Table 4.
Multivariable Associations between Putative Risk Factors and Incident Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
| Characteristic* | Incident Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (N=2916)
|
Model 2 (N=1331)
|
|||
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value† | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value† | |
| Age, per year | 1.07 (1.04, 1.10) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.14) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, Women vs. Men | 0.76 (0.41, 1.40) | 0.376 | 0.85 (0.31, 2.35) | 0.756 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Black vs. White | 0.27 (0.13, 0.56) | < 0.001 | 0.32 (0.10, 0.99) | 0.049 |
| Hispanic vs. White | 0.54 (0.30, 0.97) | 0.038 | 0.68 (0.25, 1.85) | 0.452 |
| Chinese vs. White | 0.95 (0.48, 1.89) | 0.883 | 2.05 (0.67, 6.30) | 0.210 |
| Cigarette Smoking | ||||
| Past vs. Never | 1.22 (0.76, 1.96) | 0.402 | 0.77 (0.33, 1.78) | 0.536 |
| Current vs. Never | 1.83 (0.89, 3.80) | 0.103 | 3.35 (1.21, 9.26) | 0.020 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure, Seated (mmHg), per SD | 0.79 (0.63, 1.00) | 0.054 | 0.70 (0.48, 1.02) | 0.062 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2), per SD | 1.23 (0.93, 1.64) | 0.151 | 1.29 (0.82, 2.01) | 0.272 |
| Weight at Age 40 years (lbs), per SD | 1.01 (0.72, 1.41) | 0.976 | 1.02 (0.58, 1.82) | 0.937 |
| Medication Use | ||||
| Diuretics, Yes vs. No | 1.25 (0.71, 2.23) | 0.439 | 2.34 (0.95, 5.78) | 0.066 |
| Lipid-Lowering Agents, Yes vs. No | 0.57 (0.33, 0.99) | 0.045 | 0.65 (0.27, 1.59) | 0.347 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl), per SD | 0.92 (0.72, 1.17) | 0.478 | 0.87 (0.59, 1.29) | 0.479 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl), per SD | 0.75 (0.56, 1.03) | 0.073 | 0.55 (0.31, 1.00) | 0.050 |
| Large Artery Elasticity Index (ml/mmHg × 10), per SD | 0.76 (0.57, 1.01) | 0.056 | 0.80 (0.48, 1.31) | 0.370 |
| Internal Carotid Intimal-Medial Thickness (mm), per SD | 1.06 (0.77, 1.47) | 0.708 | 0.96 (0.56, 1.65) | 0.874 |
| Z Score Maximum Intimal-Medial Thickness, per SD | 1.05 (0.72, 1.52) | 0.809 | 1.01 (0.57, 1.81) | 0.969 |
| Hyperopia, Yes vs. No | 1.73 (1.12, 2.66) | 0.013 | 2.39 (1.18, 4.85) | 0.015 |
| Astigmatism, Yes vs. No | 1.28 (0.82, 1.99) | 0.285 | 1.39 (0.67, 2.88) | 0.378 |
| Genotypes | ||||
| ARMS2 RS3793917 | ||||
| CC vs. GG | 2.91 (1.39, 6.09) | 0.005 | 2.04 (0.62, 6.69) | 0.238 |
| CG vs. GG | 2.02 (1.29, 3.16) | 0.002 | 1.38 (0.66, 2.89) | 0.392 |
| CFH Y402H RS1061170 | ||||
| AG vs. AA | -- | -- | 2.55 (1.13, 5.74) | 0.024 |
| GG vs. AA | -- | -- | 4.14 (1.25, 13.76) | 0.020 |
-- = not calculated; CI=confidence interval.
Measured at baseline examination (collected prior to visit 5 when follow-up eye examination occurred).
Multivariable models adjusted for characteristics simultaneously. Model 1 includes age, sex, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, weight at age 40 years, medication use (diuretics, lipid-lowering agents), total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, internal carotid intimal-medial thickness, Z score maximum IMT, hyperopia, astigmatism, and ARMS2 RS3793917, and model 2 includes all variables in model 1 plus CFH Y402H RS1061170. The analytic sample for model 1 is N=2999 (99 cases of incident early AMD) and for model 2 is N=1375 (39 cases of incident early AMD). Variables were selected for inclusion in multivariable models if they had a p<0.10 in preliminary analyses in which each variable was considered separately, controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.