Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry logoLink to Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
. 1992 Aug;55(8):635–639. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.55.8.635

Medical treatments of acute spinal cord injury.

W Young
PMCID: PMC489197  PMID: 1527532

Full text

PDF
635

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Anderson D. K., Braughler J. M., Hall E. D., Waters T. R., McCall J. M., Means E. D. Effects of treatment with U-74006F on neurological outcome following experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg. 1988 Oct;69(4):562–567. doi: 10.3171/jns.1988.69.4.0562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson D. K., Saunders R. D., Demediuk P., Dugan L. L., Braughler J. M., Hall E. D., Means E. D., Horrocks L. A. Lipid hydrolysis and peroxidation in injured spinal cord: partial protection with methylprednisolone or vitamin E and selenium. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma. 1985 Winter;2(4):257–267. doi: 10.1089/cns.1985.2.257. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson D. K., Waters T. R., Means E. D. Pretreatment with alpha tocopherol enhances neurologic recovery after experimental spinal cord compression injury. J Neurotrauma. 1988;5(1):61–67. doi: 10.1089/neu.1988.5.61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barletta E., Bremer E. G., Culp L. A. Neurite outgrowth in dorsal root neuronal hybrid clones modulated by ganglioside GM1 and disintegrins. Exp Cell Res. 1991 Mar;193(1):101–111. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90543-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bracken M. B., Collins W. F., Freeman D. F., Shepard M. J., Wagner F. W., Silten R. M., Hellenbrand K. G., Ransohoff J., Hunt W. E., Perot P. L., Jr Efficacy of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. JAMA. 1984 Jan 6;251(1):45–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bracken M. B., Shepard M. J., Collins W. F., Holford T. R., Young W., Baskin D. S., Eisenberg H. M., Flamm E., Leo-Summers L., Maroon J. A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. Results of the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. N Engl J Med. 1990 May 17;322(20):1405–1411. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199005173222001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bracken M. B., Shepard M. J., Collins W. F., Jr, Holford T. R., Baskin D. S., Eisenberg H. M., Flamm E., Leo-Summers L., Maroon J. C., Marshall L. F. Methylprednisolone or naloxone treatment after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow-up data. Results of the second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. J Neurosurg. 1992 Jan;76(1):23–31. doi: 10.3171/jns.1992.76.1.0023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bracken M. B., Shepard M. J., Hellenbrand K. G., Collins W. F., Leo L. S., Freeman D. F., Wagner F. C., Flamm E. S., Eisenberg H. M., Goodman J. H. Methylprednisolone and neurological function 1 year after spinal cord injury. Results of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. J Neurosurg. 1985 Nov;63(5):704–713. doi: 10.3171/jns.1985.63.5.0704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Braughler J. M., Hall E. D. "High-dose" methylprednisolone and CNS injury. J Neurosurg. 1986 Jun;64(6):985–986. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Braughler J. M., Hall E. D. Acute enhancement of spinal cord synaptosomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in cats following intravenous methylprednisolone. Brain Res. 1981 Aug 31;219(2):464–469. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90311-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Braughler J. M., Hall E. D. Correlation of methylprednisolone levels in cat spinal cord with its effects on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, lipid peroxidation, and alpha motor neuron function. J Neurosurg. 1982 Jun;56(6):838–844. doi: 10.3171/jns.1982.56.6.0838. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Braughler J. M., Hall E. D., Means E. D., Waters T. R., Anderson D. K. Evaluation of an intensive methylprednisolone sodium succinate dosing regimen in experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg. 1987 Jul;67(1):102–105. doi: 10.3171/jns.1987.67.1.0102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Braughler J. M., Pregenzer J. F., Chase R. L., Duncan L. A., Jacobsen E. J., McCall J. M. Novel 21-amino steroids as potent inhibitors of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. J Biol Chem. 1987 Aug 5;262(22):10438–10440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Commissiong J. W., Toffano G. The effect of GM1 ganglioside on coerulospinal, noradrenergic, adult neurons and on fetal monoaminergic neurons transplanted into the transected spinal cord of the adult rat. Brain Res. 1986 Aug 20;380(2):205–215. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90215-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Demopoulos H. B., Flamm E. S., Pietronigro D. D., Seligman M. L. The free radical pathology and the microcirculation in the major central nervous system disorders. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1980;492:91–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Faden A. I., Ellison J. A., Noble L. J. Effects of competitive and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists in spinal cord injury. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Jan 10;175(2):165–174. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90227-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Faden A. I., Jacobs T. P. Effect of TRH analogs on neurologic recovery after experimental spinal trauma. Neurology. 