The absence of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 A1-positive cells in benign mammary stroma is associated with risk factors for breast cancer

Abstract

In this study, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)-expressing cells in stroma of histologically normal breast tissue from premenopausal women were investigated in situ regarding cellular morphology, cell distribution, and relation to the additional stem cell markers, CD44 (+) and CD24 (−). These results were correlated with hormonal and genetic risk factors for breast cancer. Triple immunofluorescence labeling was performed on tissues from premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer, and breast reduction specimens from premenopausal women with no family history of breast cancer were used as a control group. The majority of ALDH1-immunoreactive cells in stroma were spindle-shaped or polygonal, and such cells that were CD44⁻ and CD24⁻ were absent in the breast stroma of a significantly larger number of nulliparous than parous women. A less common morphological type of ALDH1-positive cells in stroma was round or oval in shape, and such cells that were CD44⁺ and CD24⁻ were absent in a significant number of women with a family history of breast cancer. The CD44⁺/CD24⁻ immunophenotype is consistent with stem cells, and the round/oval morphology suggests mesenchymal cells. This study demonstrates that there are two morphologically distinct types of ALDH1-positive cells in histologically benign mammary stroma, and the absence of these cells is correlated with clinical risk factors for breast cancer in premenopausal women.

Introduction

Numerous cell types are present in normal human breast tissue, but their relationship with the risk of breast cancer has not been clarified. Pluripotent stem cells (SCs) and committed SCs (progenitor cells) are necessary for the establishment and replenishment of differentiated cells. SCs are defined by their functional qualities: potential for multilineage differentiation, self-perpetuation, and longevity.¹ Cell populations with SC features exhibit surface protein antigens that make it possible to identify them by immunophenotype (eg, by flow cytometry and cell sorting or by immunohistochemistry). Al-Hajj et al² used cell surface marker expression to study breast cancer tissue and described the tumorigenic (cancer SC) phenotype CD44⁺/CD24⁻/low lineage−. Ginestier et al³ later reported aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 A1 immunoreactivity (ALDH1⁺) to be a more efficient immunophenotype for identifying both benign and malignant SCs and noted that the combined SC immunophenotype ALDH1⁺ CD44⁺ was even more efficient. ALDH1⁺ cells in breast carcinoma tissue have also been found to be associated with adverse prognosis.^3,4 However, to date, very few studies have provided a cell-level in situ description of SC marker positivity in normal human breast epithelium or stroma.^3,5–7

In our earlier study, we have described in detail the distribution of ALDH1⁺ cells in non-neoplastic mammary tissue.⁶ In a subsequent investigation,⁷ we also found statistically significant associations between ALDH1⁺ ductular cells in premenopausal women and the risk of breast cancer in relation to patient age, family history of breast cancer, BRCA1 mutation status, parity, and hormonal replacement therapy. Although those two studies demonstrated a relationship between ALDH1⁺ cells in ductules and the risk of breast cancer, they were performed using only one SC marker, ALDH1, and hence any associations with SCs could not be determined. Furthermore, it was recently reported that ALDH1 and CD44 express histologically and functionally separate SC populations in breast tissue,⁸ and thus a multi-marker approach is necessary for this research. In our earlier assessments, ALDH1⁺ cell populations in benign mammary stroma were detected but were not evaluated with regard to cancer risk factors. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated associations and correlations between clinical risk factors for breast cancer and ALDH1⁺ cells in histologically benign stroma, and we used triple immunofluorescence labeling to determine whether these cells also express CD44 and/or CD24, primarily to obtain a more detailed histological description of stromal cells and their expression of these SC markers. Quantitative data from these assessments were then analyzed for correlation with patient age, contraceptive pill use, parity, family history of breast cancer, and BRCA1 mutation.

Patients and methods

Patients

Premenopausal women were selected from our group’s earlier investigation of cancer and noncancer patients with or without risk factors for breast cancer.⁷ Patients with an unknown family history and those with insufficient tissue of good histological quality were excluded. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Southern Sweden (approvals 11-92 and 349-00). The patients gave written consent to participate in this study.

