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. 2016 Feb 14;7(8):8556–8579. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7388

Figure 13. The role of miRNA regulation and DNA methylation in gender specific aging mechanisms based on the specific core GEN of old men.

Figure 13

During the aging process, ATF4 and STMN1 are involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, and SMAD4, LEF1, and LRRFIP2 play key roles in the Wnt signaling pathway. Since these genetic and epigenetic regulation observed cannot overcome the dysfunction due to accumulated genetic mutations during the aging process, the transcription factor ATF4 can be activated and LEF1 can be inhibited by a wide variety of stress signals, including the MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways. This results in deregulation of various cellular responses, including cell cycle, apoptosis, metabolism, cell communication, cell transport, biological regulation, and response to stimulus. In this figure, the light blue blocks represent the proteins involved in the indicated pathways, the deep green nodes represent the TFs, the deep blue blocks represent the TFs target genes, the light green nodes represent the miRNAs, the red nodes represent DNA methylation of genes, the yellow nodes represent the mutation of genes, arrows represent activation of proteins, and the link represents interaction between these two proteins.