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. 2016 Jun 14;6:27914. doi: 10.1038/srep27914

miR-144 and targets, c-fos and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), modulate synthesis of PGE2 in the amnion during pregnancy and labor

Huanan Li 1, Jiawei Zhou 1, Xiajie Wei 1, Ran Chen 1, Junnan Geng 1, Rong Zheng 1, Jin Chai 1, Fenge Li 1, Siwen Jiang 1,2,a
PMCID: PMC4906292  PMID: 27297132

Abstract

Labor is initiated as a result of hormonal changes that are induced by the activation of the inflammatory response and a series of biochemical events. The amnion, which is the primary source of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), plays an important role in the process of labor. In the present study, we uncovered a pathway in which c-fos, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and miR-144 function as hormonal modulators in the amnions of pregnant mice and humans. miR-144 down-regulated the synthesis of PGE2 during pregnancy by directly and indirectly inhibiting COX2 expression and by directly inhibiting the expression of c-fos, a transcriptional activator of COX2 and miR-144. Estrogen (E2) activated c-fos, thus promoting the expression of miR-144 and COX2 during labor. However, the increase in COX2 resulted in the partial inhibition of COX2 expression by miR-144, thereby slightly reducing the secretion of PGE2. These observations suggest that miR-144 inhibits PGE2 secretion by section to prevent the initiation of premature labor. Up-regulated expression of miR-144, c-fos and COX2 was also observed both in preterm mice and in mice undergoing normal labor. In summary, miR-144, c-fos and COX2 play important roles in regulating PGE2 secretion in the amnion during pregnancy and labor.

Labor is an extremely complex whose mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Most, if not all, of the events that induce labor can be attributed to the action of E2, and evidence suggests that maternal E2 plays a role in triggering parturition in primates. In human and nonhuman primates, the maternal plasma concentrations of unconjugated E2 gradually increase during gestation and reach peak levels at term1. Notably, increased levels of circulating 17β-estradiol2,3 and enhanced estrogen receptor (ER) activity4,5 are also involved in the proinflammatory cascade, that leads to parturition6. The activator protein (AP-1) family of transcription factors regulates various estrogen-induced cellular processes, including inflammation7. AP-1 is typically incorporated into c-Jun and c-fos heterodimeric complexes, and the AP-1 levels increase in the myometrium and amnion prior to the onset of labor8. These observations indicate that AP-1 plays a key role in the inflammation-mediated induction of labor9. COX2 is a highly inducible gene that is expressed at low to undetectable levels in the uterus throughout most of pregnancy, and it is highly up-regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and E2 at term10,11. COX2 catalyzes the production of prostaglandins in the amnion12 and plays a crucial physiological role in the initiation of labor by functioning as a potent activator of uterine contractility13. PGE2 is upregulated in inflammation-induced preterm delivery, probably because it intensifies the inflammatory response, thereby promoting uterine smooth muscle contraction14.

Recent studies have reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the regulation of genes that influence uterine quiescence/contractility during pregnancy and labor15,16,17. During the induction of labor, an increase in miR-200 levels inhibits the expression of ZEB1 and ZEB2, thereby facilitating the upregulation of OXTR and GJA1 expression. ZEB1 and ZEB2 decrease the expression of the miR-199a/214 cluster, thereby upregulating COX2 expression and subsequently increasing the synthesis of contractile prostaglandins. The increase in miR-200 expression inhibits another target, STAT5B, thereby facilitating the expression of the gene encoding 20α-HSD and promoting the local metabolism of progesterone (P4) in the myometrium. In a more recent study, we have observed an increase in miR-144 expression and a corresponding increase in c-fos and COX2 expression 114 days and 112 days after insemination in female Large White pigs with and without signs of labor onset, respectively18. The identification of miRNAs as hormonally regulated modulators of gene expression prompted us to investigate the roles of miRNAs in the synthesis of PGE2 during pregnancy and labor.