Histology and immunofluorescence

Only areas of breast tissue that were histomorphologically normal (ie, benign and without hyperplasia or atypia) were chosen. From each patient, one paraffin-embedded block of formalin-fixed tissue was histologically selected based on maximum number of terminal duct-lobular units (TDLUs). The tissue area of the individual specimens ranged from 48 mm² to 621 mm² (median 254 mm²). Each block was cut in 3 μm sections, which were consecutively collected for hematoxylin and eosin staining, and for immunofluorescence triple labeling. The sections were deparaffinized in the following steps: xylene 3 minutes × 2, 100% EtOH 1 minute × 2, 95% EtOH 1 minute, 70% EtOH 1 minute × 2, and distilled water 1 minute × 2. Thereafter, antigen retrieval was performed on the sections in citrate buffer (10 mM sodium citrate containing 0.05% Tween 20, pH 6.0; Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA) for 10 minutes at 90°C. The sections were subsequently cooled to room temperature (RT), rinsed twice for 5 minutes in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 0.1 M, pH 7.4; AppliChem, Darmstadt, Germany), and immunolabeled using primary and secondary antibodies at the dilutions as specified in Table 1. The tissue sections were incubated for 20 minutes at RT in PBS containing 0.05% Triton X-100 (TX; Sigma-Aldrich Co.) and 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Sigma-Aldrich Co.), and then for 3 hours at RT in a mixture of primary antibodies diluted in PBS and 1% BSA containing 0.05% TX. Next, the sections were rinsed in PBS containing 0.05% TX for 5 minutes and then in PBS for 5 minutes, and thereafter incubated for 45 minutes at RT with fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies in a mixture diluted in PBS containing 1% BSA. This was followed by rinsing in PBS-TX for 3 minutes and in PBS for 3 minutes, then incubation in 0.1 μM 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) in PBS for 15 minutes, and rinsing twice in PBS for 2 minutes. Finally, the sections were cover slipped and mounted in Pro-Long Gold anti-fade solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Table 1.

Antibodies used

Antigen/antibody (product code) and host species	Target species	Clonality (type)	Working dilution	Source
ALDH1 A1 (611194), mouse	Antihuman	Monoclonal IgG1	1:100	BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA
CD24 (MA5-11833), mouse	Antihuman	Monoclonal IgM	1:100	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA
CD44 (PA5-21419), rabbit	Antihuman	Polyclonal IgG	1:100	Thermo Fischer Scientific
AF488 (A11029), goat	Antimouse	Fab2 IgG H+L	1:150	Thermo Fisher Scientific
AF568 (A21043), goat	Antimouse	IFab2 gMµ	1:200	Thermo Fisher Scientific
AF647 (A21245), goat	Antirabbit	Fab2 IgG (H + L)	1:200	Thermo Fisher Scientific

Abbreviations: IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M.

Immunohistochemical controls

Specificities and absence of cross-reactivity of the secondary antibodies employed were tested by omitting the primary antibodies in the first labeling step. Slides labeled with a single antibody were examined to ascertain that triple immunolabeled tissue appropriately revealed ALDH1 expression. The same protocol was applied to paraffin-embedded sections of spleen and urinary bladder, as positive controls of CD24 and CD44 labeling, respectively. The ALDH1 labeling pattern in immunofluorescence triple labeling was correlated with chromogenic visualization of ALDH1 labeling in adjacent sections (achieved using EnVision + System-HRP-DAB; Dako Denmark A/S, Glostrup, Denmark) and with previously reported ALDH1 labeling of epithelial structures.^3,6,9

Microscopy

Representative triple immunofluorescence-labeled sections were analyzed with a confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Jena, Germany). This was performed to ascertain the specificity of multilabeling of individual antigens, and to determine the location of the antigens in relation to cellular morphology (cell bodies and/or processes) and their possible coexistence in individual cells (Figure 1). Confocal microscopy was used to demonstrate different combinations of cytoplasmic and membrane immunolabeling in cells that had definable morphologies and were located in epithelial and stromal structures. Thereafter, the multilabeling was analyzed in all tissue sections using an epifluorescence microscope (Olympus BX 63, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with specific fluorescence filter cubes for multifluorescence detection. Digital image documentation was achieved with an Olympus DP80 camera and software (Olympus Cellsens Dimension). All immunolabeled sections were screened microscopically in total at a magnification of 200× for each wavelength channel. Multiple areas from each specimen were photographed digitally for all channels, and the images were merged. All cytoplasmic immunolabeling above background of the control was considered positive, regardless of intensity. The tissue compartments analyzed were TDLU stromal areas, and the labeling was recorded for two morphologically defined cell types: round or oval cells and spindle-shaped or polygonal cells. In triple immunolabeling of ALDH1, CD44, and CD24, the labeling was coded for each morphological cell type: 0, not evaluable; 1, not present in the specimen; and 2, present in the specimen.

Figure 1.

Confocal microscopy images of triple immunofluorescence-labeled histologically normal breast tissue.

