Does short preoperative statin therapy prevent infectious complications in adults undergoing cardiac or non-cardiac surgery?

Abstract

Objectives:

To evaluate the effect of preoperative statin therapy on the incidence of postoperative infection.

Methods:

This systematic review of the literature was carried out in August 2015. Studies were retrieved via PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (1980 to 2015), and the reference files were limited to English-language articles. We used a standardized protocol, and a meta-analysis was performed for data abstraction.

Results:

Five studies comprising 1,362 patients qualified for the analysis. The incidence of postoperative infections in the statin group (1.1%) was not significantly lower than that in the placebo group (2.4%), with a risk ratio (RR) of 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24-1.33, p=0.19). Patients of 3 studies underwent cardiac surgery. The aggregated results of these studies failed to show significant differences in postoperative infection when a fixed effects model was used (RR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.08-1.97, p=0.26].

Conclusions:

We failed to find sufficient evidence to support the association between statin use and postoperative infectious complications. The absence of any evidence for a beneficial effect in available randomized trials reduces the likelihood of a causal effect as reported in observational studies.

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (or statins) have pleiotropic properties; thus, the use of perioperative statin treatment to improve outcomes during and after surgery has become popular.1-5 Although treatment with perioperative statins in cardiac and noncardiac surgery significantly reduced the risk of myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation and decreased the mean duration of hospitalization5,6 whether statins are effective in preventing postoperative infectious complications remains controversial. A meta-analysis evaluated whether the potential of statins to lower the risk of infections was causal, which failed to support the hypothesis.7 However, the analysis never included the studies evaluating the association between preoperative statin use and the risk of postoperative infectious complications. Some studies have reported that preoperative statin therapy significantly reduced postoperative infectious complications.8,9 Contrary to these results, other studies have shown that preoperative statin therapy failed to reduce the risk of infection after surgery.10,11 A previous meta-analysis showed preoperative statin use was associated with a reduced risk of postoperative infectious complications.12 However, this analysis only included cohort studies, which reduced the reliability. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis by pooling together all available randomized trials with similar study designs to evaluate the clinical efficacy of preprocedural statin therapy on preventing infectious complications after surgery. In the present study, we analyzed 5 randomized trials and evaluated the relationships between preprocedural statins and postoperative infections.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was undertaken in August 2015. All analyses were based on previous published studies, thus, no ethical approval and patient consent are required.

Selection criteria

Studies were included in our analysis if they met the following criteria: (i) written in English; (ii) had a statin therapy group and a simultaneous placebo control group, (iii) and statin therapy was initiated before surgery. Studies not meeting these criteria, non-clinical trials, and studies without data for retrieval were excluded from the analysis.

Search source and strategy

We performed a search via PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using the following keywords: (‘hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor’ OR statin OR ‘anticholesteremic agents’ OR simvastatin OR rosuvastatin OR pravastatin OR atorvastatin OR fluvastatin OR cerivastatin OR pitavastatin OR lovastatin) AND (‘surgical approach’ OR surg* OR operat*) AND (infect* OR sepsis OR bacter* OR pneumonia) AND (random* OR blind* OR placebo OR ‘meta analysis’). The references of relevant trials and reviews were identified and trials were searched manually. We also checked the citations of existing reviews and all studies identified by using these methods. Missing information were obtained by contacting the corresponding authors of the studies.

Quality assessment and data management

We assessed the quality of the included studies based on a well-established, validated scale developed by Jadad et al.13 The range of possible scores was 0 to 5. According to the inclusion criteria, 2 authors independently and blindly selected the studies. They subsequently assessed trial quality independently and extracted data on study design, subject characteristics at baseline, and incidence of postoperative infectious complications using a standardized protocol and reporting form. Any disagreement was resolved by consensus.

Statistical analysis

REVMAN 5.1 software developed by the Cochrane Collaboration was used for meta-analysis. The incidences of postoperative infections were expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study. Heterogeneity between selected articles was tested using the Chi-squared and I² tests. The 2-tailed significance level was set at 0.05. If no significant difference existed among the results, the fixed effects model was applied. If a significant difference was observed among the results, the random effects model was applied and subgroup analysis were used to deal with heterogeneity. The measure of number needed to treat (NNT) was used to assess the effectiveness of statin treatment.

Results

Identification and characteristics of eligible studies

The initial search using the electronic search strategy and the manual search yielded 491 studies. We reviewed the studies to determine whether they met the criteria for inclusion. After independent evaluation by 2 authors, only 5 trials met the inclusion criteria. We included 5 studies in the analysis (Figure 1).14-18 Quality assessment, subject characteristics (such as age, gender, statins, and dose), and other treatment data of the included studies are presented in Table 1. Three studies were of fairly good quality (Jadad score 3/5). In total, 1362 patients were enrolled from 5 trials. Among these patients, 654 received statins and 708 received placebos.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram depicting the selection of studies included in the meta-analysis.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the 5 randomized clinical studies included in the present meta-analysis.

Main analysis

No heterogeneity was found in the incidence of postoperative infections from 5 studies (x² = 2.81; p=0.59; I² = 0%). A fixed effects model was used. The total incidence of postoperative infections in the statin group (1.1%) was not significantly lower than that in the placebo group (2.4%; RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.24-1.33; p=0.19) (Figure 2). However, our analysis demonstrated a trend toward statistical significant for this association.

Figure 2.

Analysis of controlled studies of statin versus control in patients undergoing surgery. Outcome: incidence of postoperative infections, 95% CI - 95% confidence interval, M-H - Mantel-Haenszel, df - degrees of freedom

Subgroup analysis

Table 2 shows the results of subgroup analysis stratified by surgery and statins design. Patients of 3 studies underwent cardiac surgery.14-16 The aggregated results of these studies failed to show a significant difference in postoperative infections using a fixed effects model (RR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.08-1.97, p=0.26). Patients of 2 studies underwent noncardiovascular surgery.17,18 The total incidence of postoperative infections in the statin group was not significantly lower than in the placebo group (RR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.23-1.79, p=0.40). Patients of 3 studies received atorvastatin treatment before surgery.14-16 The use of statins in the preoperative period was not associated with a lower incidence of postoperative infections (RR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.08-1.97, p=0.26) (Figure 3).

Table 2.

Results of stratified analyses of infection-associated incidence in patients undergoing surgery and statins.

Figure 3.

Subgroup analysis of controlled studies of statin versus control in patients undergoing surgery. Outcome: incidence of postoperative infections, 95% CI - 95% confidence interval, M-H - Mantel-Haenszel, df - degrees of freedom.

Publication bias

We performed a funnel plot for postoperative infections, which included 5 randomized control trials (RCTs).14-18 However, the limiting RCTs make it difficult to interpret the result of publication bias (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Funnel plot of SE (log risk ratio) by risk ratio to evaluate publication bias for effect of treatment.

Number needed to treat

Since statistical analysis failed to prove a benefit for statin treatment, the NNT was not assessed.

Discussion

In the present meta-analysis, we failed to obtain adequate evidence to support the association between statin use and postoperative infectious complications. However, the pooled effect estimate of 0.56 and the trend toward statistical significance for this association indicated the need for further investigation.

Statins, which inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl(HMG)-CoA reductase, are the medical treatment of choice for the reduction of high cholesterol levels. Independent of lipid-lowering effects, statins have pleiotropic effects, including decreased inflammation, improved endothelial function, antagonism of platelet function, and antithrombotic properties.19-22 Previous studies1,5,23-25 demonstrated that statins improve outcomes during and after PCI, cardiac surgery, and noncardiac vascular surgery. However, these studies never evaluate the effect of preoperative statin therapy on the incidence of postoperative infection.

The association among statins, infection prevention, and outcomes was biologically plausible. Statins can modulate the function of different immune cells, including T cells, and endothelial cells.26,27 Many cell receptors and cytokines can be reduced by statins, such as MCH-II, P-selectin, and MCP-1.28 In addition, statins exert direct antibacterial and antiviral effects.29,30 Some study suggests a potent antimicrobial activity of statins against both Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis.31 Statins contribute to macrophage-bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium leprae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is likely that the association of statins with the actual multidrug therapy effectively reduces mycobacterial viability and tissue lesions in leprosy and tuberculosis patients.32

Whether preoperative statin therapy can help to prevent postoperative infection is still debated, with some studies finding a significant reduction in postoperative infections,8,9 and others reporting no effect on infection risk.10,11 A systematic review addressing the role of statins in preventing postoperative infectious complications has been published recently.12 The review showed a significant difference, however, it only included observational and retrospective studies. Observational studies are always at risk of unmeasured confounding. Our review is unique. The strength of our data from randomized controlled trials is the absence of such bias. Infection risk differed depending on the type of surgery. Thus, we investigated the results of subgroup analysis stratified by surgery design. Such investigation yielded a precise estimate of the anti-infective effects of statins. We also investigated the results of subgroup analysis stratified by the design of statins.

Study limitations

Randomized control trials with statins and infections as endpoints are difficult to find. Only 5 randomized clinical trials that included 1362 subjects in total were included in this study. Also, the enrolled studies had a wide-ranging sample size from 40 to 1066. These 2 factors may result in unreliable outcomes. Morever, only one of the trials included infection-related events as a primary outcome measure.18 Most of the included trials failed to describe the type of infection involved.

In conclusion, our findings do not support the hypothesis that statins reduce the risk of postoperative infectious complications. Current cumulative evidence suggests a trend toward statistical significance. More large-scale RCTs are needed to determine all the potential benefits of statins in patients undergoing surgery.