The article above was published with reference citation errors in Table 1. The correct version of the table is shown below. We apologize for any confusion caused by this error.
Table 1. Overview of 71 studies examining the relationship between the food environment and obesity.
| Author, year (ID)a | Country | Key exposures | Exposure measurement | Geographical unit | Buffer (miles) | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adults, longitudinal | ||||||
| Block, 2011 (1) | US | S, GS, C, FF, FSR | Proximity, Distance to nearest 5 | Address | None | BMI (M) |
| Gibson, 2011 (2) | US | S, GS, C, FF, FSR | Count/land area | Zip/postal code | None | BMI change |
| Kapinos, 2014 (3) | US | G&S, R | Count | Address | 0.25 | Weight change, BMI change |
| Li, 2009 (4) | US | FF | Count/land area | Census block group | None | Weight change (M) |
| Powell, 2011 (5) | US | S, GS, C, FF, FSR | Count/population/area | Zip/postal code | None | BMI |
| Adults, cross-sectional | ||||||
| Babey, 2008 (6) | US | Index | Ratio | Address | Varying | Obesity |
| Bodor, 2010 (7) | US | S, GS, C, FF | Count | Census tract | 1.25 | Obesity |
| Inagami, 2009b (8) | US | FF, R | Count/road miles | Census tract | None | BMI |
| Brown, 2008b (9) | US | S, GS, C | Count/road miles | Census tract | None | BMI |
| Casagrande, 2011 (10) | US | Availability (V) | Census tract | None | BMI (M) | |
| Cerin, 2011 (11) | US | G&S, C, FF, FSR, Availability (V) | Proximity, Count | Address | 0.62 | Overweight/obese |
| Chen, 2010b (12) | US | S | Count | Address, Census tract | 1 | BMI |
| Chen, 2013b (13) | US | FF | Count | Address | 0.5 | BMI |
| Drewnowski, 2012 (14) | US | S | Proximity | Address | None | Obesity |
| Dubowitz, 2012 (15) | US | G&S, FF | Count/population | Address | 0.75, 1.5, 3 | Obesity, BMI (M) |
| Dunn, 2012 (16) | US | FF (V) | Proximity, Count | Address | 1, 3 | Obesity |
| Ford, 2010b (17) | US | S, GS, G&S, C | Count, Yes/no | Address | 1, 3, 5 | Obesity |
| Ford, 2011b (18) | US | S, GS, C | Count | Census tract | None | BMI |
| Gantner, 2013 (19) | US | S, GS, G&S, C Availability (V) | Proximity, Count, Yes/no | Address | 5 | Overweight/obese, Overweight, Obesity (M) |
| Gary-Webb, 2010 (20) | US | G&S, C, FSR | Count | Census tract | None | BMI (M) |
| Hattori, 2013 (21) | US | S, GS, C, FF, FSR | Count | Address | 1, 1.5, 3 | Obesity, Overweight, BMI |
| Hickson, 2011 (22) | US | FF | Count | Address | 5 | BMI (M) |
| Hutchinson, 2012b (23) | US | S, GS, Availability (V) | Count | Address | 0.25, 0.62, 1.25 | Obesity, Overweight |
| Rose, 2009b (24) | US | Availability (V) | Address | 0.25, 0.62, 1.25 | BMI | |
| Jeffery, 2006 (25) | US | FF, FSR, R | Count | Address | 2 | BMI |
| Jilcott, 2013 (26) | US | S | Proximity | Address | None | BMI (M) |
| Jones-Smith, 2013 (27) | US | Index | Kernel density | Address | 1 | Obesity (M) |
| Kestens, 2012 (28) | Canada | S, C, FF, FSR, Index | Kernel density | Neighborhood | None | Overweight/obese |
| Kruger, 2013 (29) | US | FF | Count | Address | 2 | BMI |
| Li, 2008b (30) | US | FF | Count/area | Census block group | None | Overweight/obese |
| Li, 2009b (31) | US | FF | Count/area | Census block group | None | Obesity (M) |
| Lopez, 2007 (32) | US | S, FF | Yes/no, Count/area | Zip/postal code | None | Obesity |
| Minaker, 2013 (33) | Canada | G&S, C, AS, FF, R, Index, Availability (V) | Proximity, Count | Address | 0.62 | BMI |
| Mobley, 2006 (34) | US | S, C, FF, FSR | Count/population | Zip/postal code | None | BMI (M) |
| Moore, 2013 (35) | US | Index | Kernel density | Address | 1 | BMI (M) |
| Morland, 2006 (36) | US | S, GS, C | Yes/no | Census tract | None | Obesity, Overweight (M) |
| Morland, 2009 (37) | US | S, GS, C, FF, FSR | Proximity, Count, Yes/no | Address, Census tract | None | Obesity |
| Pouliou, 2010 (38) | Canada | G&S, C, FF | Count/land area | Address | 0.62 | BMI |
| Prince, 2011 (39) | Canada | G&S, C, FF, FSR | Count/population | Neighborhood | None | Overweight/obese |