1985 Sep;35(9):1331–1334. doi: 10.1212/wnl.35.9.1331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Faden A. I., Jacobs T. P., Mougey E., Holaday J. W. Endorphins in experimental spinal injury: therapeutic effect of naloxone. Ann Neurol. 1981 Oct;10(4):326–332. doi: 10.1002/ana.410100403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Faden A. I., Jacobs T. P., Smith M. T., Holaday J. W. Comparison of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), naloxone, and dexamethasone treatments in experimental spinal injury. Neurology. 1983 Jun;33(6):673–678. doi: 10.1212/wnl.33.6.673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Faden A. I., Jacobs T. P., Zivin J. A. Comparison of naloxone and a delta-selective antagonist in experimental spinal stroke. Life Sci. 1983;33 (Suppl 1):707–710. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90600-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Faden A. I., Lemke M., Demediuk P. Effects of BW755C, a mixed cyclo-oxygenase-lipoxygenase inhibitor, following traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. Brain Res. 1988 Oct 25;463(1):63–68. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90527-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Faden A. I., Lemke M., Simon R. P., Noble L. J. N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK801 improves outcome following traumatic spinal cord injury in rats: behavioral, anatomic, and neurochemical studies. J Neurotrauma. 1988;5(1):33–45. doi: 10.1089/neu.1988.5.33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Faden A. I., Sacksen I., Noble L. J. Opiate-receptor antagonist nalmefene improves neurological recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats through a central mechanism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988 May;245(2):742–748. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Faden A. I., Sacksen I., Noble L. J. Structure-activity relationships of TRH analogs in rat spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 1988 May 17;448(2):287–293. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91265-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Faden A. I., Simon R. P. A potential role for excitotoxins in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury. Ann Neurol. 1988 Jun;23(6):623–626. doi: 10.1002/ana.410230618. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Faden A. I. TRH analog YM-14673 improves outcome following traumatic brain and spinal cord injury in rats: dose-response studies. Brain Res. 1989 May 8;486(2):228–235. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90509-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Flamm E. S., Young W., Collins W. F., Piepmeier J., Clifton G. L., Fischer B. A phase I trial of naloxone treatment in acute spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg. 1985 Sep;63(3):390–397. doi: 10.3171/jns.1985.63.3.0390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Flamm E. S., Young W., Demopoulos H. B., DeCrescito V., Tomasula J. J. Experimental spinal cord injury: treatment with naloxone. Neurosurgery. 1982 Feb;10(2):227–231. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Frankel H. L., Hancock D. O., Hyslop G., Melzak J., Michaelis L. S., Ungar G. H., Vernon J. D., Walsh J. J. The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. Paraplegia. 1969 Nov;7(3):179–192. doi: 10.1038/sc.1969.30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Geisler F. H., Dorsey F. C., Coleman W. P. GM-1 ganglioside in human spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 1992 Mar;9 (Suppl 1):S407–S416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Geisler F. H., Dorsey F. C., Coleman W. P. Recovery of motor function after spinal-cord injury--a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with GM-1 ganglioside. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jun 27;324(26):1829–1838. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199106273242601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Guha A., Tator C. H., Piper I. Increase in rat spinal cord blood flow with the calcium channel blocker, nimodipine. J Neurosurg. 1985 Aug;63(2):250–259. doi: 10.3171/jns.1985.63.2.0250. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hall E. D., Braughler J. M. Effects of intravenous methylprednisolone on spinal cord lipid peroxidation and Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. Dose-response analysis during 1st hour after contusion injury in the cat. J Neurosurg. 1982 Aug;57(2):247–253. doi: 10.3171/jns.1982.57.2.0247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hall E. D., Braughler J. M. Glucocorticoid mechanisms in acute spinal cord injury: a review and therapeutic rationale. Surg Neurol. 1982 Nov;18(5):320–327. doi: 10.1016/0090-3019(82)90140-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Hall E. D., Braughler J. M. Role of lipid peroxidation in post-traumatic spinal cord degeneration: a review. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma. 1986 Fall;3(4):281–294. doi: 10.1089/cns.1986.3.281. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hall E. D. Effects of the 21-aminosteroid U74006F on posttraumatic spinal cord ischemia in cats. J Neurosurg. 1988 Mar;68(3):462–465. doi: 10.3171/jns.1988.68.3.0462. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hall E. D. The neuroprotective pharmacology of methylprednisolone. J Neurosurg. 1992 Jan;76(1):13–22. doi: 10.3171/jns.1992.76.1.0013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hall E. D., Wolf D. L. A pharmacological analysis of the pathophysiological mechanisms of posttraumatic spinal cord ischemia. J Neurosurg. 