Notes: (A)–(E) Images of single optical sections (0.6 µm thick) from a stromal area with a duct visible in the upper left part of the field (* in lumen), demonstrating immunofluorescence multilabeling and DAPI (nuclear stain) in separate channels. (A) ALDH1, green, indicates the different shaped ALDH1⁺ cell types in stroma (round/oval cells [short arrows] and spindle-shaped/polygonal cells [long arrows]). (B) CD24, red, indicates the scarcity of CD24⁺ cells. (C) CD44, white, indicates the relatively large number of CD44⁺ cells, yet many ALDH1⁺ CD44⁻ spindle-shaped cells. (D) DAPI, blue. (E) All four channels merged indicate that many ALDH1⁺ cells are also CD44⁺ but not CD24⁺. Arrows indicate cell types as in (A). (F) Confocal image (merged channels are color coded as in A–E) from a different tissue area showing multilabeled breast tissue containing the stromal cell types as described in A–E, as well as ductules and numerous adjacent ALDH1⁺ CD24⁻ cells with weak membranous CD44 reactivity. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Abbreviation: DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.

Statistical analysis

In the statistical evaluations, Fisher’s exact test was used for associations and Spearman’s rho test for correlations, both were two-tailed, and P<0.05 was considered significant. The analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0.0 software (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Patients included in the study

Table 2 provides an overview of the patients who were included in the study, and they were categorized according to risk factors for breast cancer. The material that was ultimately evaluated originated from the following subjects: seven patients with a BRCA1 mutation who underwent surgery for invasive breast carcinoma; ten noncancer patients who underwent mastectomy due to a BRCA1 mutation; four noncancer mammoplasty patients with a family history of breast cancer but no BRCA1/2 mutation; and 19 noncancer mammoplasty patients with no family history of breast cancer (served as normal controls).

Table 2.

Genetic and hormonal characteristics, and cancer status of the patients

Patient characteristics	All patients (n=40)	Patients with a BRCA1 mutation (n=17)	Patients with no BRCA1/2 mutation (n=23)
Age in years, median (range)a	28 (20–50)	34 (23–43)	24 (20–50)
Parous
Yes	18	12	6
No	20	3	17
Unknown	2	2	0
Contraceptive pill at the time of surgery
Yes	13	5	8
No	25	10	15
Unknown	2	2	0
Family history of breast cancer
Yes	21	17	4
No	19	0	19
Unknown	0	0	0
Synchronous breast cancer
Yes	7	7	0
No	21	10	23
Unknown	0	0	0

Note:

^aAll patients were premenopausal.

Distribution and morphology of ALDH1⁺ stromal cells

It was observed that the majority of ALDH1⁺ cells in TDLUs are located in the stroma, not in the epithelial tree (Figure 2). Cells with the following immunophenotypes were identi fied most often (given in decreasing order of frequency): ALDH1⁺ CD44⁺ CD24⁻ cells, ALDH1⁺ CD44⁻ CD24⁻ cells, and ALDH1⁻ CD44⁺ CD24⁻ cells. Distribution of these immunophenotypes varied between the patient groups, which has been detailed in later sections.

Figure 2.

ALDH1⁺ cells in TDLUs.

Notes: Fluorescence microscope images of a triple-labeled TDLU from benign breast tissue with the following color coding: (A) DAPI nuclear staining (blue); (B) ALDH1 (green); (C) CD44 (white); (D) CD24 (red). (E) A digitally composed image showing all channels merged. Most of the cells located basally in ductules are ALDH⁻ CD44⁺, whereas some adluminal cells are ALDH1⁺ CD44⁺ and none are CD24⁺. In stroma, elongated ALDH1⁺ cells are seen between the ductules, and many such cells are present in the junction between TDLU stroma and generic connective tissue of the breast (arrows). Scale bars = 20 µm.

Abbreviations: DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; TDLUs, terminal duct-lobular units.

ALDH1⁺ spindle-shaped/polygonal and round/oval stromal cell types

Most ALDH1⁺ cells located in TDLU stroma were spindle shaped or had a polygonal cell body with one or a few cytoplasmic extensions (Figure 3). In many areas, parallel strands of ALDH1⁺ stromal cells were tightly arranged around a single duct, a ductule, or an entire TDLU. In some areas, these cells encircled the periphery of small blood vessels. The highest density of the ALDH1⁺ spindle-shaped/polygonal cell type was at the border between TDLU stroma and generic stroma adjacent to TDLUs. Large quantities of long and thin ALDH1⁺ cytoplasmic processes were detected in many samples, and inasmuch as this appearance corresponded to the cytoplasmic extensions of cells that exhibited a spindle or polygonal shape, we chose to use the collective term “spindle-shaped/polygonal cells”. ALDH1⁺ spindle-shaped/polygonal cells that were CD44⁺ or CD44⁻, as well as numerous ALDH1⁻ CD44⁺ spindle-shaped/polygonal cells, were identified in one or more TDLUs in almost all the specimens (38/40, 95%). No CD24⁺ spindle-shaped/polygonal cells were detected in any specimen.

