Table 1. Demographic, SE characteristics, etiology, treatments, and clinical outcome according to the first-line treatment drug.
| Total | CLZ | LZP | MDZ | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| n, % | 177 | 100 | 72 | 40.68 | 82 | 46.33 | 23 | 12.99 | p-Value | Test | |
| Demographics and SE characteristics | |||||||||||
| Age | Mean, SD | 56.79 | 19.66 | 59.59 | 21.71 | 55.57 | 16.4 | 52 | 22.8 | 0.21 | ANOVA |
| Male gender | n, % | 91 | 51.44 | 42 | 58.33 | 39 | 47.56 | 10 | 43.48 | 0.29 | χ2 |
| STESS | Mean, SD | 2.58 | 1.62 | 2.79 | 1.65 | 2.36 | 1.68 | 2.73 | 1.21 | 0.23 | ANOVA |
| Potentially fatal etiology | n, % | 77 | 43.5 | 30 | 41.67 | 37 | 45.12 | 10 | 43.38 | 0.91 | χ2 |
| Started prehospital | n, % | 138 | 77.97 | 54 | 75.00 | 62 | 75.61 | 22 | 95.65 | 0.09 | χ2 |
| Worst seizure type | n, % | ||||||||||
| Absence | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | 1.39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Myoclonic | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | 1.39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Focal without consc. impairment | 18 | 10.17 | 8 | 11.1 | 9 | 10.98 | 1 | 4.35 | |||
| Focal with consc. impairment | 49 | 27.68 | 22 | 30.56 | 23 | 28.05 | 4 | 17.39 | |||
| Generalized convulsive | 99 | 55.93 | 38 | 52.78 | 44 | 53.66 | 17 | 73.91 | |||
| Nonconvulsive in coma | 9 | 5.08 | 2 | 2.78 | 7 | 7.32 | 1 | 4.35 | 0.635 | Fisher | |
| SE duration (h) | Median, range | 27.8 | 0–408 | 9.5 | 0.37–408 | 50 | 0–312 | 4 | 0.5–209 | 0.003 | Kruskal-Wallis |
| Refractory SE | n, % | 108 | 61.02 | 31 | 43.06 | 68 | 82.93 | 9 | 39.13 | <0.00l | χ2 |
| Treatment characteristics | |||||||||||
| Time to treatment (min) | Median, range | 60 | 5–7,200 | 92.5 | 5–4,320 | 50 | 5–7,200 | 60 | 10–2,880 | 0.277 | Kruskal-Wallis |
| First-line loading dose (mg) | Median, range | – | – | 1 | 0.25–7.5 | 2 | 1–12 | 7.5 | 1.5–30 | – | – |
| Sufficient dose of first-line drug | n, % | 73 | 41.24 | 52 | 72.22 | 10 | 12.2 | 11 | 47.83 | <0.00l | χ2 |
| Adequate second-line treatment (when needed) | n, % | 81/156 | 51.92 | 41/59 | 69.49 | 36/76 | 47.37 | 4/21 | 19.05 | <0.00l | χ2 |
| Intubation for SE control | n, % | 26 | 14.69 | 7 | 9.72 | 16 | 19.51 | 3 | 13.04 | 0.223 | Fisher |
| Number of ASDs needed to terminate SE | Mean, SD | 3.21 | 1.48 | 2.69 | 1.38 | 3.73 | 1.41 | 3 | 1.47 | <0.00l | ANOVA |
| Outcomes at hospital discharge | |||||||||||
| Return to clinical base line | n, % | 82 | 46.33 | 35 | 48.61 | 31 | 37.8 | 16 | 69.57 | ||
| New morbidity | 75 | 42.37 | 29 | 40.28 | 40 | 48.78 | 6 | 26.09 | |||
| Death | 20 | 11.2 | 8 | 11.11 | 11 | 13.41 | 1 | 4.35 | 0.12 | Fisher | |
| Length of hospital stay (d) for survivors | Median, range | 8.21 | 0–72 | 8.55 | 0–72 | 9 | 1.94–60.03 | 7.23 | 0–40.29 | 0.913 | Kruskal-Wallis |
ASD, antiseizure drugs; CLZ, clonazepam; consc, consciousness; LZP, lorazepam; MDZ, midazolam; min, minutes; mg, milligram; SD, standard deviation; SE, status epilepticus; STESS, STatus Epilepticus Severity Score.
In Bold: statistically significant.