In the present study, we report that c-fos, COX2 and miR-144 act as hormonal modulators in the amnion in mice and humans, thereby increasing the expression of miR-144, c-fos and COX2 in the amnion of pregnant mice (15.5 d post-coitum (dpc)) and near term mice (18.5 dpc). E2 treatment significantly increased the expression of miR-144, c-fos and COX2 in the mouse amnion and human amniotic cells (WISH). The induction of preterm labor in mice by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was associated with an increase in miR-144, c-fos, and COX2 expression and the induction of PGE2 expression. miR-144 down-regulated synthesis of PGE2 by direct and indirect repression of COX2, and by direct repression of c-fos, a transcriptional activator of COX2 and miR-144 during pregnancy. E2 activated c-fos, thus promoting the expression of miR-144 and COX2; after this increase in COX2, miR-144 partially reduced the expression of COX2, which can be assumed to be a self-protection mechanism against the inflammatory response.

Results

miR-144, c-fos and COX2 are up-regulated in pregnant and near term mice

In a previous deep sequencing analysis of Large White sows placentas before and at the onset of labor, we found that miR-144, c-fos and COX2 were significantly up-regulated near term18. To confirm whether the expression pattern of miR-144, c-fos and COX2 is conserved in mice, qRT-PCR analysis of mouse amniotic tissue at 15.5 and 18.5 dpc was performed, and the results showed that miR-144 (Fig. 1A) as well as c-fos and COX2 (Fig. 1B,C) were increased. Western blot analysis also confirmed the increase in c-fos and COX2 (Fig. 1D). ELISA analysis also indicated an increase in amniotic fluid PGE2 (Fig. 1E). Together, these results indicated that the expression patterns of miR-144, c-fos and COX2 during pregnancy are similar in pigs and mice.

Figure 1. miR-144, c-fos, COX2 and PGE2 are coordinately regulated during pregnancy and near term in the mouse amnion.

Figure 1

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(A) qRT-PCR revealed that miR-144 expression in the mouse amnion significantly increased during the initiation of labor. c-fos and COX2 mRNA (B,C) and protein (E) levels increased between 15.5 dpc and 18.5 dpc. (D) PGE2 levels markedly increased in the amniotic fluid of pregnant mice between 15.5 and 18.5 dpc. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; n = 5 mice per group).

miR-144, c-fos and COX2 are up-regulated in a mouse models of preterm labor

To determine whether the changes in the expression of miR-144, c-fos and COX2 were associated with preterm labor, preterm labor was induced by injecting LPS into the amniotic sacs of 15.5 dpc mice19. LPS treatment promoted miR-144 expression in the amnion (Fig. 2A) and increased the mRNA and protein levels of c-fos and COX2 (Fig. 2B–D). These findings suggest that up-regulation of the expression of miR-144, c-fos and COX2 in anmion may play a role preterm labor.

Figure 2. miR-144, c-fos, and COX2 are up-regulated in a mouse model of preterm labor.

Figure 2

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(A–D) Animals received a single s.c. injection of LPS (1.5 μg) into the amniotic sac at 15.5 dpc. Mice were considered to be in labor after the birth of one pup. LPS treatment increased the expression of miR-144 (A) c-fos, and COX2 at the mRNA (B,C) and protein (D) levels. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Student’s t-test was used to calculate statistical significance. *P < 0.05, n = 5 mice per treatment group.

c-fos up-regulates miR-144 and COX2 in WISH cells

Recent studies have reported that the c-fos levels increase in the myometrium and placenta during labor20,21. Although data from previous studies have indicated that c-fos positively regulates COX2 expression22, this relationship has not been established in the amnion. Similarly, the association between c-fos and miR-144 has not previously been reported. To investigate whether c-fos regulates miR-144 and COX2 expression in the amnion, a pcDNA3.1 expression plasmid was used for the c-fos transfection of WISH cells to augment c-fos expression at both the mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 3A,B); this transfection led to an increase in the mRNA and protein levels of miR-144 and COX2 (Fig. 3C–E). In contrast, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of c-fos in WISH cells decreased the mRNA and protein levels of miR-144 and COX2 (Fig. 3F–J).

Figure 3. c-fos upregulates miR-144 and COX2 expression in WISH cells.

Figure 3

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(A–E) WISH cells were transfected with the pcDNA3.1-c-fos expression plasmid or an empty vector (control). c-fos mRNA (A) and protein (B) levels increased 48 h after transfection. The up-regulation of c-fos was associated with a significant increase in miR-144(C) and COX2 mRNA (D) and protein (E) levels. (F–J) WISH cells were transfected with c-fos siRNA or with a scrambled siRNA (control). c-fos mRNA (F) and protein (G) levels significantly decreased 48 h after transfection. (H) The decrease in c-fos expression was associated with a significant increase in miR-144 levels. The down-regulation of c-fos was associated with a significant suppression of COX2 mRNA (I) and protein (J) levels. The data are presented as the mean ± SD of the results of three independent experiments. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate. *Statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference compared with the control.

