Increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and lactic acid in stroke patients with internal carotid artery occlusion

Abstract

Introduction

Internal carotid artery occlusion (ICAO) causes high annual rates of mortality and morbidity. It has been established that atherosclerosis is the normal cause of ICAO. As the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis may involve blood lipids, inflammatory factors and other biomarkers, the aim of this study was to assess the changes in these biomarkers and investigate the relationship between these biomarkers and the development of ICAO in stroke patients.

Material and methods

A total of 89 ischaemic stroke inpatients with ICAO (ICAO group) and 89 without ICAO (control group) were studied, retrospectively. The serum was collected from each patient on the 3^rd day of admission, to measure the lipid parameters and biomarkers, e.g. high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and lactic acid (LA). Histories were taken including age, gender, smoking history, and disease history. Additional analysis was carried out to compare between the genders and evaluate the association between certain biomarkers and ICAO.

Results

Among the 89 ICAO cases in this study, the serum levels of hs-CRP, ESR and LA were significantly higher than those in the control group (p ≤ 0.001). No significant differences were found in the mean levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol or glucose, or the known risk factors. Gender also had no influence on these biomarkers. Logistic regression analysis indicated that hs-CRP, ESR and LA were significantly associated with ICAO (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusions

These results suggest that hs-CRP, ESR and LA are associated with ICAO in ischaemic stroke patients, but gender has no effect. Therefore, Hs-CRP, ESR and LA may be useful in the early detection of patients with ICAO.

Introduction

Internal carotid artery occlusion (ICAO) is a chronic and progressive health problem. The risk of death is 7% at 30 days, 13% at 1 year and 29% at 5 years after diagnosis of ICAO [1, 2]. The risk of cerebral infarction and myocardial infarction is also significantly increased during the next 5 years. Subsequent cerebral ischemia predominantly occurs within several days of stroke onset and is associated with the location, but not the severity, of symptomatic steno-occlusion of cerebral arteries [3]. The overall rate of subsequent stroke is 7% per year for ischaemic stroke ipsilateral to the chronically occluded carotid artery [4]. A recent study demonstrated that 45% of the stroke patients with ICAO died within the next 1.2 years [5]. Currently, vascular imaging such as CT angiography (CTA) and/or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are the standard diagnostic tools [6]; however, these imaging techniques are often not immediately available. Despite recent advances in imaging technology, many local hospitals do not have the capacity to perform CTA and/or MRA [7–9].

To search for a less invasive and cheaper method to detect ICAO, inflammatory factors such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) have been established in several prospective studies [10–12]. High-sensitivity CRP is a very sensitive non-specific biomarker contributing to all stages of atherosclerosis [10, 13–15].

The aim of this study was to assess hs-CRP concentrations along with traditional biomarkers including hs-CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), lactic acid (LA), etc., in stroke patients with ICAO and to compare them with stroke patients without large vessels stenosis. We also evaluated the possibility of using risk factors and serum concentrations of certain biomarkers, as an assistant for clinical diagnosis of ICAO.

Material and methods

Patients

This retrospective study included two groups. All cases of ischaemic stroke were confirmed by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans. These patients were then divided into the control group and the ICAO group depending on the presence of ICAO, determined using transcranial Doppler (TCD) in conjunction with either CTA or MRA. The control group consisted of 89 inpatients (55 males and 34 females) with ischaemic stroke, but no ICAO from January 2008 to June 2008, with an average age of 65.51 ±11.49 years (range: 43–88 years). The ICAO group included 89 ischaemic stroke inpatients (70 males and 19 females) with ICAO from January, 2003 to March, 2008, in which 85 patients had unilateral ICAO (95.5%) and 4 patients had bilateral ICAO (4.5%). The average age of the ICAO group was 64.97 ±10.32 years (range: 40–91 years).

