (17.20) | 125.0 | 17.232 | 0.000633 |
| Acne | 115 (21.02) | 151 (27.61) | 161 (29.43) | 120 (21.94) | 136.8 | 11.2962 | 0.010228 |
| Scabies | 54 (22.69) | 36 (15.13) | 70 (29.41) | 78 (32.77) | 59.5 | 17.395 | 0.000586 |
Fungal infections (75.2% of all infectious dermatoses) were most common infectious dermatoses followed by bacterial (13.7%) and viral infections (11.1%), respectively. Dermatophytosis was the most common fungal infection seen in our study followed by pityriasis versicolor and tinea capitis, respectively. The most common bacterial infection was pyoderma, whereas warts (94; 64.9%) were the commonest viral infections (Table 4). Total infectious dermatosis was 1564 (29%).
Table 4.
Pattern of infectious dermatosis (N = 1326).
| Infections | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| Fungal infections (N: 998) | |
| Tinea capitis | 65 (6.5) |
| Other dermatophytosis | 773 (77.5) |
| Pityriasis versicolor | 127 (12.7) |
| Candidiasis | 33 (3.3) |
| Total (A) | 998 |
|
| |
| Bacterial infections (N: 181) | |
| Pyoderma | 156 (86.2) |
| Other | 25 (13.8) |
| Total (B) | 181 |
|
| |
| Viral infections (N: 147) | |
| Molluscum contagiosum | 24 (16.3) |
| Wart | 94 (64.9) |
| Other | 29 (19.8) |
| Total (C) | 147 |
|
| |
| Grand total (A + B + C) | 1326 |
4. Discussion
There is paucity of epidemiological data in pediatric dermatoses. This retrospective study was done to show the prevalence of different pediatric dermatoses in a tertiary care hospital of Western Nepal and to look on the seasonal trends along with the pattern of its occurrence in different pediatric age groups.
It has been noticed that pediatric dermatoses vary from one country to another, one state to another, and even one society to another. Prevalence of pediatric dermatosis in our study was more than the previous studies conducted in the country [6, 7]. Another study done in the nation showed the prevalence of pediatric dermatoses similar to our study [3]. One study conducted in the hilly region of Nepal even showed prevalence of pediatric dermatoses even higher than our study [8]. This variation may be due to different cultural practices and difference in environment and socioeconomic status.
There was variation in prevalence of dermatosis among the age groups in our study. Fungal infection was the most common dermatosis overall in our study. Eczema was more common in the early age groups, whereas fungal infections were more common among later age groups in our study. A study from Turkey showed eczema as the commonest skin disorder in early age groups similar to our study whereas acne was more prevalent in adolescents [9]. Acne was second to fungal infections in our study among the adolescents. This shows that pediatric dermatosis shows variation among the different age groups within the pediatric population.
The frequency of male children (54.7%) was more common than female children. Eczema was more common in female showing similarity with study done by Wenk and Itin [10] and Muzaffar [11]. The number of patients visiting the dermatology OPD in age group 0-1 year was less compared to other age groups. The decrease in prevalence of infants visiting dermatology OPD may be due to parents visiting the pediatrician. The seasonal occurrence of different dermatoses were not much different except in case of scabies where the number of cases was more than double in winter as compared to summer. Banerjee et al. had similar findings in their study done recently [12]. The overall prevalence of scabies was 4.4% in our study whereas a study in Pakistan showed 5-fold more prevalence of scabies [13]. Poor hygiene in winters along with poor sanitation may be the cause of increased prevalence of scabies in developing countries.
Dermatophytosis was the most common dermatosis in our study. A similar type of study done by Shrestha et al. in the hilly region of the country showed eczema as the commonest dermatosis indicating the change in the pattern of dermatosis within the country according to regions and climate changes [3]. Infections and infestations are common in tropical regions of many Asian and African countries [14–16], whereas eczema and dermatitis are common in the western countries [17]. This suggests that hot and humid climate of a developing nation are more prone to infectious dermatoses. Poor sanitation and low socioeconomic status also may be an important factor for increased prevalence of pediatric dermatoses.
One interesting finding regarding the infectious dermatosis of our study was increased prevalence of pediatric fungal dermatoses in contrast to other similar studies where bacterial infection was more common [14–16, 18, 19].
A study done by Sayal et al. also demonstrated fungal infection to be more than bacterial and viral infection [20]. This states the significant burden of fungal infection in this part of the country differing from other parts of the world. Wart was the commonest viral infection in our study as compared to other studies [11, 14].
5. Conclusion
Overall fungal infections, eczema, and acne were the three major pediatric dermatoses occurring most commonly in the young teens and teenager groups. Summer and autumn seasons had large number of cases while winters the least number. Comparison of the common dermatoses with the seasons showed a strongly significant effect on occurrence of common dermatoses.
The magnitude and distribution of skin disorders in children in developing nations like Nepal can help in identifying the disease burden. It further helps the government, policymakers, and different health related organizations to take appropriate measures in diagnosing, providing adequate treatment, and undertaking various preventive measures. Data on seasonal trends can further help us take appropriate steps for its management.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Sanjay Ghimire (MBBS, MBA) Medical Director Advalent Corp., MA, USA, Dr. Sabhyata Gurung (PG resident, Department of Dermatology, UCMS), Dr. Roshan Gwachha, Dr. Rosy Yadav, and Dr. Rohit Kumar Giri (Interns, UCMS).
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors' Contributions
Yogesh Poudyal and Nagendra Chaudhary designed the study. Yogesh Poudyal and Annu Ranjit collected the data. Yogesh Poudyal, Annu Ranjit, Santosh Pathak, and Nagendra Chaudhary were involved in literature search, writing, and analyzing the paper. Yogesh Poudyal and Nagendra Chaudhary revised the paper. Nagendra Chaudhary will act as a guarantor for the study. All the authors read and approved the final paper.
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