Figure 3.

ALDH1+ spindle-shaped/polygonal cells in TDLU stroma (arrows).

Notes: DAPI nuclear staining (blue), ALDH1 (green), CD44 (white), and CD24 (red). Scale bar = 20 µm.

Abbreviations: DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; TDLU, terminal duct-lobular unit.

The morphological definition of ALDH1⁺ round/oval cells describes cells in stroma which were round or oval in shape and had small round nuclei and granular cytoplasm (Figure 4). These cells were observed in one or more TDLUs in approximately half of the specimens (23/40, 57%). The presence of ALDH1⁺ round/oval cells that were also CD44⁺ varied from 29% to 63% between the different risk-factor patient groups.

Figure 4.

ALDH1⁺ round/oval-shaped cells in TDLU stroma.

Notes: DAPI nuclear staining (blue) and labeling of ALDH1 (green), CD44 (white), and CD24 (red). (A) A single-channel image depicting ALDH1+ round/oval cells (arrows). (B) A composite image with all channels demonstrating that the ALDH1⁺ round/oval cells are positive for CD44 but not for CD24 (arrows). Scale bars = 20 µm.

Abbreviations: DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; TDLU, terminal duct-lobular unit.

CD24⁺ round/oval cells were present in most of the specimens (33/40, 82%), and the majority of these cells were ALDH1⁻ and CD44⁺. CD24⁺ round/oval cells that were negative for the other markers were found in a minority of the specimens (14/40, 35%; Figure 5). ALDH1⁺ round/oval stromal cells that were CD24⁺ were observed in few specimens (3/40, 15%).

Figure 5.

CD24⁺ cells in TDLU stroma.

Notes: DAPI nuclear staining (blue) and labeling of ALDH1 (green), CD44 (white), and CD24 (red). The image depicts a CD24⁺ cell (arrow) exhibiting no CD44 or ALDH1 positivity. Scale bar = 20 µm.

Abbreviations: DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; TDLU, terminal duct-lobular unit.

Triple immunofluorescence labeling of the two stromal cell types in relation to clinical risk groups

Immunofluorescence data for the individual patient risk groups are presented in Table 3 and are described in the following sections.

Table 3.

Immunohistological results for the patient groups

Immunophenotype	Spindle-shaped/polygonal cells		Round/oval cells
	ALDH1+ CD44+ CD24−	ALDH1+ CD44− CD24−	ALDH1+ CD44+ CD24−	ALDH1+ CD44− CD24−
Family history (n=21)	19 (90%)	16 (76%)	6 (29%)	2 (11%)
No family history (n=19)	18 (95%)	14 (74%)	12 (63%)	2 (10%)
BRCA1 mutation (n=17)	15 (88%)	12 (71%)	6 (35%)	2 (12%)
No BRCA1 mutation (n=23)	22 (96%)	18 (78%)	12 (52%)	2 (9%)
Nulliparous (n=20)	18 (90%)	12 (60%)	10 (50%)	1 (5%)
Parous (n=18)	17 (94%)	17 (94%)	6 (33%)	3 (17%)
Age <28 years (n=19)	17 (89%)	14 (74%)	9 (47%)	2 (11%)
Age ≥28 years (n=21)	20 (95%)	16 (76%)	9 (43%)	2 (11%)

Note: The table presents the number of patients in each clinical category whose sample contained “any” cells exhibiting the investigated immunophenotypes.

ALDH1⁺/CD44⁺/CD24⁻ cells

Round/oval stromal cells with the ALDH1⁺/CD44⁺/CD24⁻ immunophenotype were present in the TDLU stroma of specimens from six of the 21 women with a family history of breast cancer (Figure 6A and B) and from eleven of the 19 women without a family history (Figure 6C and D; two-tailed Fisher’s exact test, P=0.055; two-tailed Spearman’s rho test, P=0.028). Spindle-shaped/polygonal cells with this immunophenotype showed no associations or correlations with risk factors.

Figure 6.

Round/oval cells according to family history.