To further examine whether c-fos regulates miR-144, the miR-144 promoter region was isolated from a luciferase reporter construct, referred to as pGL3-promoter-2225, containing a 2.2-kb region upstream of the precursor miR-144. According to sequence conservation data, four additional luciferase reporter constructs containing decreasing lengths of the upstream sequence (-1075 bp, -757 bp, -360 bp and -191 bp) were derived. The five luciferase reporter constructs and the pGL3-basic plasmid were then transfected separately into WISH cells to determine the basal promoter activity. As shown in Fig. 4A, the pGL3-promoter-757 construct (i.e., the 757-bp putative promoter region) displayed the highest luciferase activity, which was 20-fold higher than that of pGL3-basic. The other two reporter constructs with relatively larger regions of the upstream sequence exhibited a level of luciferase activity similar to that of pGL3-promoter-360, thus suggesting that the transcriptional start site is located in the region between -757 and -360 bp. These results indicated that the promoter activity that triggers miR-144 transcription resides in the region -360 bp upstream of the precursor miR-144. To investigate whether c-fos is involved in miR-144 transcription, the region 1-kb upstream of the precursor miR-144 was analysed using transcription factor binding prediction software. Three putative AP-1 binding sites were identified in the region 1-kb upstream of the miR-144 precursor. Thus, c-fos overexpression vectors and pGL3-promoter-1075 reporter were co-transfected into WISH cells. As shown in Fig. 4B, c-fos overexpression strongly increased luciferase activity. In contrast, luciferase activity decreased in WISH cells co-transfected with c-fos siRNA and the pGL3-promoter-1075 reporter construct (Fig. 4B). The binding site of the AP-1 mutation markedly affected the transcriptional activity compared with that of wild type (Fig. 4C). A similar result was observed in WISH cells overexpressing c-fos (Fig. 4D). We also evaluated the binding properties of AP-1 by using EMSA and supershift assays (Fig. 4E–G). We examined the DNA probes corresponding to the AP-1 binding sites 1, 2 and 3, which contained the putative AP-1 binding sequences and the regions flanking them on both sides in the human miR-144 promoter. Incubating each of the biotin-labelled probes with the WISH cells nuclear extracts caused a major retarded band. Excessive amounts of unlabelled probes prevented each labelled probe from binding with AP-1, as indicated by the dim retarded band. Additionally, the incubation of c-fos antibody caused supershifted bands indicating the presence of c-fos in the binding complex. The in vitro recruitment of c-fos to the miR-144 promoter was assessed by using a ChIP assay, which indicated that c-fos was recruited to the miR-144 promoter (Fig. 4H). These results clearly demonstrate that c-fos regulates the transcription of miR-144 and COX2 by binding the potential sites in its promoter.

Figure 4. Transcriptional regulation of miR-144.

Figure 4

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(A) Identification of miR-144 promoter activity by using luciferase assays in WISH cells. (B) WISH cells were co-transfected with c-fos overexpression vectors and the pGL3-promoter-1075 reporter . The overexpression of c-fos strongly increased luciferase activity. Luciferase activity decreased in WISH cells co-transfected with c-fos siRNA and the pGL3-promoter-1075 reporter. (C) A mutation in the AP-1 binding site strongly reduced transcriptional activity compared with wild-type AP-1. (D) A strong reduction in transcriptional activity was observed in WISH cells cotransfected with c-fos overexpression vectors and the pGL3-promoter-1075 reporter with an AP-1 binding site mutation compared with the reporter with the wild-type AP-1 sequence. (E–G) WISH cells nuclear extracts were incubated with biotin-labelled DNA probes corresponding to the 3 putative AP-1 binding sites in the miR-144 promoter (lanes 2–5). A 200-fold excess of unlabelled DNA probe was included in the reaction to evaluate binding competition. The supershift assay was conducted using an antibody against c-fos (lane 1). (H) ChIP assays using antibodies against c-fos were used to evaluate the binding activity of endogenous c-fos to the region of the AP-1 promoter that contains with the putative c-fos response elements. c-fos binding was evaluated using PCR. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM (*P < 0.05).

