Abstract
BACKGROUND
The use of hyaluronic acid (HA) for intra-articular (IA) injection is widespread around the world for patients affected by osteoarthritis.
AIM
The aim of this study is to identify scientific evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies supporting the use of IA HAs marketed in Italy. We also evaluated the accuracy of indications and contraindications reported in the leaflets of such HAs compared with the available scientific evidence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An extensive literature search was performed to identify all in vitro and in vivo model studies reporting on the effects of various HAs marketed in Italy for IA use. Data reported in the leaflets of different HA-based products for IA use were extracted and analyzed alongside evidence from in vitro and in vivo model studies.
RESULTS
Nine in vitro studies and 11 studies on animal models were examined. Comparing results with what is reported in the leaflets of HAs marketed in Italy, it was observed that many branded formulations are introduced in the market without any reporting of basic scientific evidence. Only 12.82% and 17.95% of branded products had been shown to be effective with scientific evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. The rationale of use of these products is based on their nature, as if a class effect existed such that all HAs would yield similar effects.
CONCLUSIONS
Data on HAs deriving from in vitro and in vivo studies are scarce and relate to only a small percentage of products marketed in Italy. Many indications and contraindications are arbitrarily reported in Italian HA leaflets without the support of scientific evidence. Larger and brand-specific studies are necessary and should be reported in the leaflets to guide clinicians in making an appropriate choice regarding HA-based IA therapy.
Keywords: osteoarthritis, hyaluronic acid, hylan G-F 20, in vitro, animal
Introduction
Hyaluronic acid (HA) for intra-articular (IA) injection is widely used for patients affected by osteoarthritis (OA) all around the world. Guidelines regarding the use of HA for IA injection have been contradictory in the past few years, and no definitive criteria yet exist regarding the use of HA.1–7 Several HA-based products for IA use are available in the health market, and the large majority is classified as medical devices. Little is known about the differences among all the HA-based products merchandised in Italy and in other countries, and it is, therefore, impossible to accurately choose the right product for different stages and patterns of OA. Although all HA products marketed in Italy have been approved for IA intra-articular use, only a small number of them have been shown, with scientific evidence, to be suitable for this use. The aim of this study is to highlight which HA products marketed in Italy are supported, in their indications and contraindications, by scientific literature. We have utilized an accurate systematic revision of all HA-based products available in the Italian health market, performed by the Technical Expert Panel of the ANTIAGE (Italian National Association for Intra-Articular Therapy of the Hip by Ultrasound Guidance) (www.antiagefbf.it (http://www.terapiainfiltrativa.it/category/prodotti/acido-ialuronico). From this starting point, we show the differences in scientific evidence by analyzing three different items as follows: in vitro evidence, in vivo evidence, and differences in product leaflets.
This is the first of two studies regarding the evidence gathered about HA. The second study will focus on evidences regarding the use of various HAs for IA injection in knee OA and in other joints affected by OA.
Usually, HAs are considered as a class of compounds sharing common properties, but the aim of the present study is to point out the differences existing between merchandised HAs. HA products differ in molecular weight, concentration, and molecular structure, and it is thus not correct to assume that study results for a certain HA may be extended to other HAs that differ in composition. With this rationale, we aimed to identify the evidence for HAs marketed in the Italian market.
The first part of this study focuses on the evidences regarding how different HA products commercialized in Italy may provide benefits in OA treatment as demonstrated by in vitro bioevaluation studies.
The second part of this study focuses on the reported effects of different HA brands as evidenced in animal models.
The third part of this study aims to analyze what is reported in the leaflets of different HA products commercialized in Italy and compare such claims and characteristics with the evidence reported in the scientific literature.
Materials and Methods
For the first part of this study, focused on in vitro evidence, a literature search was conducted for in vitro studies published in PubMed, restricted to English language. We searched with three different parameter sets, as follows. In the first search, without time restriction, search terms were HA and in vitro studies. The second search was restricted from 2002 to 2014 to isolate more recent studies, using the following MeSH terms separately or in combination: osteoarthritis, viscosupplementation, hyaluronic acid, hylans, sodium hyaluronate, intra-articular injection/infiltration, and in vitro. The third search was conducted using the trade names of the 57 Italian HA products (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Flow chart reporting the search process of articles regarding effects of Italian branded hyaluronic acids in vitro.
Experimental and human studies were excluded. Any sources of literature encompassing broad terms denoting HA efficacy in OA without clarifying the type of the study were included for a preliminary full manuscript review, and then excluded if lacking an explicit reference to evidence in vitro, or if the product was not in the Italian market or not specified. The search was widened using the references reported within the included articles. After the study selection, extracted data were transcribed onto standardized data collection sheets.
Regarding the second part of the study, a literature search was conducted for animal model studies published in PubMed, restricted to English language, using alternatively the terms hyaluronan, hyaluronic acid, or hylan, all associated with OA and animal model.
All articles regarding the topic of in vivo effects of HA on OA animal models were gathered and analyzed for data extraction. Only articles focusing on the effects of branded HA available in Italy were taken into account for examination.
In the final part of the study, we extracted data as reported in the leaflets of different HA-based products for IA use.