| Prince, 2012 (40) | Canada | G&S, C, FF, FSR | Count/population | Neighborhood | None | Overweight/obese |
| Reitzel, 2014 (41) | US | FF | Proximity, Count/road miles | Address | 0.5, 1, 2, 5 | BMI (M) |
| Roth, 2013 (42) | US | G&S | Count/population | Zip/postal code | Non | Obesity, Overweight (M) |
| Rundle, 2009 (43) | US | Index | Count/area | Address | 0.5 | Obesity, Overweight, BMI (M) |
| Spence, 2009 (44) | Canada | Index | Ratio | Zip/postal code | 0.5, 1 | Obesity |
| Stark, 2013 (45) | US | Index | Count/area | Zip/postal code | None | BMI |
| Truong, 2010 (46) | US | Index | Ratio | Census tract | None | Obesity, BMI |
| Wang, 2007 (47) | US | S, GS, C, FF | Proximity, Count/area | Address, Neighborhood | 0.5 | BMI |
| Zick, 2009 (48) | US | G&S, C, FF, FSR | Yes/no | Census block group | None | Obesity, BMI |
| Children, longitudinal | ||||||
| Lamichhane, 2012 (49) | US | S, FF | Proximity, Count, Kernel density | Address | 1, 2, 6 | BMI z-score (M) |
| Lee, 2012 (50) | US | S, GS, C, FF, FSR | Count/area | Census tract | None | BMI percentile change (M) |
| Leung, 2011 (51) | US | S, GS, C, FF, FSR | Yes/no, Count/population | Address | 0.25, 1 | BMI z-score change, Overweight/obese (M) |
| Sandy, 2009 (52) | US | S, C, FF | Count | Address | 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 | BMI z-score (M) |
| Shier, 2012 (53) | US | S, GS, C, FF, Index | Yes/no, Count/population | Census tract | None | BMI percentile change (M) |
| Sturm, 2005 (54) | US | G&S, C, FF, FSR, Index | Count/population | Zip/postal code | None | BMI change (M) |
| Children, cross-sectional | ||||||
| An, 2012 (55) | US | S, GS, C, FF | Count | Address | 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5 | BMI percentile |
| Bader, 2013 (56) | US | GS, FF | Count | Census tract | None | Obesity (M) |
| Burdette, 2004 (57) | US | FF | Proximity | Address | None | Obesity (M) |
| Carroll-Scott, 2013 (58) | US | G&S, FF | Proximity | Address | None | BMI (M) |
| Fiechtner, 2013 (59) | US | S, GS, C, FF, FSR | Proximity | Address | None | BMI (M) |
| Galvez, 2009 (60) | US | S, GS, C, FF, FSR (V) | Yes/no | Census block | None | BMI percentile categories (M) |
| Gilliland, 2012 (61) | Canada | C, FF (V) | Count | Zip/postal code | 0.25 | BMI z-score |
| Jilcott, 2011 (62) | US | C | Proximity | Address | None | BMI percentile (M) |
| Laska, 2010 (63) | US | G&S, C, FF, R | Proximity, Yes/no | Address | 0.5, 1, 1.85 | BMI z-score (M) |
| Liu, 2006 (64) | US | S, GS, C, AS, FF | Proximity | Address | None | BMI percentile categories (M) |
| Mellor, 2011 (65) | US | FF, FSR | Count, Yes/no | Address | 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 | Obesity, BMI (M) |
| Mushi-Brunt, 2007 (66) | US | G&S | Proximity, Yes/no | Address, Census tract | None | Overweight/obese, Overweight (M) |
| Ohri-Vachaspati, 2013 (67) | US | S, GS, C, FF | Proximity, Count, Yes/no | Address | 0.25, 0.5, 1 | Overweight/obese |
| Oreskovic, 2009b (68) | US | FF | Proximity, Count | Address | 0.25 | Obesity, Overweight (M) |
| Oreskovic, 2009b (69) | US | FF | Proximity, Count | Address | 0.25 | Obesity, Overweight (M) |
| Wall, 2012 (70) | US | S, C, FF, R | Proximity, Yes/no, Count/area | Address | 0.75, 1 | BMI z-score (M) |
| Both adults and children, cross-sectional | ||||||
| Saelens, 2012 (71) | US | Index | Count | Census block group | 0.5 | Obesity, Overweight (M) |
S: supermarket; GS: grocery store; G&S: grocery store and supermarket; C: convenience store; AS: all stores; FF: fast food; FSR: full service restaurant; R: any restaurant; Index: food environment index; Availability: directly measured food availability; V: food outlets validated through in-person mapping; M: measured height and weight.
a
References for studies in table can be found in the Supporting Information Appendix 2.
b
Adjacent studies use both the same study population and year.