Abstract
Background:
Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of occupational status on the quality of life of Chinese adult patients with epilepsy.
Methods:
This study surveyed 819 subjects clinically diagnosed with epilepsy for more than 1 year in 11 hospitals in Beijing; 586 were employed (71.55%). All subjects completed the case report form with inquiries on demographic data, social factors, and illness. The patients’ quality of life was assessed using the quality of life in patients with epilepsy-31 items (QOLIE-31) questionnaire.
Results:
The QOLIE-31 score in the employed group was significantly higher than that in the unemployed group. Furthermore, the scores in all the sections (overall quality of life, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, seizure worry, cognition, social function, and medication effects) of the employed group were higher than those of the unemployed group. Both the employed and unemployed groups achieved the highest difference in social function. The QOLIE-31 score of students was higher than those of farmers and workers. Both the students and workers scored higher in the quality of life compared with the adult peasants living with epilepsy. The students and farmers showed significant differences in QOLIE-31 score, cognition, emotional well-being, overall quality of life, energy/fatigue, and social function. In contrast, no significant difference was noted in seizure worry and medication effects across the three different kinds of occupation.
Conclusion:
Occupational status might affect the quality of life of Chinese adult patients with epilepsy, and social function is the most important contributing factor.
Keywords: Adults, Epilepsy, Occupational Status, Quality of Life
INTRODUCTION
Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological disorders. It is a highly preventable noncommunicable disease.[1,2] Persons with epilepsy, even those with well-controlled seizures, may face emotional distress, low self-esteem, reduced social interactions, decreased job opportunities, and problems with daily activities.[3,4] A growing body of evidence implicates the socioeconomic status as a risk factor for epilepsy in adults.[5] In particular, occupation is the embodiment of social status and economic level. The improvement in the quality of life of patients with epilepsy is now widely accepted as a highly important therapeutic goal. Quality of life has been defined by the World Health Organization as a reference to a person's well-being and the individual's perception of their position in life.[6] However, studies on adults with epilepsy in China and abroad seldom focus on the effect of occupational status on the patients’ quality of life. This study attempted to explore the effects of occupational status on the quality of life. It aimed to provide an objective basis for the possible relationship between occupational status and the quality of life of patients with epilepsy.
METHODS
A total of 11 professional epilepsy centers or neurological clinics were randomly selected at Beijing. Patients diagnosed with epilepsy were recruited from the neurology departments of these hospitals. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) diagnosis of epilepsy based on the 2014 International League Against Epilepsy for more than 1 year, (2) age 18–65 years, (3) educational attainment higher than primary school, and (4) signed informed consent. Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) progression of central nervous system (CNS) disease or acute stage and other severe chronic CNS diseases; (2) disturbance of consciousness, cognitive impairment, and language dysfunction; (3) seizure occurrence of more than once within 72 h of screening; (5) history of schizophrenia; (6) history of cranial surgery; and (7) history of drug abuse.
The term “occupation” is defined by Webster's New International Dictionary as follows:
Fixed occupation: Fixed occupation refers to work with stable compensation, complete insurance provisions, and several government benefits
Free occupation: A person with a free occupation works independently of any organization. Some individuals engage in free occupations as their long-term careers
Peasantry: This occupation refers to the long-term involvement in agricultural production (i.e., occupations of nomads, fishermen, and farmers)
Student (≥18 years old): Students receive university education and are not completely integrated into the workforce
Worker: Manual and mental workers are individuals employed in enterprises, institutions, and organizations, who receive wages as their main source of income.