1986 Jun;64(6):951–961. doi: 10.3171/jns.1986.64.6.0951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Hall E. D., Wolf D. L. Methylprednisolone preservation of motor nerve function during early degeneration. Exp Neurol. 1984 Jun;84(3):715–720. doi: 10.1016/0014-4886(84)90219-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Hanigan W. C., Anderson R. J. Commentary on NASCIS-2. J Spinal Disord. 1992 Mar;5(1):125–133. doi: 10.1097/00002517-199203000-00019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Hilbush B. S., Levine J. M. Stimulation of a Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase by GM1 ganglioside in nerve growth factor-treated PC12 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jul 1;88(13):5616–5620. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.13.5616. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Holtz A., Nyström B., Gerdin B. Effect of methylprednisolone on motor function and spinal cord blood flow after spinal cord compression in rats. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990 Jul;82(1):68–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1990.tb01589.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Iizuka H., Iwasaki Y., Yamamoto T., Kadoya S. Morphometric assessment of drug effects in experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg. 1986 Jul;65(1):92–98. doi: 10.3171/jns.1986.65.1.0092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Iwasaki Y., Yamamoto H., Iizuka H., Yamamoto T., Konno H. Suppression of neurofilament degradation by protease inhibitors in experimental spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 1987 Mar 17;406(1-2):99–104. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90773-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Means E. D., Anderson D. K., Waters T. R., Kalaf L. Effect of methylprednisolone in compression trauma to the feline spinal cord. J Neurosurg. 1981 Aug;55(2):200–208. doi: 10.3171/jns.1981.55.2.0200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Puniak M. A., Freeman G. M., Agresta C. A., Van Newkirk L., Barone C. A., Salzman S. K. Comparison of a serotonin antagonist, opioid antagonist, and TRH analog for the acute treatment of experimental spinal trauma. J Neurotrauma. 1991 Fall;8(3):193–203. doi: 10.1089/neu.1991.8.193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Rosner M. J. National acute spinal cord injury study of methylprednisolone or naloxone. Neurosurgery. 1991 Apr;28(4):628–629. doi: 10.1097/00006123-199104000-00029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Sabel B. A., Dunbar G. L., Stein D. G. Gangliosides minimize behavioral deficits and enhance structural repair after brain injury. J Neurosci Res. 1984;12(2-3):429–443. doi: 10.1002/jnr.490120227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Sabel B. A., Slavin M. D., Stein D. G. GM1 ganglioside treatment facilitates behavioral recovery from bilateral brain damage. Science. 1984 Jul 20;225(4659):340–342. doi: 10.1126/science.6740316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Salzman S. K., Puniak M. A., Liu Z. J., Maitland-Heriot R. P., Freeman G. M., Agresta C. A. The serotonin antagonist mianserin improves functional recovery following experimental spinal trauma. Ann Neurol. 1991 Oct;30(4):533–541. doi: 10.1002/ana.410300405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Saunders R. D., Dugan L. L., Demediuk P., Means E. D., Horrocks L. A., Anderson D. K. Effects of methylprednisolone and the combination of alpha-tocopherol and selenium on arachidonic acid metabolism and lipid peroxidation in traumatized spinal cord tissue. J Neurochem. 1987 Jul;49(1):24–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb03388.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Skaper S. D., Leon A., Facci L. Ganglioside GM1 prevents death induced by excessive excitatory neurotransmission in cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Neurosci Lett. 1991 May 13;126(1):98–101. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90381-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Vink R., McIntosh T. K., Rhomhanyi R., Faden A. I. Opiate antagonist nalmefene improves intracellular free Mg2+, bioenergetic state, and neurologic outcome following traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurosci. 1990 Nov;10(11):3524–3530. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-11-03524.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Waters R. L., Adkins R. H., Yakura J. S. Definition of complete spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1991 Nov;29(9):573–581. doi: 10.1038/sc.1991.85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Young W., DeCrescito V., Flamm E. S., Blight A. R., Gruner J. A. Pharmacological therapy of acute spinal cord injury: studies of high dose methylprednisolone and naloxone. Clin Neurosurg. 1988;34:675–697. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Young W., Flamm E. S., Demopoulos H. B., Tomasula J. J., DeCrescito V. Effect of naloxone on posttraumatic ischemia in experimental spinal contusion. J Neurosurg. 1981 Aug;55(2):209–219. doi: 10.3171/jns.1981.55.2.0209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Young W., Flamm E. S. Effect of high-dose corticosteroid therapy on blood flow, evoked potentials, and extracellular calcium in experimental spinal injury. J Neurosurg. 1982 Nov;57(5):667–673. doi: 10.3171/jns.1982.57.5.0667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Yum S. W., Faden A. I. Comparison of the neuroprotective effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK-801 and the opiate-receptor antagonist nalmefene in experimental spinal cord ischemia. Arch Neurol. 1990 Mar;47(3):277–281. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1990.00530030043014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES