Skip to main content
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1992 Apr 15;89(8):3256–3260. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.8.3256

Thymidine kinase transcription is regulated at G1/S phase by a complex that contains retinoblastoma-like protein and a cdc2 kinase.

Q P Dou 1, P J Markell 1, A B Pardee 1
PMCID: PMC48845  PMID: 1565617

Abstract

Transcription of the murine thymidine kinase gene, which is coregulated with the G1/S phase transition, is activated by changing the binding of protein complexes Yi1 and Yi2 to three upstream DNA motifs. Yi1 is replaced by Yi2 shortly before S phase. Yi1 contains a protein of 110 kDa that binds to the DNA motif sites and may be an underphosphorylated murine retinoblastoma protein, shown by its molecular mass, timing of its activity, and antibody recognition. An H1 kinase related to cdc2 cofractionates with both complexes. We propose that this kinase phosphorylates the murine retinoblastoma protein, releasing transcriptional inhibitions by Yi1 and permitting cell cycle progression. These results provide a cycle-related molecular target for such complexes. They are based on investigations of cycle control in uninfected cells. The Yi complexes are similar but not identical to complexes that include a cellular protein, E2F, that was originally found to bind to adenovirus DNA.

Full text

PDF
3256

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bandara L. R., Adamczewski J. P., Hunt T., La Thangue N. B. Cyclin A and the retinoblastoma gene product complex with a common transcription factor. Nature. 1991 Jul 18;352(6332):249–251. doi: 10.1038/352249a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bradley D. W., Dou Q. P., Fridovich-Keil J. L., Pardee A. B. Transformed and nontransformed cells differ in stability and cell cycle regulation of a binding activity to the murine thymidine kinase promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(23):9310–9314. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.23.9310. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Buchkovich K., Duffy L. A., Harlow E. The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated during specific phases of the cell cycle. Cell. 1989 Sep 22;58(6):1097–1105. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90508-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chellappan S. P., Hiebert S., Mudryj M., Horowitz J. M., Nevins J. R. The E2F transcription factor is a cellular target for the RB protein. Cell. 1991 Jun 14;65(6):1053–1061. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90557-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chen P. L., Scully P., Shew J. Y., Wang J. Y., Lee W. H. Phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product is modulated during the cell cycle and cellular differentiation. Cell. 1989 Sep 22;58(6):1193–1198. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90517-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cooper J. A., Whyte P. RB and the cell cycle: entrance or exit? Cell. 1989 Sep 22;58(6):1009–1011. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90495-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. DeCaprio J. A., Ludlow J. W., Lynch D., Furukawa Y., Griffin J., Piwnica-Worms H., Huang C. M., Livingston D. M. The product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene has properties of a cell cycle regulatory element. Cell. 1989 Sep 22;58(6):1085–1095. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90507-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Devoto S. H., Mudryj M., Pines J., Hunter T., Nevins J. R. A cyclin A-protein kinase complex possesses sequence-specific DNA binding activity: p33cdk2 is a component of the E2F-cyclin A complex. Cell. 1992 Jan 10;68(1):167–176. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90215-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Dignam J. D., Lebovitz R. M., Roeder R. G. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 11;11(5):1475–1489. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.5.1475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Dou Q. P., Fridovich-Keil J. L., Pardee A. B. Inducible proteins binding to the murine thymidine kinase promoter in late G1/S phase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 15;88(4):1157–1161. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.4.1157. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fang F., Newport J. W. Evidence that the G1-S and G2-M transitions are controlled by different cdc2 proteins in higher eukaryotes. Cell. 1991 Aug 23;66(4):731–742. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90117-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Fridovich-Keil J. L., Gudas J. M., Dou Q. P., Bouvard I., Pardee A. B. Growth-responsive expression from the murine thymidine kinase promoter: genetic analysis of DNA sequences. Cell Growth Differ. 1991 Feb;2(2):67–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Fried M., Crothers D. M. Equilibria and kinetics of lac repressor-operator interactions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Dec 11;9(23):6505–6525. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.23.6505. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gudas J. M., Knight G. B., Pardee A. B. Nuclear posttranscriptional processing of thymidine kinase mRNA at the onset of DNA synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jul;85(13):4705–4709. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.13.4705. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hunter T., Pines J. Cyclins and cancer. Cell. 1991 Sep 20;66(6):1071–1074. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90028-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Jessus C., Ducommun B., Beach D. Direct activation of cdc2 with phosphatase: identification of p13suc1-sensitive and insensitive steps. FEBS Lett. 1990 Jun 18;266(1-2):4–8. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)90002-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kovesdi I., Reichel R., Nevins J. R. Identification of a cellular transcription factor involved in E1A trans-activation. Cell. 1986 Apr 25;45(2):219–228. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90386-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lee M. G., Nurse P. Complementation used to clone a human homologue of the fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2. Nature. 1987 May 7;327(6117):31–35. doi: 10.1038/327031a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Lin B. T., Gruenwald S., Morla A. O., Lee W. H., Wang J. Y. Retinoblastoma cancer suppressor gene product is a substrate of the cell cycle regulator cdc2 kinase. EMBO J. 1991 Apr;10(4):857–864. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb08018.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Mihara K., Cao X. R., Yen A., Chandler S., Driscoll B., Murphree A. L., T'Ang A., Fung Y. K. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of phosphorylation of the human retinoblastoma gene product. Science. 1989 Dec 8;246(4935):1300–1303. doi: 10.1126/science.2588006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Miskimins W. K., Roberts M. P., McClelland A., Ruddle F. H. Use of a protein-blotting procedure and a specific DNA probe to identify nuclear proteins that recognize the promoter region of the transferrin receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Oct;82(20):6741–6744. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.20.6741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Moran E. Cycles within cycles. Curr Biol. 1991 Oct;1(5):281–283. doi: 10.1016/0960-9822(91)90084-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Moscovitis G., Pardee A. B. Citric acid arrest and stabilization of nucleoside incorporation into cultured cells. Anal Biochem. 1980 Jan 1;101(1):221–224. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90064-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Mudryj M., Devoto S. H., Hiebert S. W., Hunter T., Pines J., Nevins J. R. Cell cycle regulation of the E2F transcription factor involves an interaction with cyclin A. Cell. 1991 Jun 28;65(7):1243–1253. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90019-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Pardee A. B. G1 events and regulation of cell proliferation. Science. 1989 Nov 3;246(4930):603–608. doi: 10.1126/science.2683075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Pines J. Cyclins: wheels within wheels. Cell Growth Differ. 1991 Jun;2(6):305–310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Reichel R., Kovesdi I., Nevins J. R. Developmental control of a promoter-specific factor that is also regulated by the E1A gene product. Cell. 1987 Feb 13;48(3):501–506. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90200-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Shirodkar S., Ewen M., DeCaprio J. A., Morgan J., Livingston D. M., Chittenden T. The transcription factor E2F interacts with the retinoblastoma product and a p107-cyclin A complex in a cell cycle-regulated manner. Cell. 1992 Jan 10;68(1):157–166. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90214-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. SivaRaman L., Thimmappaya B. Two promoter-specific host factors interact with adjacent sequences in an EIA-inducible adenovirus promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep;84(17):6112–6116. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6112. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Taya Y., Yasuda H., Kamijo M., Nakaya K., Nakamura Y., Ohba Y., Nishimura S. In vitro phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor gene RB protein by mitosis-specific histone H1 kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Oct 16;164(1):580–586. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91759-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Tsai L. H., Harlow E., Meyerson M. Isolation of the human cdk2 gene that encodes the cyclin A- and adenovirus E1A-associated p33 kinase. Nature. 1991 Sep 12;353(6340):174–177. doi: 10.1038/353174a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Wagner S., Green M. R. Retinoblastoma. A transcriptional tryst. Nature. 1991 Jul 18;352(6332):189–190. doi: 10.1038/352189a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES