Abstract
Positive transcriptional elongation factor b (P-TEFb) contains the catalytic subunit cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9) and the regulatory subunit cyclin T. Cyclin T1 and Cdk9 are the key factors of the PTEFb pathways and are overexpressed in the human head and neck carcinoma cell line. However, there have been limited studies regarding the role of cyclin T1 and Cdk9 in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). The aim of the present study was to assess the association between cyclin T1 and Cdk9 and their clinical significance in gastric GISTs. A total of 30 gastric GIST patients who underwent either laparoscopic or laparotomic partial gastrectomy were enrolled in the study. The surgical tissue slides were stained with Cdk9 and cyclin T1 antibodies, and the immunohistochemistry scores and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. Ten patients were cyclin T1-positive, and 20 were negative. All 11 patients with recurrent tumors or distant metastases were cyclin T1-negative patients. Old age, large tumor size, a high Ki67 IHC staining score, high mitotic count and negative cyclin T1 staining revealed a worse clinical outcome in univariate analysis. By contrast, the Cdk9 score was not associated with clinical parameters. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve illustrated that the DFS rate of the patients with negative cyclin T1 staining was significantly lower than that of the patients with positive cyclin T1 staining. Positive expression of cyclin T1 was a good prognostic factor in patients with gastric GISTs.
Keywords: gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor, cyclin T1, cyclin-dependent kinase 9, disease-free survival
Introduction
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, and mesenchymal tumors are thought to constitute ~1% of primary gastrointestinal cancers (1,2). Between 50–70% of GISTs arise from the stomach, which is the most common site of origin (1,3). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2002 consensus stratified GIST risk according to tumor size and mitotic rate (3). It has been proposed that these stratification guidelines should be widely used to predict recurrent risk factors, and modifications have also been proposed (4); however, certain factors regarding the criteria remain to be elucidated, such as the impact of tumor location, which may lead to an overestimation of the risk of large gastric GISTs (5,6). Another risk stratification schema that incorporates the impact of tumor location has been supported by three large retrospective studies conducted by the Armed Forced Institute of Pathology (7–9). However, some questions remain regarding the rare clinical settings that lack proposed parameters of risk assessment, as the data was too insufficient to lead to a convincing definition (5,6). Therefore, finding a reliable immunohistochemical predictor would be helpful for clinical practice.
Positive transcriptional elongation factor b (P-TEFb) contains the catalytic subunit cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (Cdk9) and the regulatory subunit cyclin T. Cyclin T contains subunits T1, T2a and T2b. Cdk9 is complexed with T1, T2a and T2b in ~80, 10 and 10% of cases, respectively (10–12). The expression pattern of cyclin T2a almost completely overlapped the pattern described for cyclin T1 (12). The expression of cyclin T1 increased the Cdk9 kinase activity and the phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). The hypophosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal repeat domain of RNAPII promotes and starts the elongation phase of transcription (13). This enables RNAPII to escape promoter-proximal pausing in order to engage the factors for pre-mRNA processing (14).
P-TEFb has been proficiently investigated in cardiac hypertrophy and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The transcriptional activation for HIV-1 requires Tat interaction with human cyclin T1 and involves the formation of a complex with P-TEFb to increase the amount of RNAPII (15). In addition, the Cdk inhibitor, flavopiridol, has been reported to have a mitigating effect on RNAPII levels (16). By contrast, hypertrophic signals may activate Cdk9 and consequently cause phosphorylation of RNAPII. This effect not only increases RNA synthesis but also enlarges myocyte size and may result in cardiac hypertrophy (13,14). In previous years, certain studies have reported that P-TEFb and transcriptional elongation exhibited key roles in protecting normal and cancerous cells from apoptosis (17). Cdk9 inhibitors have been thought to be potential therapeutic agents for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (18) and lung adenocarcinoma (19). Cyclin T1 and Cdk9 are also overexpressed in the human head and neck carcinoma cell lines (10).