miR-144 targets c-fos and COX2

As mentioned above, the 3′UTR of c-fos and COX2 was found to contain putative binding sites for miR-144. To assess whether miR-144 directly targets c-fos and COX2, we transfected HeLa cells separately with miR-144 mimics and a luciferase reporter plasmid containing a portion of the c-fos 3′UTR or COX2 3′UTR, which resulted in significant down-regulation of the luciferase activity of both the c-fos 3′UTR and COX2 3′UTR. This repression was reversed when the putative miR-144 binding sites were mutated (Fig. 5A,B). Additionally, we investigated whether miR-144 inhibits endogenous c-fos and COX2 expression in human WISH cells. Transfecting the WISH cells with miR-144 mimics significantly decreased the protein level of c-fos and the mRNA and protein levels of COX2 as well as the concentration of PGE2 in the cell supernatants; in contrast, transfecting the WISH cells with miR-144 inhibitors significantly increased the protein level of c-fos and the mRNA and protein levels of COX2 but did not significantly regulate the mRNA level of c-fos (Fig. 5C–F). As shown above, because c-fos can increase the expression of COX2, we hypothesized that miR-144 might indirectly regulate COX2 expression via c-fos. To test this hypothesis, we transfected WHIS cells with either miR-144 mimics/COX2 target protector/c-fos target protector or miR-144 mimics/COX2 target protector/c-fos target protector negative control (NC). After the transduction of miR-144 and c-fos target protector, the protein levels of COX2 increased (Fig. 5G), thus implying that miR-144 can indirectly target COX2 via c-fos. Together, these data indicate that during pregnancy, the expression of c-fos is lower and that miR-144 directly or indirectly targets both c-fos and COX2, ultimately decreasing the PGE2 levels. Because c-fos regulates the transcription of miR-144 and COX2 and because miR-144 targets c-fos and COX2, we hypothesize that with the increase in c-fos and COX2 that occurs in labor, miR-144 might partially inhibit COX2 expression. To verify this hypothesis, we transfected WHIS cells with c-fos overexpression/c-fos target protector/COX2 target protector or c-fos overexpression/c-fos target protector/COX2 target protector NC. After the transduction of the c-fos overexpression plasmid and the COX2 target protector, the protein levels of COX2 increased (Fig. 5H), as did PEG2 synthesis (Fig. 5I), thus indicating that miR-144 can partly inhibit COX2 via the up-regulation of c-fos. c-fos to promote the expression of miR-144 and COX2, but with the increase of COX2, miR-144 partially inhibited the COX2 expression, thereby reducing slightly the secretion of PGE2 , implying that miR-144 reduces PGE2 secretion by section to avoid preterm delivery.

Figure 5. miR-144 directly and indirectly targets c-fos and COX2, and inhibits the synthesis of PGE2.

Figure 5

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(A) Luciferase assays were conducted on HeLa cells cotransfected with either miR-144 or mimics NC and the luciferase:c-fos 3′UTR reporter with the WT or mutant miR-144 binding sites. (B) Luciferase assays were conducted on HeLa cells cotransfected with either miR-144 or mimics NC and the luciferase: COX2 3′UTR reporter with the WT or mutant miR-144 binding sites. The luciferase activity in cells cotransfected with miR-144 relative to luciferase activity in cells transfected with the NC are plotted. The mimics NC did not affect reporter activity. The values are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments, each of which was conducted in triplicate. *Statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference compared with cells cotransfected with NC. The results of the cotransfection experiments indicate that miR-144 directly targets the c-fos 3′UTR and the COX2 3′UTR. The effect of miR-144 on c-fos and COX2 was abolished when the putative miR-144 binding sites were mutated. (C–F) WISH cells were transfected with miR-144 mimics, NC mimics, a miR-144 inhibitor or the NC inhibitor. After 48 h, no significant changes in c-fos mRNA levels were observed (C). miR-144 inhibited COX2 mRNA expression (D), reduced c-fos and COX2 protein levels (E), and decreased PGE2 levels (F). (G) miR-144 indirectly regulates COX2 via c-fos. COX2 protein levels increased in cells transfected with miR-144 and the c-fos target protector. (H) miR-144 partially inhibited COX2 expression. WISH cells were transfected with the c-fos overexpression plasmid and either the COX2 target protector or the COX2 target protector NC. Levels of the COX2 protein and PGE2 increased in cells transfected with the c-fos overexpression plasmid and the COX2 target protector (I). The data are presented as the mean ± SD (*P < 0.05).