We compared HA-based branded products for the following characteristics: concentration (mg/mL), source of HA, joint for which usage is indicated, suggested dosage, expected duration of effect, classification as drug or medical device, the presence of references regarding studies on the same branded HA or on other kinds of HA product, indications, and contraindications. Classification for molecular weight was performed, and products were defined as low molecular weight products (800–1200 kD), medium molecular weight products (>1200 kD but <2400 kD), and high molecular weight products (>2400 kD). Regarding indications, we categorized the products for joint pain, articular mobility reduction, OA, and synovial fluid (SF) substitution. Regarding contraindications, they were categorized by six different items as follows: hypersensitivity (HS) to HA, cutaneous infections, joint infections, joint inflammation, pregnancy/breastfeeding, and venous or lymphatic stasis.
Results
Evidence from in vitro studies
The selection process for the studies included in our analysis is presented in Figure 1. Evidence from nine in vitro studies concerning experiments with HA-based products commercialized in the Italian health market was evaluated (Table 1). Products are listed by trade name in alphabetical order: Artz®, Durolane®, Hyalgan®, Hymovis®, Ostenil®, Synvisc®, and Synvisc-One® (Table 1).8–16 In 1997, Homandberg et al.8 tested the ability of Artz® 0.1 mg/mL of HA to suppress fibronectin fragment-mediated cartilage chondrolysis in vitro, and a significant downregulation of inflammatory mediators was found, suggesting that IA injection of HA in combination with statins might feasibly slow the progress of OA. Durolane® was tested by Henriksson in 2012 and demonstrated a better result than hydrogel (PuraMatrix®) and adhesive tissue glue gel (TISSEEL®), but was not a suitable cell carrier for cell therapy.9 Lisignoli et al demonstrated that 500–730 kD HA (Hyalgan) exerts an antiapoptotic effect on anti-FAS-induced chondrocyte apoptosis by binding its specific receptors (CD44 and ICAM-1), but did not affect spontaneous chondrocyte apoptosis.10 It was also reported that this HA fraction may be able to slow down chondrocyte apoptosis in OA by regulating the processes of cartilage matrix degradation.
Table 1.
Studies reporting on the in vitro effects of hyaluronic acids products merchandised in Italy for intra-articular use.
| AUTHOR (YEAR) | TRADENAME OF HA TESTED | COMPOSITION | MW (KDA) | COMPARATOR | EXPERIM. MODEL | OBJECT OF ANALYSIS | FINDINGS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homandberg GA (1997) | Artz/Supartz® | HA | 600–1200 | 60 and 250 Kda HA | Cartilage condrocyte | Proteoglican production and inhibition of metallo-proteinases | Artz/Supartz slows down Chondrolysis and has some reparative potential |
| Henriksson H (2011) | Durolane® | NonAnimal Stabilized HA | NA | Hydrogel (Puramatrix®), adhesive tissue (TISSEEL®). | Human mesenchymal cells, IVD cells, chondrocytes | Ttest as gel carrier for cell-based intervertebral disc therapy | Durolane® showed best result of the tested gels; BUT it was not a suitable cell carrier for cell therapy. |
| Lisignoli G (2001) | Hyalgan® | Sodium hyaluronate | 500–730 | 2 HA with molecular weights 40–65 and 1,000; | Human OA knee chondrocytes | Reduction of Anti-fas-induced apoptosis in chondrocytes | Antiapoptotic effect on anti-FAS–induced chondrocyte apoptosis by binding its specific receptors (CD44 and ICAM-1). |
| Brun P (2003) | Hyalgan® | Sodium hyaluronate | 5–7 × 105 | Non | Normal and damaged human chondrocyte | Effect on survival of normal and damaged chondrocytes | Increase of the viability of chondrocytes and restored cell viability after oxidative cell injury. |
| Schiavinato A (2012) | Hymovis® | HA (idrogel) | 500–730 | Synovial fluid and phosphate buffered saline | Bovine articular cartilage | Efficacy on lubrication of articular cartilage | Hymovis® may serve as an effective lubricant and protect the articular surfaces against mechanical wear. |
| Smith MM (2013) | Hymovis® | HA (idrogel) | 500–730 | 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/mL of HA (500–730) | Human Chondrocytes and fibroblasts | Effects on human OA chondrocytes and synoviocytes | Superior beneficial effects of Hymovis® on cell expression of catabolic enzymes and inflammatory cytokines. |
| Waller KA (2012) | Synvisc® | A cross linked HA | 6000 | Synovial Fluid and saline | Bovine cartilage bearing system | Preventing friction induced chondrocyte apoptosis, | Prevention of chondrocyte apoptosis by lowering the coefficient of friction |
| Peña Ede (2002) | Synvisc® | A cross linked HA | 6000 | (1) Hylan A, 0.8% MW, 6 2) Hylan A 0.8% t96,000 MW); (3) Barth’s solution | Xenopus oocytes | Analgesic effect of Synvisc through stretch-activated ion channels | The analgesic effects of hylans are due to a reduction of the sensitivity to mechanical forces of stretch-activated channels present in the membrane of joint mechanonociceptors. |
| Mathieu P (2009) | Synvisc One® | A cross linked HA | 8 × 106 | A linear HA of bacterial origin 1.14 × 106 Da | Synovial Fluid of OA human knee and shoulder | Changes in the OA synovial fluid rheologic properties | Linear and cross-linked HA induce different changes in the OA SF rheologic properties in vitro |
Abbreviation: HA, Hyaluronic Acid.
Brun et al demonstrated that Hyalgan® was able to enhance human chondrocyte proliferation and survival under conditions of oxidative injury,11 which may be one possible therapeutic mechanism of HA in OA. This effect showed dose-dependent response. HYADD®4-G/Hymovis® is a chemically modified amphiphilic HA. Its lubricating effect on bovine articular cartilage in vitro was tested in a musculoskeletal biomechanics laboratory by Schiavinato and Whiteside.12 This study provided evidence that HYADD®4-G may serve as an effective lubricant and protect the articular surfaces against mechanical wear. One year later, an in vitro study by Smith et al concluded that Hymovis® has beneficial effects on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and synoviocytes superior to those of unmodified hyaluronans.13
Waller et al found that the use of hylan G-F 20 provides joint lubrication that may prevent chondrocyte apoptosis by lowering the coefficient of friction.14 Peña Ede examined the analgesic effects of Synvisc® on joint pain in vitro, compared with nonelastoviscous solutions, evaluating the opening probability of stretch-activated channels.15 Synvisc® was more potent in reducing the opening probability, which suggests that the analgesic effects of IA injections may be elastoviscous dependent, possibly due to the reduction of sensitivity to mechanical forces on stretch-activated channels present in the membrane of joint mechanonociceptors. In 2009, Mathieu et al compared Synvisc-One® to a linear HA of bacterial origin (ARD) of 1.14 × 106 Da, exploring the changes in rheologic behavior of OA SF after adding Synvisc-One® or the linear HA.16 Both linear and cross-linked HAs induced different changes in the OA SF rheologic properties when added in vitro, suggesting interactions between SF proteins and exogenous HA. The non-Newtonian behavior in SF shown in this study was dependent on both the level of viscosity and HA concentration.16
In the second part of this study, evidence from animal model studies showed that 144 studies were found on HA in OA animal models. We excluded 73 studies in which HA was cited but did not appear in the aim of the study. Of the remaining 71studies, 54 reported directly on the effects of different HAs in animal models and the other 17 reported on combinations of HA plus other substances, always in animal models. The 73 excluded studies reported on platelet-rich plasma, stem cell or chondrocyte transplants, and their effect on the production of HA. Most of the studies about the association of hyaluronan and other substances were published in the last four years. Of the 54 studies that dealt only with hyaluronan, we found 11studies comparing different HA products (Fig. 2, Table 2).17–27
Figure 2.
Search methodology for studies on animal models and results obtained.
Table 2.
Studies reporting on the effects on animal models of hyaluronic acids brands merchandised in Italy for intra-articular use.
| AUTHOR, YEAR | AIM OF THE STUDY | EXPERIMENTAL MODEL | PRODUCT UTILIZED | IS THE EFFECT MW-DEPENDENT? | EVIDENCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schiavinato et al, 2002 | Tolerability | Rabbit knee joints | Hyalgan®, Artz/Supartz®, Synvisc® | Yes in favour of Hyalgan® and Artz® (LMW > HMW) | Synvisc® causes mild inflammation compared to native hyaluronic acid; |
| Gomis et al, 2004 | Sensitivity of nociceptors | Normal and inflamed rat knee joint | Synvisc®, Orthovisc®, Hyalgan® | Yes in favour of Synvisc® (HMW > LMW) | Elastoviscous properties are determining factors in reducing pain-eliciting nerve activity |
| Goomer RS et al, 2005 | Immunologic reactions | guinea pigs | Hyalgan®, Synvisc® | Yes in favour of Hyalgan® (LMW > HMW) | Native hyaluronan produces less hypersensitivity than cross-linked HA |
| Greenberg DD et al, 2006 | Matrix turnover and inflammation | canine synovial and cartilage explants | Hyalgan®, Synvisc® | Yes, slightly in favour of Synvisc® (HMW > LMW) | A possible delay in onset with Hyalgan®; anti-inflammatory mechanism similar in Hyalgan® and Synvisc® |
| Ottaviani et al, 2007 | Inflammatory and immunological effects | Air pouches established in BALB/c mice | Hyalgan®, Supartz®, Synvisc®, saline | Yes in favour of Hyalgan®/Supartz® (LMW > HMW) | All 3 preparations cause an inflammatory reaction, but only the non-hyaluronan portion of the Synvisc® created an immunological response |
| Cake et al, 2008 | Ground reaction forces (GRFs) and joint health | Bilateral meniscectomia induced OA in sheep | Hymovis®, Hyalgan® | Yes; slightly in favour of Hymovis® | Both preparations showed gait improvement, no modulation of OA severity or sinovial fluid parameters. Significant functional improvement after Hymovis® |
| Smith et al, 2008 | Pathological changes in synovial membrane | Bilateral meniscectomia in sheep | Hymovis®, Hyalgan®, saline solution | No | Hyalgan® decreased aggregate score, vascularity and fibrosis. Hymovis® decreased vascularity, intimal hyperplasia and increased high-MW HA synthesis. |
| Gomis et al, 2009 | Movement-evoked nociceptor impulse activity | Guinea pig nociceptor impulse activity | Hymovis®, Hyalgan® | Yes; slightly in favour of Hyalgan® | HAs reduce nociceptor activity and attenuates the enhanced impulse response to joint movements |
| Boettger MK et al, 2011 | Antinociceptive effect | Rat knee joints | Durolane®, Synvisc®, Hyalgan®, saline soliution | Yes in favour of Durolane® and Synvisc® (HMW > LMW) | All HAs provided significant antinociceptive effects. Its duration is more prolonged after NASHA and Hylan GF20. |
| Galois L et al, 2012 | Influence on chondral and synovial lesions | Rat knees with ACLT | Hyalgan®, Synvisc®, sham injection, saline solution, | No | HAs exert simultaneously exerting chondroprotective properties and long-term subacute synovitis. |
| Elmorsy S et al, 2014 | Joint lubrication and chondroprotective effect | Bilateral ACLT in rabbits | Artz®, Synvisc®, saline solution | Yes, in favour of Synvisc® (HMW > LMW) | Synvisc® exerts chondroprotective effects and produces superior friction coefficients. Synvisc® improves joint lubrication significantly |
Abbreviations: ACLT, anterior cruciate ligament transection; G, group; LMW, Low Molecular Weight; HMW, High Molecular Weight.
Data reported in leaflets
Regarding the third part of the present study, we observed that branded products fundamentally differ in both molecular weight and concentration (Table 3). Following the classification for molecular weight described earlier, we found 22 low molecular weight products, 23 medium molecular weight products, and 3 high molecular weight products, as well as 9 products for which the molecular weight was not reported. It was not possible to perform a classification by molecular weight for three products, Jonexa, Durolane, and Hymovis, due to cross-linking molecular processes. Jonexa is the result of the combination of a medium molecular weight HA and Hylastan, obtained by the cross-linking of HA with divinyl sulfone. Durolane is composed of a non-animal stabilized HA in gel formulation (NASHA), while Hymovis is composed of HYADD4 (sodium hyaluronate hexadecylamide). Regarding the origin of HA, from biofermentation (BioF) or direct extraction by rooster combs, 5 products were extracted from rooster combs, 50 products were formulated by BioF, and for 2 products, Artrosulfur HA and Structovial, it was impossible to gather data regarding their origin.
Table 3.
Main characteristics of hyaluronic acid based products for intra-articular use merchandised in Italy.
| TN | CONC | V | COMP | Src HA | MW | JOINT | DOS | DUR | DR/MD | REF | CL | CONS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthrum® | 40 mg (2%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 2400 | K | 1×3 | NR | MD | NR | N | 2 to 30 |
| Arthrum 2,5%® | 75 mg (2,5%) | 3 | HA | Bio | 2400 | K | 1 | NR | MD | GEN | N | 2 to 30 |
| Artrosulfur HA® | 32 mg (1,6%) | 2 | HA | NR | 1000 | Nr | 1×3 | NR | MD | NR | N | 2 to 30 |
| Artz®/Supartz® | 25 mg (1%) | 2,5 | HA | RC | 600–1200 | K | 1×5 | NR | DR/MD | PROP | N | <25 |
| Condrovisc® | 20 mg | 2 | HA + Carnosine | Bio | 600–1000 | Nr | 1×4 | 3–6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Coxarthrum® | 75 mg (2.5%) | 3 | HA | Bio | 2400 | H | 1 | NR | MD | NR | N | 2 to 30 |
| Durolane® | 60 mg | 3 | NASHA | Bio | NA | K, H | 1 | NR | MD | PROP | 2 to 25 | |
| Durolane SJ® | 20 mg | 1 | NASHA | Bio | NA | A, E, W, HN, FT | 1 | NR | MD | PROP | 2 to 25 | |
| Euflexxa® | 20 mg (1%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 2400–3600 | K | 1×3 | 6 | MD | NR | N | 2 to 25 |
| Fermathron S® | 69 mg | 3 | HA CL 1,4 butandiol-diglicidil ether) | Bio | NR | K, H, S | 1 | NR | MD | GRN | Y | <25 |
| Fermathron plus® | 30 mg (1,5%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 2000 | All | 1×3 | NR | MD | GEN | N | <25 |
| Go-On® | 25 mg (1%) | 2,5 | HA | Bio | 800–1500 | K, S | 1×5 | .6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Go-On Mini® | 10 mg (1%) | 1 | HA | Bio | 800–1500 | HN, TMJ, HN, FT, spine | 1×3 | .6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Go-On matrix® | 40 mg (2%) 80 mg sorbitole | 2 | HA + sorbitol | Bio | 800–1500 | K | 1×3 | .6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Hyalart® | 20 mg/2 mL (1%) | 1 | HA | RC | 500–730 | K | 1×5 | NR | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Hyalgan® | 20 mg (1%) | 2 | HA | RC | 500–730 | K | 1×5 | NR | DR | NR | N | 0 to 25 |
| Hyalubrix® | 30 mg (1.5%) | 2 | HA | Bio | >1500 | NR | 1×3 | NR | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Hyalubrix® 60/Hyalone® | 60 mg (1.5%) | 4 | HA | Bio | 1500–2000 | K, H | NR | NR | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Hymovis® | 24 mg | 3 | HYADD® 4 | Bio | – | K | 1×2 | NR | MD | NR | Y | 0 to 25 |
| Inartral® | 30 mg (1.5%) | 2 | HA | Bio | >1500 | NR | 1×3 | NR | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Intragel® 0.8% | 16 mg (0.8%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | NR | 1×3–1×5 | NR | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Intragel® 1.6% | 32 mg (1.6%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | NR | 1×3 | NR | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Intragel® Mini | 8 mg (0.8%) | 1 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | HN, W, FT, TMJ | 1 | 4–6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Jointex® | 16 m (0.8%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | NR | 1×3–1×5 | NR | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Jointex® Starter | 32 mg (1.6%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | NR | 1×3 | NR | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Jointex® Mini | 8 mg (0.8%) | 1 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | HN, FT, W, TMJ | 1 | 4–6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Jonexa® | 42 mg | Hylastan SGL-80 (gel HA CL) | Bio | 900–1300 | K | 1 | NR | MD | NR | Y | 2 to 30 | |