The expression of cyclins A, B, D and E appear to be associated with high-grade disease but not with the clinical outcome (20–22). In addition, cyclin H-positive patients have a poor prognosis when they have high-risk GIST and when they exhibit metastasis or recurrent disease (23). However, there are few effective clinical predictors for gastric GIST. The aim of the present study was to assess the association of cyclin T1 and Cdk9, and the clinical parameters of gastric GISTs.
Materials and methods
Tissues and patients
The study included 30 gastric GIST patients who underwent either laparoscopic or laparotomic partial gastrectomy between 2008 and 2011 by the same surgical team at Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital (Taiwan, China). Fifteen of the patients who were at a high risk of recurrence according to the NIH consensus received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with imatinib, and 1 patient received sunitinib. The medical charts, pathological reports, and surgical notes of all the study participants were retrospectively reviewed. The pathological diagnoses were reviewed by at least two experienced pathologists.
Ethics statement
The study was granted approval from the Institutional Review Board of the Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital. All the patients included in the study received a full explanation of the procedures involved and provided written informed consent prior to collection of the specimens and clinical information.
Immunohistochemical staining
Using the Bond-Max autostainer (Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA), the slides were stained with Cdk9 monoclonal antibody and cyclin T1 polyclonal antibody. The details of these immunomarkers, including methods of pretreatment for antigen retrieval, are provided in Table I. Briefly, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were placed in Tris-buffered saline and Tween 20, rehydrated through serial dilutions of alcohol, and washed in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2), which was the buffer that was used for all subsequent washes, according to the manufacturer's recommended protocol. The coated slides were stained with the previously mentioned antibodies, and the immunostaining procedure was performed on the fully-automated Bond-Max system using the onboard heat-induced antigen retrieval and a Leica Refine Polymer Detection System (Leica Microsystems). Diaminobenzidine was used as the chromogen (Leica Microsystems) in all these immunostainings. Negative controls were obtained by excluding the primary antibody. Appropriate positive controls were used throughout the study. These slides were mounted with gum for microscopic examination, and the images were captured by the Olympus BX51 microscopic/DP71 Digital Camera System (Olympus, Ina, Japan) for study comparisons.
Table I.
Antibodies used in the present study.
| Antigen | Clone | Product code | Antibody class | Supplier | Dilution | Antigen | Retrieval, min |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CyclinT1 | Rabbit polyclonal | ab2098 | IgG | Abcam | 1:500 | ER1 | 20 |
| Cdk9 | Rabbit monoclonal | 2454–1 | IgG | Epitomics | 1:500 | ER2 | 20 |
ER1: Bond epitope retrieval solution 1 contains a citrate-based buffer and surfactant. ER2: Bond epitope retrieval solution 2 contains an ethylene diamine-tetra-acetic acid-based buffer and surfactant. IgG, immunoglobulin G.
For the assessment of Cdk9 and cyclin T1 expression, the intensity of immunostaining was scored on a scale of 0 (no staining) to 4 (strongest intensity), and the percentage of cell staining at each intensity was estimated from 0 to 100. The percentage of cells at each intensity level was multiplied by the corresponding intensity value, and these products were combined to obtain an immunostaining score ranging from 0 to 400.
Statistical analysis
The disease-free survival (DFS) rates of patients were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier estimates and compared using the log-rank test. The DFS was defined as the interval between the date of surgery and the date of tumor recurrence or distant metastasis. Cox regression methods were used to investigate the association between survival, clinical parameters and immunohistochemical variables in multivariate models. Differences between positive and negative cyclin T1 staining were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. All the statistical tests were two-sided. The difference between the groups was considered statistically significant when P<0.05. All the analyses were performed using the SPSS 16.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software package.
Results
Patient variables
A total of 30 patients were examined in the study (15 male and 15 female). The mean age was 60.3 years; 14 patients were <60 years old and 16 were >60. Eleven patients developed tumor recurrence or distant metastases during the study. Fifteen of the patients who were at high risk of recurrence according to the NIH consensus received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with imatinib, and 1 patient received sunitinib. The other 14 patients did not receive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. The scores of Ki67 staining for 6 and 8 patients were > and <5%, respectively. The results of the other 16 patients were not recorded.