E2 regulates miR-144, c-fos and COX2 in WISH cells and amnion of pregnant mice

E2 promotes an inflammatory response in the uterus and antagonizes the anti-inflammatory actions of P4/PR4,23. Moreover, the circulating E2 levels increase markedly near term in a number of species2,3,24. Treating rats and cultured fibroblasts derived from human uterine endometrium with E2 specifically induces c-fos, which is an inflammation-related transcription factor7,25,26. E2 has also been reported to promote COX2 expression in the myocardium27. To assess the effects of E2 on the expression of miR-144, c-fos and COX2 in the amnion, WISH cells were treated with 10 nM E2, and mice were administered an amniotic sac injection of E2. E2 injection, which led to a moderate increase in the expression of miR-144, c-fos and COX2 in both the amnion and WISH cells (Fig. 6). Collectively, these findings suggest that E2 promotes the expression of miR-144, c-fos and COX2 and that miR-144 and COX2 are probably mediated, in part, via the induction of c-fos by E2.

Figure 6. E2 regulates miR-144, c-fos and COX2 in the amnion of pregnant mice and in WISH cells.

Figure 6

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(A–D) WISH cells were treated with 10 nM E2 and harvested 24 h later. E2 treatment increased miR-144 (A) c-fos, and COX2 mRNA (B,C) and protein (D) levels. (E–H) Animals received a single s.c. injection of E2 (1 μg) into the amniotic sac at 15.5 dpc. Amniotic tissues were harvested 24 h later. E2 treatment increased miR-144 (E) c-fos, and COX2 mRNA (F,G) and protein (H) levels. The data are presented as the mean ± SD values. Student’s t-test was used to calculate statistical significance (*P < 0.05).

Discussion

Understanding of the mechanisms underlying the onset of parturition has increased considerably in recent years28. It is clear that E2, acting through ER, is essential for maintaining myometrial quiescence and that an enhanced inflammatory response caused by signals from both the mother and foetus promotes the progression to labor28. The amnion plays a crucial role in human parturition, and all of the findings in the present study indicate that the post-transcriptional regulation of amniotic gene expression by miRNAs is an integral component of human parturition16,17,29.

Despite growing insights into the signals and pathways leading to the initiation of labor, much remains to be discovered regarding the mechanisms by which the myometrium is transformed from a refractory near-quiescent state to a highly contractile unit capable of responding to a variety of signals from the amnion16,17,29. By elucidating a unique regulatory pathway involving the miR-44 and its targets, c-fos and COX2, our research provides some insights into the mechanisms though which E2 modulates the synthesis of PGE2 in the amnion during pregnancy and labor.

Notably, increased levels of circulating E22,3 and enhanced ER activity4,5 are involved in the proinflammatory cascade that promotes parturition. Fetal membranes can be synthetic free E230. Romero has reported that spontaneous human parturition at term is associated with a significant increase in the concentration of E2 in the amniotic fluid31. When the E2 levels in the local tissue of the uterus near a particular threshold, the E2/P4 balance is disrupted, and labor becomes inevitable. E2 activation appears to be a prime player in the initiation of labor because the phenotypic changes observed in the amnion are induced by E2 injection. E2 can induce the expression of c-fos, which is increased in the myometrium and amnion prior to the onset of labor32. Recently, Liu et al. have demonstrated the functional significance of miR-144 and the regulation feedback loop of c-fos in the migration and invasion of hepatoma cells33. Similar results were obtained in our research. COX2 is a key enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins, and there is a good correlation between the COX2 and PGE2 expression levels in the amnion34. The regulation of COX2 is a complex process that involves both transcriptional and post-transcriptional events35. It has been shown that c-fos can increase the expression of COX2 in both human amniotic cells and the myometrium36,37.