Inclusion criteria for all the patients were as follows: 1) patients were hospitalized due to transient cerebral ischaemic attacks or acute cerebrovascular diseases; 2) cerebral infarction was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria [16], and was confirmed by CT or MRI before admission; 3) head CT scans excluded post-infarction haemorrhage during aggravation of the disease; 4) patients received standard treatment such as antiplatelet, volume expansion, anti-hyperglycaemic, antihypertensive, and neuro-protective therapies. Exclusion criteria were: 1) severe renal or hepatic function deficiency, autoimmune diseases, cancer, haematological diseases, and rheumatic diseases; 2) severe trauma, surgery, or any kind of infection within 2 weeks of disease onset; 3) congenital absence of ICA or MCA; 4) severe stroke: a score less than 20 points according to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).

All the patients enrolled were treated as acute ischaemic stroke victims according to the guidelines. Patients took aspirin 300 mg orally for three days and 100 mg daily afterwards. Among the ICAO group, 11 patients took aspirin 100 mg plus clopidogrel 300 mg for 5 days before interventional treatment following the diagnosis of ICAO. Anti-lipaemic and hypoglycaemic treatment were taken appropriately after the diagnosis of hyperlipaemia or hyperglycaemia respectively.

Methods

Clinical data including patient's age, gender, smoking history, and disease history such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, coronary heart disease, and stroke were retrospectively retrieved from the medical records. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects according to the guidelines of our Ethics Committee.

Blood sampling and C-reactive protein assay

Blood samples were collected in polystyrene tubes between 08:30 and 10:00 am by venepuncture of the antecubital vein on the 3^rd day after admission. Serum glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (direct method) and uric acid concentrations were measured by enzymatic colorimetric methods with commercially available kits. A homogeneous assay was used for selective measurement of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in serum. High-sensitivity CRP in the serum was analysed by an immune turbidimetric assay on a MODULAR-P800 analyser (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) with the manufacturer's reagents, as directed, in the laboratory at Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University.

Statistical analysis

Analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Numerical data with normal distribution were presented as mean and standard deviation, and were analysed using Student's t-test. Numerical data without normal distribution were presented as the median and interquartile range, and were analysed using the Wilcoxon test. Categorical data were compared using the χ² test. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between lipid parameters or CRP and the development of ICAO. Statistical significance was considered as p < 0.05. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Results

Evaluation of risk factors and biochemical factors

Demographic characteristics, risk characteristics and biochemical factors of ICAO cases and control patients are presented in Table I. Of the 89 ICAO cases in this study, 70 (78.65%) were male, and in the control group only 55 (61.80%) were male. The proportion of male cases in the ICAO group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, historical stroke or current smokers between the ICAO group and the control group. The mean LDL cholesterol level was 2.78 ±0.64 mmol/l in the ICAO group, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (2.97 ±0.61 mmol/l, p < 0.05). The serum levels of hs-CRP, ESR and LA in the ICAO group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p ≤ 0.001). There were no significant differences in the mean levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol, glucose or NIHSS between the two groups.

Table I.

Risk characteristics and biochemical factors in both groups

Parameter	ICAO cases (n = 89)	Control (n = 89)	Value of p
Age, mean ± SD [years]	64.97 ±10.32	65.51 ±11.49	0.742
Sex (male/female)	70/19*	55/34	0.014
Hypertension, n (%)	67 (75.3)	63 (70.8)	0.501
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	25 (28.1)	32 (35.9)	0.262
Hyperlipidaemia, n (%)	23 (25.8)	19 (21.3)	0.481
Historical stroke, n (%)	37 (41.6)	26 (29.2)	0.086
Current smokers, n (%)	48 (53.9)	37 (41.6)	0.064
Total cholesterol, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	4.77 ±0.92	4.95 ±0.92	0.202
Triacylglycerol, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	1.71 ±0.98	1.55 ±0.70	0.203
HDL cholesterol, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	0.96 ±0.25	1.03 ±0.26	0.102
LDL cholesterol, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	2.78 ±0.64*	2.97 ±0.61	0.044
Glucose, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	5.95 ±1.78	5.92 ±1.97	0.927
Hs-CRP, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	5.31 ±4.25†	2.54 ±3.32	< 0.001
ESR, mean ± SD [mm/h]	19.69 ±13.42†	13.63 ±8.90	0.001
Lactic acid, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	3.18 ±0.68†	2.82 ±0.66	< 0.001
NIHSS, mean ± SD	3.92 ±4.23	2.73 ±2.57	0.0624

Data are shown as mean ± SD, frequency as a number (%).