Ten patients were cyclin T1-positive (Fig. 1), and 20 were negative. All 11 patients with recurrent tumors or distant metastases were cyclin T1-negative patients. The DFS was analyzed using univariate log-rank test and multivariate stepwise Cox-regression test. Old age, large tumor size, higher Ki67 staining, high mitotic count and negative cyclin T1 staining were associated with clinical outcomes in univariate analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve illustrated the DFS of the patients with negative cyclin T1 staining was significantly lower than that of the patients with positive cyclin T1 staining (P=0.031, Fig. 2). However, no significant difference was observed in the DFS between different ages, genders, tumor size, pathological type, Ki67 staining and cyclin T1 staining using the multivariate analysis. The clinicopathological features and univariate and multivariate analyses are summarized in Table II.
Figure 1.
Positive cyclin T1 staining.
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier survival curve of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors with negative or positive cyclin T1 staining. Patients with positive staining for cyclin T1 (n=30) showed a significantly good disease-free survival rate (P=0.031).
Table II.
Univariate log-rank and multivariate Cox analyses for prognostic factors with respect to disease-free survival.
| P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Cases, n | Events, n | Univariate | Multivariate |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 15 | 5 | 0.404 | |
| Female | 15 | 6 | ||
| Age, years | ||||
| ≤60 | 14 | 2 | 0.026a | 0.765 |
| >60 | 16 | 9 | ||
| Type | ||||
| Spindle | 26 | 9 | 0.088 | 0.834 |
| Epitheloid/mixed | 4 | 2 | ||
| Tumor size, cm | ||||
| ≤5 | 11 | 2 | 0.023a | 0.959 |
| >5 | 19 | 9 | ||
| Ki67 | ||||
| ≤5b | 8 | 0 | 0.018a | 0.675 |
| >5b | 6 | 3 | ||
| Mitosis, HPF | ||||
| ≤5/50 | 23 | 6 | 0.021a | 0.894 |
| >5/50 | 7 | 5 | ||
| Cdk9 | ||||
| ≤270b | 14 | 5 | 0.928 | |
| >270b | 16 | 6 | ||
| Cyclin T1 | ||||
| − | 20 | 11 | 0.031a | 0.874 |
| + | 10 | 0 | ||
Statistically significant
total score. HPF, high-power field.
Subgroup analysis for cyclin T1
The patients were also divided into two subgroups on the basis of positive and negative staining for cyclin T1. Cyclin T1 staining was analyzed with the other clinicopathological factors. No significant differences were observed between the two subgroups. However, patients with negative cyclin T1 staining appeared to have poorer results than those with positive cyclin T1 staining. Among the 30 patients, 23 patients had low mitotic rates, and 7 had high rates. All 7 patients with high mitotic rates were cyclin T1-negative. A summary of the association between cyclin T1 staining and other clinicopathological factors are shown in Table III.
Table III.
Association of cyclin T1 with various clinicopathological parameters.
| Cyclin T1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Cases, n | − | + | P-value |
| Age, years | ||||
| ≤60 | 14 | 8 | 6 | 0.442 |
| >60 | 16 | 12 | 4 | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 15 | 9 | 6 | 0.699 |
| Female | 15 | 11 | 4 | |
| Tumor size, cm | ||||
| ≤5 | 11 | 7 | 4 | >0.9999 |
| >5 | 19 | 13 | 6 | |
| Type | ||||
| Spindle | 26 | 17 | 9 | >0.9999 |
| Epitheloid/mixed | 4 | 3 | 1 | |
| Ki67 | ||||
| ≤5% | 8 | 5 | 3 | >0.9999 |
| >5% | 6 | 4 | 2 | |
| Mitosis, HPF | ||||
| ≤5/50 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 0.064 |
| >5/50 | 7 | 7 | 0 | |
| Cdk9 | ||||
| ≤270 | 14 | 10 | 4 | 0.709 |
| >270 | 16 | 10 | 6 | |
HPF, high-power field.