On the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, qualified investigators surveyed 819 adults with epilepsy diagnosed in the neurology departments of 11 public hospitals in Beijing. The Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31)[7,8] is a health-related quality of life survey for adults (>18 years) with epilepsy. Derived from the QOLIE-89, this scale contains domains that include seven subscales: overall quality of life, seizure worry, emotional well-being, cognitive function, energy/fatigue, medication effects, and social function. The responses can yield seven individual scores (per subtest) and a total (composite) score. The raw scores are then rescaled from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating better QOLIE-31 scores. The survey was conducted by trained researchers on adult patients with epilepsy; the questionnaire contained questions on patient-related information and the QOLIE-31 scale (Chinese version).[9]
Statistical analysis
Data were inputted using EpiData 3.0 (The EpiData Association, Odense Denmark, 2003) and analyzed using SPSS 17.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). The two sample means were compared using a t-test (or rank-sum test). Qualitative data were analyzed using a Chi-square test. Three sets of measurement data were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA, or rank-sum test), and multiple comparisons were conducted using Bonferroni correction. A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
According to a previous study conducted by de Boer, the employed patients with epilepsy were 44%.[10] A simple sampling method was used in this study. Assuming a similar rate for the employed patients with epilepsy, a minimum of 460 patients should be recruited to achieve a two-tailed 95% significance level and 15% loss rate of a questionnaire.
RESULTS
On the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 819 adult patients with epilepsy were enrolled in the present study. Among these subjects, 513 were males (62.14%), whereas 306 were females (37.86%). The average age was 33.22 ± 12.13 years (18–65 years). A total of 546 individuals (77.28%) held educational attainments of high school diploma and higher. Meanwhile, 353 subjects (43.10%) received an average household income of ≥¥5000 per month over the past year. A total of 437 patients were married (53.35%).
A total of 726 subjects (88.64%) received specialist medical treatment, and 603 patients (73.62%) experienced seizures over the past year. The average age at which the patients suffered their first seizure episode was 19.49 ± 13.04 years (1–63 years). The mean disease duration was 13.82 ± 12.44 years (0–61 years). A total of 346 patients (65.78%) reported good compliance with epilepsy medication.
The number of employed subjects with high school and/or higher education (79.85%) were greater than the number of unemployed subjects (20.15%). Furthermore, the majority of patients with income ≥¥5000 per month were employed (85.92%), and the difference between the employed and unemployed patients was statistically significant (P < 0.05). No significant differences in gender, age, and marital status were observed between the employed and unemployed subjects (P >0.05).
Most of the patients who received specialist treatment were employed (85.67%). The age at a first seizure episode was higher in the patients with occupation (20.49 ± 13.16 years) than in those without occupation (16.98 ± 12.41 years). The duration of disease was also significantly shorter in the employed (12.96 ± 12.49 years) than in the unemployed patients (15.99 ± 12.06 years) (P < 0.01). In contrast, no significant difference in the occupational status was observed between the patients who experienced seizure attacks over the year and those who did not, as well as those with varying degrees of compliance (P >0.05) [Table 1].
Table 1.
Comparison of demographic and disease data between the employed and unemployed adult patients with epilepsy (n = 819)
| Variable | Employed (n = 586) | Unemployed (n = 233) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 370 (72.69) | 139 (27.31) | 0.860 |
| Female | 216 (69.67) | 94 (30.33) | |
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 33.44 ± 12.52 | 33.00 ± 11.09 | 0.842 |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| Under high school | 150 (54.94) | 123 (45.06) | 0.000 |
| High school or higher | 436 (79.85) | 110 (20.15) | |
| Average monthly income (¥), n (%) | |||
| <5000 | 291 (62.72) | 173 (37.28) | 0.000 |
| ≥5000 | 305 (85.92) | 50 (14.08) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||
| Unmarried | 274 (71.73) | 108 (28.27) | 0.530 |
| Married | 322 (73.68) | 115 (26.32) | |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| Special medication | 622 (85.67) | 104 (14.33) | 0.000 |
| General medication | 64 (68.82) | 29 (31.18) | |
| Age of onset, mean ± SD, years | 20.49 ± 13.16 | 16.98 ± 12.41 | 0.000 |
| Course, mean ± SD, months | 12.96 ± 12.49 | 15.99 ± 12.06 | 0.000 |
| Seizure in 1 year, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 427 (70.81) | 176 (29.19) | 0.482 |
| No | 159 (73.61) | 57 (26.39) | |
| Medication compliance, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 346 (65.78) | 180 (34.22) | 0.278 |
| No | 204 (69.62) | 89 (30.38) |
QOLIE-31: Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31; SD: Standard deviation.
The scores of the employed adult patients with epilepsy on overall quality of life, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, seizure worry, cognition, social function, medication effects, and QOLIE-31 were higher than the scores of the unemployed patients [Table 2].
Table 2.
Comparison of the quality of life between employed and unemployed adult patients with epilepsy
| Items | Unemployed (n = 586) | Employed (n = 233) | Total population (n=819) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall quality of life | 29.87 ± 11.61 | 35.98 ± 9.98* | 34.24 ± 10.82 |
| Energy/fatigue | 57.00 ± 21.39 | 67.65 ± 19.14* | 64.62 ± 20.37 |
| Emotional well-being | 60.86 ± 19.10 | 68.61 ± 17.65* | 66.40 ± 18.40 |
| Seizure worry | 44.90 ± 27.31 | 53.18 ± 24.77* | 50.83 ± 25.77 |
| Cognition | 58.43 ± 21.87 | 69.67 ± 18.97* | 66.47 ± 20.46 |
| Social function | 59.63 ± 24.91 | 72.15 ± 21.42* | 68.59 ± 23.16 |
| Medication effects | 46.26 ± 26.64 | 55.02 ± 25.63* | 52.53 ± 26.21 |
| QOLIE-31 | 53.43 ± 16.55 | 63.31 ± 14.73* | 60.50 ± 15.90 |
Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *With statistically significant difference between employed and unemployed patients; P<0.01. QOLIE-31: Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31.
On comparing the differences in scores between employed and unemployed patients for each factor on the quality of life, the highest discrepancy was noted in social function, followed by cognition and energy/fatigue. The lowest difference was observed in the overall quality of life [Table 3]. The adult patients with epilepsy were classified into two groups on the basis of the occupational type as follows: fixed occupation (466 patients) and freelance occupation (70 patients). No significant disparity in the overall quality of life and related factors was found between the patients in fixed and freelance occupations (P >0.05) [Table 4]. The adult patients with epilepsy in occupations as student and worker attained significantly higher QOLIE-31 scores (68.04 ± 14.01 and 63.95 ± 14.52, respectively) than those as a peasant (56.26 ± 14.04) (P < 0.05) [Table 5]. Table 6 shows that the patients with occupations as student and peasant significantly differed in QOLIE-31 score, cognition, emotional well-being, overall quality of life, social function, and presence of energy/fatigue. In contrast, the patients with the three occupations showed no significant difference in seizure worry and medication effects [Table 6].
Table 3.
Differences in quality of life and related factors between employed and unemployed adult patients with epilepsy
| Variable | Difference | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Social-function | 11.231 | 7.67, 14.79 | 0.000 |
| Cognition | 9.810 | 6.68, 12.94 | 0.001 |
| Energy/fatigue | 9.476 | 6.37, 12.58 | 0.001 |
| QOLIE-31 | 8.828 | 6.43, 11.23 | 0.000 |
| Medication effects | 7.791 | 3.73, 11.85 | 0.001 |
| Seizure worry | 7.544 | 3.53, 11.55 | 0.000 |
| Emotional well-being | 6.841 | 3.99, 9.69 | 0.001 |
| Overall quality of life | 5.863 | 4.23, 7.49 | 0.000 |
CI: Confidence interval; QOLIE-31: Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31.
Table 4.
Comparison of the overall quality of life and related factors between adult patients with epilepsy in fixed and freelance occupations
| Items | Fixed occupation (n = 466) | Freelance occupation (n = 70) |
|---|---|---|
| Overall quality of life | 35.75 ± 9.66 | 35.08 ± 13.38 |
| Energy/fatigue | 66.49 ± 18.84 | 65.77 ± 23.62 |
| Emotional well-being | 67.67 ± 17.82 | 68.92 ± 15.59 |
| Seizure worry | 52.31 ± 24.55 | 57.05 ± 29.38 |
| Cognition | 68.20 ± 19.01 | 69.55 ± 18.29 |
| Social function | 70.80 ± 21.42 | 73.23 ± 25.57 |
| Medication effects | 54.19 ± 25.11 | 48.93 ± 37.67 |
| QOLIE-31 | 62.23 ± 14.67 | 63.33 ± 15.86 |
Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. QOLIE-31: Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31.
Table 5.
Comparison of the overall quality of life and related factors between patients with epilepsy in different occupations
| Items | Student (n = 107) | Peasant (n = 101) | Worker (n = 346) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall quality of life | 37.05 ± 10.88 | 32.36 ± 9.10 | 36.73 ± 9.82 |
| Energy/fatigue | 72.89 ± 19.15 | 58.41 ± 18.62 | 68.50 ± 18.02 |
| Emotional well-being | 72.67 ± 16.72 | 62.09 ± 17.79 | 69.27 ± 17.81 |
| Seizure worry | 56.52 ± 25.02 | 49.34 ± 22.03 | 53.55 ± 25.27 |
| Cognition | 76.09 ± 17.66 | 60.24 ± 19.03 | 70.56 ± 18.54 |
| Social function | 77.89 ± 20.13 | 64.26 ± 20.33 | 72.72 ± 21.04 |
| Medication effects | 59.39 ± 25.91 | 56.57 ± 25.04 | 53.41 ± 25.69 |
| QOLIE-31 | 68.04 ± 14.01 | 56.26 ± 14.04 | 63.95 ± 14.52 |
Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. QOLIE-31: Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31.
Table 6.
Diversity factor analysis on the variation in the QOLIE-31 score of the patients with epilepsy in different special occupations
| Variable | Comparison | Difference | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| QOLIE-31 | Student versus peasantry | 11.781 | 7.01, 16.56 | 0.000 |
| Worker versus peasantry | 7.702 | 3.77, 11.63 | 0.000 | |
| Student versus employee | 4.079 | 0.24, 7.92 | 0.033 | |
| Cognition | Worker versus peasantry | 15.845 | 9.69, 22.00 | 0.000 |
| Worker versus peasantry | 10.318 | 5.26, 15.38 | 0.000 | |
| Student versus worker | 5.528 | 0.58, 10.48 | 0.023 | |
| Emotional well-being | Student versus peasantry | 10.574 | 4.71, 16.43 | 0.000 |
| Worker versus peasantry | 7.176 | 2.35, 12.00 | 0.001 | |
| Student versus worker | 3.398 | −1.32, 8.12 | 0.253 | |
| Energy/fatigue | Student versus peasantry | 14.481 | 8.36, 20.60 | 0.000 |
| Worker versus peasantry | 10.084 | 5.05, 15.12 | 0.000 | |
| Student versus worker | 4.397 | −0.53, 9.32 | 0.098 | |
| Medication effects | Student versus worker | 5.986 | −0.88, 12.86 | 0.111 |
| Peasantry versus worker | 3.162 | −3.86, 10.18 | 0.840 | |
| Student versus peasantry | 2.825 | 5.71, 11.36 | 0.999 | |
| Overall quality of life | Student versus peasantry | 4.700 | 1.40, 8.00 | 0.002 |
| Worker versus peasantry | 4.372 | 1.65, 7.09 | 0.000 | |
| Student versus worker | 0.328 | −2.33, 2.99 | 0.999 | |
| Social-function | Student versus peasantry | 13.630 | 6.72, 20.53 | 0.000 |
| Worker versus peasantry | 8.458 | 2.78, 14.14 | 0.001 | |
| Student versus worker | 5.172 | −0.39, 10.73 | 0.078 | |
| Seizure worry | Student versus peasantry | 7.177 | −1.03, 15.39 | 0.109 |
| Worker versus peasantry | 4.211 | −2.54, 10.97 | 0.405 | |
| Student versus worker | 2.966 | −3.64, 9.58 | 0.845 |
QOLIE-31: Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31; CI: Confidence interval.
DISCUSSION
Occupational status might reflect income, social status, and social prestige; hence, it is a highly important factor related to socioeconomic status. Rakesh et al. conducted a cross-sectional study of epilepsy patients in rural Southern India. The group found that lack of education, single marital status, divorce or deceased spouse, increasing age, and low per capita income can reduce the quality of life in patients with epilepsy.[11] People with epilepsy can suffer from difficulties in social interactions, which, though not always readily apparent, may significantly impact their social function and ability to form quality social relationships and networks.[12] Socioeconomic status and occupation occasionally carry a significantly increased risk of hospitalization for patients with epilepsy.[13] The present results showed no significant difference in gender, age, marital status, seizure occurrence for the past year, and degrees of medication adherence (P >0.05) among patients in different occupations. In contrast, patients in different occupations significantly differed in level of education, income, type of diagnosis, treatment, age at first onset, and disease course (P < 0.05). Different kinds of occupations receive different incomes and consequently, afford different treatments, resulting in the disparity in the quality of life.