| Kartilage® | 15,5 mg | 2 | HA + mannitole | Bio | 1500 | S, K, H, A, IP | 1×3 | NR | MD | NR | N | 2 to 25 |
| Kartilage cross® | 16 mg | 2,2 | HA + mannitole | Bio | NR | S, H, K, A, IP | 1 | NR | MD | NR | N | 2 to 25 |
| MonoVisc® | 80 mg | 4 | HA | Bio | NA | K | 1 | NR | MD | NR | Y | 2 to 25 |
| Orthovisc® | 30 mg (1.5%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 1100–2900 | NR | 1×3 | NR | MD | PROP, GEN | N | 2 to 25 |
| Orthovisc® mini | 15 mg (1.5%) | 1 | HA | Bio | 1450 | HN, W, FT, A, S, TMJ | NR | NR | MD | PROP, GEN | N | 2 to 25 |
| Ostenil® | 20 mg (1%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 1000–2000 | K, H, S, A | K 1×3, H 1 | 12 | MD | PROP | N | 2 to 25 |
| Ostenil® Plus | 40 mg (2%) Mannitol: 10 mg (0.5%) | 2 | HA + mannitole | Bio | 1000–2000 | K | 1 | 6 | MD | PROP | N | 2 to 25 |
| Ostenil® mini | 10 mg (1%) | 1 | HA | Bio | 1000–2000 | HN, FT, TMJ, facets | 1×3–1×5 | NR | MD | PROP | N | 2 to 25 |
| Proial® | 20 mg | 2 | HA | NR | NR | K, other | 1×3–1×5 | NR | MD | NR | N | 0 to 25 |
| Promovia® | 24 mg 40 mg 82,8 mg | 2, 3, 6 | HA | Bio | 1200–1800 | NR | 1×3–1×5 | 6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| RenehaVis® | LMW 15.4 mg (2.2%) + HMW 7 mg (1%) | 1,5 | HA | Bio | 1000 and 2000 | K | 1 | 6 | MD | NR | N | Nr |
| Rhizarthrum® | 20 mg (2%) | 1 | HA | Bio | 2400 | HN, FT, TMJ | 1 | 6 | MD | NR | N | 2 to 30 |
| Sinovial® | 16 mg (0.8%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | NR | 1×3–1×5 | 6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Sinovial® Forte | 32 mg (1.6%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | NR | 1 | 6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Sinovial® Mini | 8 mg (0.8%) | 1 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | HN, W, FT, TMJ | 1 | 4–6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Sinovial® One | 50 mg (2%) | 2,5 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | NR | 1 | NR | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| SportVis® | 12 mg (1%) | 1,2 | HA | Bio | NR | PERI | 1×2 | NR | MD | NR | N | Nr |
| Structovial® | 20 mg (1%) | 2 | HA | NR | NR | NR | 1×3–1×5 | NR | MD | NR | N | 2 to 25 |
| Synocrom® | 20 mg (1%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 1600 | All | 1×3–1×5 | NR | MD | NR | N | 0 to 25 |
| Synocrom® mini | 10 mg (1%) | 1 | HA | Bio | 1600 | All | NR | NR | MD | NR | N | 0 to 25 |
| Synocrom® Forte | 40 mg (2%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 2100 | All | NR | NR | MD | NR | Y | 0 to 25 |
| Synocrom® Forte One | 80 mg (2%) | 4 | HA | Bio | 2100 | All | NR | NR | MD | NR | Y | 0 to 25 |
| Synolis® V-A | HA: 20 mg (2%) Sorbitol: 40 mg (4%) | 2 | HA + sorbitole | Bio | 2200 | All | 1×3 | NR | MD | PROP | N | 2 to 25 |
| Synvisc® | 16 mg (80% HA HMW CL; 20% gel CL) | 2 | Hylan G-F 20 | RC | 6000 | K, H, S, A | K 1×3, H, S, A 1 | 6–12 | MD | PROP | Y | 2 to 30 |
| Synvisc® One | 48 mg (80% HA high MW cross-linked; 20% gel CL) | 6 | Hylan G-F 20 | RC | 6000 | K | 1×6M | 12 | MD | PROP | Y | 2 to 30 |
| Yaral® | 16 mg (0.8%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | NR | 1×3–1×5 | NR | MD | Nr | N | <25 |
| Yaral® Forte | 32 mg (1.6%) | 2 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | NR | 1×3 | NR | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Yaral® Mini | 8 mg (0.8%) | 1 | HA | Bio | 800–1200 | HN, FT, W, TMJ | 1 | 4–6 | MD | NR | N | <25 |
| Viscoplus® | 20 mg | 2 ml | HA | Bio | 2000 | K, H, S, FT, TMJ, spine | 1×3–1×5 | 6 | MD | NR | N | 2 to 25 |
| Viscoplus gel® | 75 mg (2,5%) | 2 ml | HA | Bio | NR | K, H, S, FT, TMJ, spine | 1 | 6 | MD | NR | N | 2 to 25 |
Abbreviations: TN, Tradename; Conc, Conentration in mg/ml (%); V, Volume in ml; Comp, Composition; Src HA, Source of Hyaluronic Acid; MW, Molecular Weight in KDa; Joint, Joint the HA is indicated for; Dos, Dosage; 1×2 1, 1 injection per week for 2 weeks; 1×3, 1 injection per week for 3 weeks; 1×4, 1 injection per week for 4 weeks; 1×5, 1 injection per week for 5 weeks; 1×6M, 1 injection every 6 months; Dur, Expected duration of effect in months; Dr/MD, Drug or medical device; DR, Drug; MD, Medical Device; Ref, Presence of references in the leaflet; CL, Crosslinked or not (Y, Yes, N, No), Cons, Conservation in°C; HA, Hyaluronic Acid; Bio, biofermentation; RC, Rooster Combs; K, Knee; H, Hip; S, Shoulder; A, Ankle; E, Elbow; TMJ, Tempuromandibular joint; IP, Interphalangeal; W, Wrist; HN, Hand; FT, Foot; PERI, Periarticular; MD, Medical Device; Prop, References on the HA to which the leaflet belongs; NR, Not reported; NA, Not Applicable; GEN, References on generic HA; LMW, Low Molecular Weight; HMW, High Molecular Weight.
