Abstract
Paenibacillus spp. are bacteria present in the environment but are rarely isolated in humans. Here we report the first case of bone infection caused by Paenibacillus turicensis and a second case of human infection caused by this bacterium.
Keywords: 16S rRNA, MALDI-TOF, osteitis, Paenibacillus spp., Paenibacillus turicensis
Paenibacillus spp. have been isolated from various sources including soil, water, the plant rhizosphere, plant materials, food, fodder, faeces and diseased insect larvae [1], but they are not usually associated with clinical infection. Here we report the first case of bone infection caused by Paenibacillus turicensis, and we describe a second human infection due to this bacterium [2].
A 65-year-old man with a medical history of high blood pressure and arterial disease had a motorbike accident during a trip in Vientiane, Laos, in October 2014. He experienced fractures to both the tibia and fibula. He underwent surgical treatment in Vientiane (centromedullar nail), with 5 days' treatment with an unknown antibiotic agent. Late bone healing caused pain without fever, turgor or purulence. A second surgical procedure was performed in March 2015 in Marseille, France, with deep samples, ablation of the centromedullar nail and replacement with a new one. The culture was positive for Gram-positive bacteria, unidentified by conventional phenotypic methods (Vitek 2; bioMérieux, Marcy l'Étoile, France). The strain was sent to the La Timone laboratory in Marseille for 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. This isolate shared 99.7% sequence similarity with the reference sequence of Paenibacillus turicensis available in GenBank (HM069128.1). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by the diffusion method revealed susceptibility to amoxicillin, aminoglycosides, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and vancomycin. Medical treatment was introduced for 6 months (amoxicillin 7 g per day) because of the impossibility of removing the osteosynthesis equipment. The outcome after 6 months' follow-up was favourable, with clinical and radiologic consolidation.
The name turicensis is an adjectival form of the word Turicum, the Latin name for Zurich, where the type strain was first isolated. This Gram-positive, facultative aerobic bacterium was first identified and described by Bosshard et al. [2] in 2002 from the valve of a cerebrospinal fluid shunt of a 48-year-old man with hydrocephalus. Since this discovery, Paenibacillus turicensis has not been cultured from another clinical sample. Nevertheless, this species was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing performed from unidentified growing colonies on samples from a paper mill environment in Finland (papermaking chemicals, broken plants and water) [3].
To our knowledge, only two cases of bone infections caused by Paenibacillus spp. have previously been described. One was a bone infection due to P. thiaminolyticus identified by 16S rRNA gene PCR on growing colonies from samples under anaerobic conditions, and the other was a case of sternitis caused by P. pasadenensis identified by broad-range PCR on a culture-negative sample [4], [5]. In their study, Siala et al. [6] used bacterial 16S rRNA gene primers in broad-range PCR to screen for the presence of bacterial DNA in culture-negative synovial fluid from patients with reactive and other forms of arthritis. Paenibacillus spp. was identified several times.
The increased number of recognized bacteria and of bacteria isolated in human samples is caused by two successive revolutions in the field of bacterial identification allowed by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing [7] and more recently by the increasing use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in clinical microbiology laboratories [8]. Online databases can help clinicians and microbiologists to assess the pathogenicity of unusual bacterial isolates (http://hpr.mediterranee-infection.com/arkotheque/client/ihu_bacteries/recherche/index.php) [9]. This case report reminds clinicians of the risk of bone infection from environmental bacteria.
Acknowledgements
We thank TradOnline (http://www.tradonline.fr/en/) for English-language editing. This study was partly supported by the Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection.
Conflict of Interest
None declared.
References
- 1.Daane L.L., Harjono I., Barns S.M., Launen L.A., Palleron N.J., Haggblom M.M. PAH-degradation by Paenibacillus spp. and description of Paenibacillus naphthalenovorans sp. nov., a naphthalene-degrading bacterium from the rhizosphere of salt marsh plants. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2002;52(Pt 1):131–139. doi: 10.1099/00207713-52-1-131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Bosshard P.P., Zbinden R., Altwegg M. Paenibacillus turicensis sp. nov., a novel bacterium harbouring heterogeneities between 16S rRNA genes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2002;52(Pt 6):2241–2249. doi: 10.1099/00207713-52-6-2241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Suihko M.L., Sinkko H., Partanen L., Mattila-Sandholm T., Salkinoja-Salonen M., Raaska L. Description of heterotrophic bacteria occurring in paper mills and paper products. J Appl Microbiol. 2004;97:1228–1235. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02416.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Anikpeh Y.F., Keller P., Bloemberg G.V., Grunenfelder J., Zinkernagel A.S. Spacecraft bacterium, Paenibacillus pasadenensis, causing wound infection in humans. BMJ Case Rep. 2010;2010 doi: 10.1136/bcr.06.2010.3058. pii:bcr0620103058. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Ouyang J., Pei Z., Lutwick L., Dalal S., Yang L., Cassai N. Case report: Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus: a new cause of human infection, inducing bacteremia in a patient on hemodialysis. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2008;38:393–400. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Siala M., Gdoura R., Fourati H., Rihl M., Jaulhac B., Younes M. Broad-range PCR, cloning and sequencing of the full 16S rRNA gene for detection of bacterial DNA in synovial fluid samples of Tunisian patients with reactive and undifferentiated arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:R102. doi: 10.1186/ar2748. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Drancourt M., Berger P., Raoult D. Systematic 16S rRNA gene sequencing of atypical clinical isolates identified 27 new bacterial species associated with humans. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:2197–2202. doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.5.2197-2202.2004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Seng P., Abat C., Rolain J.M., Colson P., Lagier J.C., Gouriet F. Identification of rare pathogenic bacteria in a clinical microbiology laboratory: impact of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:2182–2194. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00492-13. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Hugon P., Dufour J.C., Colson P., Fournier P.E., Sallah K., Raoult D. A comprehensive repertoire of prokaryotic species identified in human beings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:1211–1219. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00293-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]