Employed adult patients with epilepsy scored higher in QOLIE-31, overall quality of life, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, seizure worry, cognition, social function, and medication effects than the unemployed patients. Hence, adult patients with epilepsy entering occupations can achieve positive benefits. The occupational status reflects the socioeconomic status. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for the development of epilepsy.[14] Low socioeconomic status is associated with risk factors such as infection and poor nutrition, thereby worsening the quality of life. However, the effect of employment varies for each factor and the overall quality of life. Through analysis, the difference between the employed and unemployed patients was found to be higher in social function, cognition, and energy/fatigue than in the other factors. Social functioning, however, is a key aspect in the quality of life and it is frequently referenced that social connections and networks in both professional work and personal relationships are the single most important factor and predictor of well-being, happiness, and life satisfaction.[15,16] Some studies showed that higher educational levels are related to better scores on the social function subscale.[9] Patients with epilepsy might feel unsafe, uncomfortable, anxious, and disappointed, which can cause problems for them in relation to their peers and reduce their social relations, which is a problem for many persons with epilepsy.[17] Employment can provide satisfaction and communication opportunities, which can significantly improve social function, individual cognition, and energy. By participating in special employment programs, people with epilepsy can be guided toward the labor market, thus improving the quality of their lives.[18] Hence, adult patients with epilepsy should be actively encouraged to seek job opportunities and not dwell on anxiety, fear, and inferiority.
As previously discussed, no difference in the quality of life was noted in the patients with fixed and freelance occupations. Freelance occupations are relatively new compared with traditional jobs, but most freelance occupations resemble fixed occupations in many aspects such as salary, social status, and educational background. Therefore, adult patients with epilepsy might still attain positive benefits from employment, regardless of whether fixed or freelance work is involved.
Three different kinds of occupations were assessed in terms of their effect on the quality of life of adult patients with epilepsy. The three different groups belong to different social classes and present varying economic statuses and education levels. According to the analysis, economic status and educational level were the two largest independent risk factors that affected the QOLIE-31 score of the adult patients with epilepsy. In a previous study, economic status was found to obviously influence the QOLIE-89 total and subscale scores; higher economic statuses were noted to correlate with higher QOLIE-89 total scores.[19] In the present study, the students and farmers differed in the QOLIE-31 scores, emotional well-being, overall quality of life, social function, and maximum energy. In contrast, the two groups did not significantly differ in seizure worry and drug compliance. This finding might be attributed to the lack of involvement of other occupations, which might have affected the results.
In this study, the quality of life of adult patients with epilepsy was probably found to be associated with occupation. Unemployment and long-term sick leave might lead to loss of social connections and isolation, causing depression and anxiety. Psychic and emotional distress may decrease the probability of returning to work, causing a vicious circle.[20] The overall quality of life of employed patients is higher than that of unemployed patients. Meanwhile, the influence of different kinds of occupations varies among different factors related to the quality of life. However, the present study was a cross-sectional study with no follow-up for the quality of life of Chinese adult patients with epilepsy. Adult patients with epilepsy should actively seek a job to concurrently achieve a significant enhancement in their quality of life.
Financial support and sponsorship
The project was funded by Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (No. KZ201110025030).
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all the individuals in China who offered their time and energy to participate in the interviews. They are also grateful to the staff who contributed to the project and for the cooperation and collaboration of the following units:
Xuanwu Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University
First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital
Peking Union Medical College Hospital
Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University
Beijing Tian Tan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University
Peking University People's Hospital
Beijing Haidian Hospital
Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University
Hospital of Shunyi District in Beijing
Beijing Muslin Community Health Service Center
Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University.
Footnotes
Edited by: Li-Min Chen
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