Data on the joint indicated for IA use of the products also showed that products with similar composition, origin, and molecular weight may still have different indications reported in the leaflet. An indication for knee joint was only reported on 15 products; 12 products reported an indication for use in big joints, such as shoulder, hip, ankle, elbow, and knee; 9 products reported an indication for small joints, such as trapeziometacarpal joint, carpometacarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, temporomandibular joint, and other small joints; and for 15 products, it was impossible to gather data regarding which joint they are indicated for.
Regarding dosage and effect duration, data are even more scarce. Of the 57 products, 18 reported that a single injection per cycle is sufficient to obtain the desired effect. Of those 18 products, only 10 reported the expected duration of effect, while for 8 products there were no data on this topic in the leaflet. In the leaflet of 15 products, it was reported that a cycle of 2–3 injections was necessary to obtain the desired effect, and out of those 15 products, only 1 reported the expected duration of effect. A further 14 products reported that 4–5 injections were needed to obtain the desired effect, and out of those 14 products, only 4 reported the duration of effect. Five brands did not report the number of injections needed or the expected duration. Similar products report an expected duration of effect that may vary from 3 to 12 months. Brands reporting an expected duration of more than six months were combinations of HA with other substances. Only Durolane, Ostenil, Synvisc, Orthovisc, Synolis VA, and Artz (Supartz) reported studies on their own products in the references of the leaflet, while Arthrum, Fermathron, and Go-on reported studies on generic HA. Data on indications and contraindications of the analyzed products are reported in Tables 4 and 5.
Table 4.
Indications as reported on the leaflet of the hyaluronic acid brands merchandised in Italy for intra-articular use.
| TRADENAME | PAIN | REDUCED MOBILITY | OA | SYNOVIAL LIQUID SUBSTITUTION | NO TKR | POST TRAUMATIC | AFTER ARTHROSCOPY OR SURGERY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthrum® | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Arthrum 2,5%® | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Artrosulfur HA® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Artz®/Supartz® | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Condrovisc® | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Coxarthrum® | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Durolane® (AF) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Euflexxa® | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fermathron S (AF)® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Go-On® (AF) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hyalart® | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyalgan® | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hyalubrix® | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hyalubrix® 60* | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hymovis® | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Inartral® | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Intragel® (AF) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Jointex® (AF) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Jonexa® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kartilage (AF) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MonoVisc® | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Orthovisc® (AF) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ostenil® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ostenil® Plus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ostenil® mini | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Proial® | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Promovia® (AF) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| RenehaVis® | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rhizarthrum® | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sinovial® (AF) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| SportVis® | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Structovial® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Synocrom® (AF) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Synolis® V-A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Synvisc® | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Synvisc® One | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Yaral® (AF) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Viscoplus® | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Viscoplus gel® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Note:
Also Hyalone.
