FIG. 2.
(a) A sketched plot for positive/negative DEP and biased ACEO characteristics versus frequency on nanoparticles, bacteria and blood cells. (b) When FpDEP(bacteria) < FACEO < FnDEP(BC), ACEO transport is higher than the positive DEP force on the target particles and lower than the opposite DEP force on the blood cell that allows the selective concentration of target particles at some specific electric field conditions. (c) At the state of FpDEP(target) ≈ FACEO < FnDEP(BC), both types of particles experience strong DEP forces repelling blood cells away from the middle of electrodes and attracting target particles as a ring-shape in the centre region. (d) When the applied frequency is higher than 50 kHz, ACEO effect is disappeared, and the pure DEP effect cannot effectively concentrate the target particles.