Discussion
In the present study, age, tumor size, percentage of Ki-67 staining, mitotic rate and cyclin T1 staining were the prognostic factors associated with recurrence in patients with gastric GIST following surgical resection. The results showed a significant difference in the univariate analysis but not in the multivariate analysis. Along with the factors of large tumor size and high mitotic rate presented in the NIH consensus, several studies have defined other poor prognostic factors, such as epithelioid type, increased expression of cytoplasmic HuR and cyclin A, and a high Ki67 ratio (24–27). Increased expression of cyclin H was also a poor prognostic factor in high-risk GIST patients (23). The present results showed that cyclin T1 may be another potential prognostic predictor for gastric GIST patients.
The association between cyclin T1 staining and other factors was also analyzed. Although no statistical significance was observed in the difference in mitotic rates between the cyclin T1-positive and -negative patients, all 10 patients with positive cyclin T1 staining had low mitotic rates, and all 7 patients with high mitotic rates were negative for cyclin T1. Cyclin T1 may be a potential regulator of mitosis and may contribute to tumor recurrence.
In a previous study, Cdk9/cyclin T1 complex upregulation contributed to T lymphocyte differentiation and malignant transformation (28). Regulation of the Cdk9/cyclin T1 complex is dependent on a tissue-specific signaling pathway (29), and the complex response to certain cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 (30,31). Cyclin T1 and Cdk9 may promote the expression of anti-apoptotic factors and cause proliferation (32–34). A deregulated Cdk9-related pathway has been observed in several human tumors, including lymphoma (29,35,36), neuroblastoma (37), prostate cancer (38) and several hematopoietic malignancies (29). By contrast, certain studies have demonstrated that cyclin T1, but not Cdk9, induced transformation in vitro in head and neck tumors (10). Upregulation of cyclin T1 is the main mechanism for activation of the complex during T-cell activation, and cyclin T1 acts as a rate-limiting regulatory subunit (39). A previous study also suggested that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor had no correlation with the malignant potential of GIST and did not serve as a predictor of DFS (40). The present results demonstrated that cyclin T1, but not Cdk9, was a prognostic factor for DFS, and that cyclin T1 was associated with the mitotic rate. The study confirmed that cyclin T1 has a regulatory role in the Cdk9/cyclin T complex, and that upregulation of cyclin T1 was the main mechanism for the activation of this complex. These results also supported that cyclin T1 acted as a rate-limited regulatory subunit (39).
Certain previous studies have shown that cyclin T1 overexpression was a poor prognostic factor (10,28,29,39). However, the present results demonstrated that negative staining for cyclin T1 was a poor prognostic factor. Cdk9 and cyclin T1 were expressed in a similar pattern in certain normal tissues, but varied in other tissues (12). The tissues of mesenchymal organs, such as connective tissue, skeletal muscle, blood and lymphoid tissue, exhibited high cyclin T1 expression levels (11,12). It is also believed that cyclin T1 is not a typical cell cycle regulator, as its levels do not oscillate at any phase during the cell cycle (11). Additionally, the upregulation of cyclin T1 is not linked directly to cell cycle entry and progression (11). In different tissues, the expression of cyclin T1 has different roles in tumor behavior. Deregulation of cyclin T1 contributes to poor outcomes, and negative cyclin T1 expression is potentially associated with a worse prognosis.
The present study had several limitations. The subgroups of patients were too small for individual analysis. A study with a larger sample size will be necessary for further investigation of the predictors of gastric GISTs. In addition, in vitro cell molecular studies would help to identify the pathway of cyclin T1. This was a pilot study to determine whether cyclin T1 could be considered for further studies including more patients and cell lines to confirm the role of the Cdk9/cyclin T1 complex in GIST.
In conclusion, it is reasonable to consider cyclin T1 immunohistochemical staining as a predictor of the prognosis of gastric GIST following surgical resection. The pathway of cyclin T1 was also demonstrated to potentially be associated with the mitotic rate.
Acknowledgements
The present study was supported by a grant from Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital (no. TTMHH-100R0004).
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