Abbreviation: AF, all formulations of the same brand.
Table 5.
Contraindications as reported on the leaflet of the hyaluronic acid brands merchandised in Italy for intra-articular use.
| TRADENAME | HYPERSENSITIVITY TO HA | SKIN INFECTION | JOINT INFECTION | JOINT INFLAMMATION | PREGNANCY/BREAST FEEDING | VENOUS OR LYMPHATIC STASIS | HEPATHOPATHIES | CHILDREN | BLEEDING DISORDERS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthrum® | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Arthrum 2,5%® | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Artrosulfur HA® | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Artz®/Supartz® | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Condrovisc® | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Coxarthrum® | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Durolane® (AF) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Euflexxa® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fermathron® (AF) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Go-On® | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Go-On® Mini | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Go-on® matrix | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hyalart® | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Hyalgan® | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Hyalubrix® | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hyalubrix® 60* | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hymovis® | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Inartral® | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Intragel® (AF) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jointex® (AF) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jonexa® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kartilage (AF) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MonoVisc® | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Orthovisc® (AF) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ostenil® (AF) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Proial® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Promovia® | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| RenehaVis® | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rhizarthrum® | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sinovial® (AF) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| SportVis® | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Structovial® | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Synocrom® (AF) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Synolis® V-A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Synvisc® (AF) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Yaral® (AF) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Viscoplus® (AF) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Note:
Also Hyalone.
Abbreviation: AF, all formulations of the same brand.
Categorization for clinical indications showed that 45 of 57 products were indicated for the relief of joint pain, 33 of 57 for improving joint mobility, 48 of 57 for OA, and only 6 of 57 for substitution of SF.
About contraindications, 32 of 57 products reported that their use is contraindicated in case of HS to HA, and 36 reported contraindication in case of cutaneous infection in the zone to inject. Joint inflammation was reported as a contraindication to IA injection for only 27 products, and joint infection for only 37 products. Interestingly, pregnancy and breast feeding were reported as contraindications for IA use in only 6 products, despite the lack of data on the use of HA products in such conditions. Similarly, only 6 products reported that the use of HA is contraindicated in cases of lymph stasis, although it is clearly reported in the literature that metabolism of HA is exerted through the lymphatic system.28
Discussion
The first aim of this study was to investigate, through a systematic review, the scientific evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies for each HA formulation commercially available in the Italian market. Unfortunately, only 12.82% and 17.95% of branded products were described in the scientific evidence of in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. In addition, the diversity of aims, methodology, and cellular systems used between the in vitro studies rendered a comparison of formulations impossible.
Many branded formulations are introduced in the market without any kind of basic scientific evidence. The rationale of use of these products is based on the product’s nature, as a compound of HA, reporting the characteristics of generic HA as a class effect. This occurs because, in Italy, regulatory laws for the marketing of medical devices do not require high levels of evidence. HA formulations are not all the same, not only in their characteristics of extraction, molecular weight, and concentration, but also in the scientific evidence relating to each formulation. Some properties shown by a particular formulation in an in vitro or animal study must not be extended generically to all products of the same class. This produces a confusing framework. Clinicians should be in a position to consider evidence for each branded product and use branded products with a documented rationale; to that end, regulators should require a sufficient amount of studies before introducing a new brand in the market. Manufacturers should introduce in the leaflet all studies regarding their own product, with the related references, and should avoid using generic evidence or class properties only.
In vivo evidence is far more developed for the low molecular weight products such as Hyalgan, Supartz, and Hylan G-F 20 (Synvisc). Five studies were also conducted with HYADD4-G (Hymovis), a low molecular weight formulation with a modified molecule. One study each was conducted on Orthovisc and NASHA (Durolane).
Studies performed with the addition of other substances were conducted with self-made HA derived from bacterial fermentation.
The studies conducted in animals deepen the understanding of aspects such as the effects of HA use after traumas such as anterior cruciate ligament tear, meniscus injury, articular cartilage injury, histologic changes in cartilage and synovial tissue after use of HA, and adverse reactions, all of which are relevant to establish the rationale for the use of HA in human beings. Unfortunately, some brands are launched in the market without animal or clinical evidence. This is due to the products’ registration as medical device, which in Italy may be performed without the production of RCTs reporting on efficacy and safety profiles of the given medical device.
Analyzing all data of in vitro and animal model studies and then comparing the findings with what is reported in the leaflets of branded compounds, it is clear that leaflets are incomplete and often lack the basic data necessary for an aware administration of such compounds. First, leaflets for the large majority of HA-branded products for IA use do not include references supporting indications and contraindications reported. This is a major flaw for products whose use should be carefully evaluated. References supporting the use in terms of dosage, expected duration of effect, target joint, and, above all, clinical conditions representing indications or contraindications, should be clearly reported, so that physicians dealing with IA therapies could be supported by scientific evidence in their therapeutic approach. Also, in terms of health insurance, the presence of solid references reporting on scientific evidence would lead to a more secure approach to the therapeutic use of IA injection of HA.