^*p < 0.05 for differences from control subjects.

^†p ≤ 0.001 for differences from control subjects.

Logistic regression analysis for patients with ICAO compared with the control group

Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relative contributions of lipid parameters, glucose, hs-CRP, ESR, LA and other potential risk factors (age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, history of stroke and current smokers) to the development of ICAO (Table II). The results showed that male gender, hs-CRP, ESR and lactic acid were significantly associated with ICAO (p < 0.05). The levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glucose and some other risk factors (age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, history of stroke, current smokers) were not discriminating indicators of the presence of ICAO (Table II).

Table II.

Logistic regression analysis results for patients with ICAO as compared with the controls

Predictive variables	Odds ratio	95% confidence limits of odds ratio		Value of p
		Lower	Upper
Age	1.004	0.969	1.041	0.825
Male	2.728	1.055	7.058	0.038
Hypertension	1.376	0.572	3.311	0.476
Diabetes mellitus	0.632	0.275	1.452	0.280
Hyperlipidaemia	1.724	0.662	4.489	0.264
Historical stroke	1.710	0.781	3.747	0.180
Current smokers	0.940	0.449	1.970	0.870
Total cholesterol	0.765	0.261	2.244	0.626
Triglyceride	0.750	0.459	1.223	0.249
HDL cholesterol	0.546	0.097	3.081	0.493
LDL cholesterol	2.929	0.596	14.395	0.186
Glucose	1.004	0.816	1.235	0.971
Hs-CRP*	0.795	0.705	0.897	< 0.001
ESR*	0.936	0.897	0.976	0.002
Lactic acid*	0.230	0.110	0.478	< 0.001

^*p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Comparing the levels of hs-CRP, ESR and lactic acid in the same gender between two groups

Since male gender was significantly associated with ICAO, we compared the levels of hs-CRP, ESR and LA within the same gender between the two groups (Table III). The results showed that the levels of hs-CRP, ESR and LA in the ICAO group were significantly higher than those in the control group in males (p ≤ 0.002). The level of hs-CRP in the ICAO group was also significantly higher than that in the control group in females (p ≤ 0.002). There were no significant differences in the levels of hs-CRP, ESR or LA between the male and female cases in the ICAO group.

Table III.

Levels of hs-CRP, ESR and LA among cases and control subjects in male and female subjects

Parameter	Male		Female
	ICAO cases (n = 70)	Controls (n = 55)	ICAO cases (n = 19)	Controls (n = 34)
Hs-CRP, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	5.81 ±4.82a†	2.83 ±3.79	7.27 ±6.41d†	1.84 ±2.70
ESR, mean ± SD [mm/h]	27.30 ±22.12b†	13.11 ±11.36	16.38 ±7.70	11.35 ±8.80
LA, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	3.33 ±0.98c†	2.78 ±0.57	3.27 ±0.60	2.85 ±0.83

Data are shown as mean ± SD, frequency as a number (%).

^a0.00155

^b0.00138

^c0.00124

^d0.00019

^†p ≤ 0.002 for differences from control subjects.

Discussion

Ischaemic stroke has become the first cause of death in China. Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAS) causes about 33% to 54% of all ischaemic strokes in Asia [17, 18]. Due to serious medical and economic consequences of ischaemic stroke for the whole society, the identification of biomarkers for ICAO could therefore provide early identification and recognition of high-risk patients for the development of ICAO. These biomarkers could also be used as one of the diagnostic criteria for the application of other highly sensitive and specific, but at the same time expensive and invasive, diagnostic procedures, such as angiography. Because of limited medical expense and long waiting periods for CTA or MRA, identification of novel biochemical markers indicating early stages of ICAO is of great clinical importance. The results of our study showed that patients with ICAO had higher hs-CRP levels, higher serum concentration of ESR and higher LA compared to the control group.

C-reactive protein, an indicator of inflammation and a marker of atherosclerosis [17, 19, 20], is associated with ischaemic attacks in patients with ischaemic stroke [21–26]. It has been reported that serum hs-CRP levels correlate with morphological features of rapidly progressive carotid atherosclerosis, suggesting that hs-CRP is a sensitive marker for the presence of active atherosclerotic disease [27]. In addition, in a case-control study of 600 ischaemic stroke patients and 600 matched controls, serum CRP levels were significantly higher for all ischaemic subtypes than the controls, both in the acute phase and at 3-month follow-up [28]. Rost et al. found that elevated serum CRP levels could predict the risk of future ischaemic stroke in elderly patients [23]. Furthermore, increased hs-CRP levels have been found to be associated with the presence of macrophages and T lymphocytes in the plaque, which reflects instability of the plaque that can lead to an ischaemic event [26]. In the present study, we also found that ischaemic stroke patients with ICAO had significantly higher hs-CRP levels than controls, further suggesting that hs-CRP is a sensitive inflammation marker for the presence of ICAO in ischaemic stroke patients.

Evidence suggested that inflammation factors played a very important role in the process of atherosclerosis. The obtained results confirmed ESR as an inflammatory marker in the identification of patients with unstable plaques [23]. Puz et al. [29] investigated 65 patients with ICA stenosis ≥ 50% and found that ESR and hs-CRP concentrations showed a statistically significant difference from those without stenosis. However, since ESR is a nonspecific marker of inflammation and can be affected by other factors, the results must be used along with other clinical findings. In our study we analysed stroke patients who displayed multiple risk factors for atherosclerosis such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Our results did not reveal a relationship between the above-mentioned risk factors and ICAO. This may be due to the fact that these factors presented a pre-existing pro-inflammatory/pro-coagulant condition, which may, at least in part, contribute to the increase in ESR values soon after the stroke [30].

As the final product of glycolysis, the concentration of LA is an indicator of the oxidative stress in the human body. When tissues or organs undergo hypoxia, LA concentration increases correspondingly. Studies have shown that real-time monitoring of LA concentration in critically ill patients provides reliable evidence for prognosis and an early warning index [31]. For example, in the case of lactic acidosis, the damage commonly results from perfusion of blood after hypoxia, triggering hyper-secretion of catecholamine. This in turn reduces the capacity of the organ to recover from dysfunction, as implicated in congenital pyruvic dehydrogenase dysfunction. Furthermore, the development of inflammation is also correlated with raised levels of LA. In this study, the concentration of LA in the ICAO group was significantly increased compared to the control group. This may be attributed to the persistence of post-hypoxia perfusion in the hindbrain or artery plaque inflammation. However, further studies investigating the underlying pathology are essential.

Our data indicated that the male gender had a higher incidence of ICAO. However, males normally had a higher percentage of smoking history; therefore, we do not view gender as an independent risk factor. Others have recently demonstrated gender differences in the rates of extra-/intracranial vessel disease; but other factors such as age, race, and stroke severity should also be considered [32]. Through clinical research using a large sample size, Arnold et al. [33] established that there was no gender difference in the rates of middle cerebral artery occlusion, ICAO, and clinical outcome after intra-arterial thrombolysis. While physician bias is one potential explanation, further analysis of this question is beyond the scope of this report. Moreover, we considered the possibility that the results would be affected by medicine, which was metabolized through enzymes of the liver. Since there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of various risk factors, drug effects should be approximately the same for the two groups. Future studies might be conducted to investigate the effect of drugs in the ICAO group.

In conclusion, our findings showed that the levels of selected inflammatory markers were elevated in patients with ICAO. Hs-CRP, ESR and LA, as biochemical risk markers, may be useful in the detection of patients with ICAO.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.