Notes: DAPI nuclear staining (blue) and labeling of ALDH1 (green), CD44 (white), and CD24 (red). (A)–(B) Images showing the absence of ALDH1⁺ CD44⁺ CD24⁻ round/oval cells in a TDLU from a woman with a family history of breast cancer. Arrows indicate ALDH1⁻ CD44⁺ CD24⁻ cells. (C)–(D) Images illustrate an ALDH1⁺ CD44⁺ CD24⁻ round/oval-shaped cell (arrow) in a TDLU from a woman with no family history of breast cancer. (A) and (C) show only the ALDH1⁺ channel, and (B) and (D) show all four channels merged. Scale bars = 20 µm.

Abbreviations: DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; TDLU, terminal duct-lobular unit.

ALDH1⁺/CD44⁻/CD24⁻ cells

Spindle-shaped/polygonal stromal cells with the ALDH1⁺/CD44⁻/CD24⁻ immunophenotype (Figures 2, 3, and 6) were present in specimens from 12 of the 20 nulliparous women and from 17 of the 18 parous women (two-tailed Fisher’s exact test, P=0.021; two-tailed Spearman’s rho test, P=0.009). No associations or correlations with breast cancer risk factors were found for round/oval cells with this immunophenotype.

ALDH1⁻/CD44⁺/CD24⁻ cells

Spindle-shaped/polygonal stromal cells with the ALDH1⁻/CD44⁺/CD24⁻ immunophenotype were found in 35 specimens (87%), and round/oval cells with this immunophenotype were observed in 26 specimens (65%). No associations or correlations were found between these cell types and breast cancer risk factors.

Discussion

The current study aimed to morphologically identify ALDH1 cell types in histologically normal breast stroma and to investigate their SC characteristics, ie, their expression of CD24 and CD44. We identified two morphologically different types of ALDH1-expressing cells in the stroma of histologically benign female breast tissue, which we designated spindle-shaped/polygonal cells and round/oval cells. The absence of stromal ALDH1⁺ cells was noted more often in patient groups with risk factors for breast cancer than in the group with no known risk factors for such disease. This indicates that the presence of ALDH1⁺ cells in breast stroma might be a beneficial factor in the context of cancer risk. However, although ALDH1 is a marker for SCs, the mentioned findings should not be interpreted as a suggestion that SCs in stroma protect against breast cancer, because most ALDH1⁺ cells are in fact not SCs.^3,10,11

A significant number of specimens from the nulliparous patients lacked ALDH1⁺/CD44⁻/CD24⁻ spindle-shaped/polygonal cells, indicating a relation to cancer risk since nulliparity is a known risk factor for breast cancer.¹² This finding is also interesting considering that it was recently observed that ALDH1⁺ cells of spindle or polygonal shape are frequently absent in stroma of histologically normal mucosa of patients with bladder cancer.¹⁰

The round/oval cells with the putatively stringent SC immunophenotype ALDH1⁺/CD44⁺/CD24⁻ were often absent in TDLU stroma of patients with a family history of breast cancer. Such cells had mononuclear leukocyte-like morphology with a granular cytoplasm and thus resembled mast cells. A previous evaluation of the same material indicated that ~50% of ALDH1⁺ round/oval cells in stroma were negative for the pan-leukocyte marker CD45.⁶ These cell types thus correspond to the recently described morphology of mesenchymal SCs of the multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) type,⁵ which was discerned using markers other than those employed in the present study. It remains to be determined whether ALDH1⁺/CD44⁺/CD24⁻ round/oval cells in breast stroma are actually mesenchymal SCs.

It has been observed that stromal ALDH1 expression is lower in malignant breast tumors than in benign conditions,^13,14 and stromal ALDH1 expression in malignant tumors has been found to be associated with better survival.¹⁵ Our earlier study of ALDH1⁺ ductular cells located in areas of benign breast tissue did not reveal any statistically significant association with concurrent cancer.⁷ The current investigation of benign breast tissue did not address ALDH1 expression in patients with cancer per se due to the low number of subjects.

Conclusion

In this study, spindle-shaped/polygonal and round/oval ALDH1⁺ cells were absent in benign stroma of a significant number of women at risk of breast cancer. The round/oval cell type carried the putatively stringent SC immunophenotype ALDH1⁺/CD44⁺/CD24⁻, whereas the spindle-shaped/polygonal cells did not. The low presence of ALDH1⁺ cells in benign mammary stroma of women at risk of breast cancer agrees with recently reported data indicating that high ALDH1 expression in breast cancer stroma is an independent favorable prognostic marker. The associations and correlations found in the current study of ALDH1⁺ stromal cells are the reverse of what our group has previously observed regarding ALDH1⁺ epithelial cells, which emphasizes the need to address epithelial and stromal cells separately, and also underlines the importance of histological correlation. Clearly, multi-antibody in situ investigations need to be performed to further elucidate the relationship between SC markers and the risk of breast cancer.