Curiously, some HA-based products that have been studied reported indication for OA, but not all of them. Some reported indication for joint pain relief, although they did not specify any joint alteration that might be inducing pain for which they are indicated and did not provide the related evidence. Again, some branded products reported to be indicated for SF temporary substitution or for the improvement of joint mobility, but no data regarding the cause of SF alterations or reduced joint mobility, such as OA or other conditions, were reported in the leaflet. If the leaflet was to be strictly followed, we would have products indicated for OA, products indicated for symptomatic OA, products indicated for reduced joint mobility, and products indicated for SF substitution due, or not, to OA. This is all confusing and, at least, imprecise and arbitrary, especially when such indications are not supported by adequate scientific references. Similarly, it is of extreme relevance to underline another aspect of the management of HA: conservation of HA-based products. The majority of leaflets reported the optimal temperature for the conservation of HA for IA use, but this aspect is often considered as secondary. Both physicians and patients, who often buy such products, should be carefully informed regarding the conservation of HA, to avoid alterations of the products that may lead to inefficacy of the therapy. Regarding contraindications to the use of HA, it is evident that certain clinical conditions represent absolute contraindications to the use of IA HA, such as skin or joint infection. It is important to report that not all branded products stated such clinical conditions as contraindications to the IA administration of HA, and this again represents a major flaw in the leaflets of many products. The presence of infections in the site of injection or the presence of infectious arthritis should represent absolute contraindications to the use of IA HA, as already reported in literature.
Similarly, bleeding disorders should be carefully considered, as IA injections represent an invasive procedure. Although there are several recent reports on the use of viscosupplementation in patients affected by hemophilic arthropathies,29,30 the IA injection of compounds in patients affected by bleeding disorders should be reported as potentially dangerous. Severe hepatopathies are reported by some HA-based products as contraindications to their use for IA injection, but again no references to support such data are reported. Furthermore, we were not able to find any reliable data in scientific literature regarding the relevance of hepatopathies in the IA administration of such compounds, although the elimination of HA administered by IA injection relies upon hepatic metabolization.31
Regarding venous and lymphatic stasis, the role of the lymphatic system in the metabolism of HA has already been reported.28 It is logical to suppose that impairments of the lymphatic system such as lymphatic or venous stasis may interfere with the normal metabolism of HA administered by IA injection, and some of the products report such clinical conditions as contraindications to the use of HA. Again, no scientific evidence regarding the role of venous or lymphatic stasis is present in literature to support this contraindication.
Another condition to consider for IA injection of HA is pregnancy. At present, there are no reports regarding the safety and efficacy of the use of HA in pregnant patients, and this lack of data represents the cause for a relevant warning regarding its use. Probably, the prevalence of OA in pregnant patients is low, due to the usual young age of pregnant patients, but in cases of symptomatic OA during pregnancy, the use of HA should be avoided because of the complete absence of scientific evidence regarding its safety. Similarly, a complete lack of data exists regarding the use of IA HA during breast feeding. For safety reasons, this lack of data should be clearly reported in all leaflets.
Three of the examined products report that the use of HA should be avoided in children. It is unclear what the role of viscosupplementation in children could be, and again, no references supporting this contraindication are reported.
Conclusions
Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies regarding HA products marketed in Italy is scarce and relates to only a small proportion of the available branded products. Our analysis of the content of leaflets for various HAs marketed in Italy suggests that many reported indications and contraindications are arbitrary and not supported by scientific evidence, thus confounding the decision to prescribe the products. Larger and brand-specific studies are necessary in order to understand and support the correct use of HA for IA injection and to guide clinicians in making a correctly targeted choice when prescribing an HA-based IA therapy.
Footnotes
ACADEMIC EDITOR: Chuanju Liu, Editor in Chief
PEER REVIEW: Four peer reviewers contributed to the peer review report. Reviewers’ reports totaled 1499 words, excluding any confidential comments to the academic editor.
FUNDING: Authors disclose no external funding sources.
COMPETING INTERESTS: AM discloses grants received from Fidia, Guna, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, IBSA, Roche and Abiogen, outside the work presented here. CF discloses grants received from Guna, outside the work presented here. Other authors disclose no potential conflicts of interest.
Paper subject to independent expert blind peer review. All editorial decisions made by independent academic editor. Upon submission manuscript was subject to anti-plagiarism scanning. Prior to publication all authors have given signed confirmation of agreement to article publication and compliance with all applicable ethical and legal requirements, including the accuracy of author and contributor information, disclosure of competing interests and funding sources, compliance with ethical requirements relating to human and animal study participants, and compliance with any copyright requirements of third parties. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: AM. Analyzed the data: AM, EB, CF, ODL, ADS, Asmaa M, MB. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: EB, ODL, ADS, Asmaa M. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: AM, CF, MB. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: AM, CF, EB, ODL, ADS, Asmaa M, MB. Jointly developed the structure and arguments for the paper: AM, CF, ODL, EB, ADS, Asmaa M, MB. Made critical revisions and approved final version: AM, EB, CF, ODL, ADS, Asmaa M, MB. All authors reviewed and approved of the final manuscript.
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