Our findings indicate that elevated circulating E2 levels throughout most of pregnancy directly up-regulate the expression of c-fos in the amnion. After 17.5 dpc, with an increase in the E2 levels21, the mRNA and protein levels of c-fos in the amnions of pregnant mice are significantly increased. Because c-fos directly binds and promotes the miR-144 promoter, an increase in c-fos results in a reciprocal up-regulation of miR-1444,23 (Fig. 3E). We also found that c-fos up-regulates COX2 expression. From these collective findings, we conclude that the increase in miR-144 and COX2 that occurs during late gestation in response to LPS treatment is attributable to the rise of c-fos expression but that the decrease in miR-144 and COX2 that occurs before late gestation is attributable to the down-regulation of c-fos expression. Further, the expression relationship among miR-144, c-fos and COX2 after E2 addition at different time points could be investigated in the subsequent experiment.

In addition to characterizing the regulation of c-fos, we explored the functional role of miR-144 and COX2 in the amnion in near term mice. Recent studies have indicated that during pregnancy and labour, the myometrium, cervix, and foetal membranes are affected by several miRNAs, including miR-200, miR-199a-3p, miR-214, miR-34b, miR-34c, miR-338 and miR-223, which suggests the key collaborative roles of miRNAs in the hormonal control of myometrial quiescence and contractility during pregnancy and labor15,16,17,38,39,40. Chakrabarty et al. have recently demonstrated the functional significance of amnion expression of miR-143 and its regulation of COX2 in labor at term29. In the present study, the overexpression analysis of miR-144 mimics in cultured human WISH cells indicated that miR-144 downregulates the expression of c-fos and COX2 and that c-fos interference inhibits the synthesis of PGE2 in the amnion during pregnancy and labor. Further tests indicated that miR-144 indirectly targets COX2 via c-fos.

The up-regulation of COX2 expression in the amnion may increase the PGE2 concentration, thus leading to the contraction of myometrial strips, which may be the cause of labor onset12. PGE2 is upregulated in inflammatory-induced preterm delivery, probably due to the intensification of the inflammatory response, which, in turn, causes uterine smooth muscle contraction41. COX2 inhibitors can decrease both COX2 expression and PGE2 concentration, thereby inhibiting the contraction of myometrial strips and delaying labor onset14. In the present study, the elevated circulating E2 levels directly up-regulate the expression of c-fos in the amnion throughout most of pregnancy. With the increased expression of c-fos, the expression of COX2 is also upregulated, but miR-144 partially inhibits COX2 expression, thus slightly reducing the PGE2 secretion. We hypothesize that miR-144 reduces PGE2 secretion by section to avoid the onset of premature delivery. Therefore, the labor-control mechanism is a multi-level complex network rather than an isolated single-level one, though the details of the network remain to be further elucidated.

In summary, c-fos is a key E2 target gene in amnion that promotes the synthesis of PGE2, and it is associated with COX2 and miR-144. The decrease in E2 levels before term leads to down-regulation of c-fos gene expression, which in turn results in the down-regulation of miR-144 and COX2 expression, and miR-144 directly and indirectly targets c-fos and COX2, all of which reduce the secretion of PGE2 throughout most of pregnancy (Fig. 7). Near term, signals from both the foetus and mother cause an increased inflammatory response that leads to an increase in the local E2 levels. This increase up-regulates the expression of the c-fos gene, which leads to the increased expression of miR-144 and COX2. Then, the resulting elevated miRNAs partly repress COX2, thus resulting in a slight down-regulation of PGE2 secretion and suppression of PGE2 overexpression, and leading to the final inhibition of premature delivery (Fig. 7). Overall, our findings implicate a previously undiscovered pathway in the regulation of PGE2 synthesis in the amnion during pregnancy and parturition and may open an avenue for developing effective therapeutics to prevent preterm labor.

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the regulation of E2 during pregnancy and labor via the miR-144/c-fos/COX2/PGE2 axis.

Figure 7

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Materials and Methods

Mouse tissue preparation

All of the studies involving animals were conducted according to the regulation (No. 5 proclamation of the Standing Committee of Hubei People’s Congress) approved by the Standing Committee of Hubei People’s Congress, P. R. China. The sample collection procedure used in this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Huazhong Agricultural University (permit number No. 30700571). The animals were allowed ad libitum access to food and water. They were housed under standard conditions and were humanely sacrificed to minimize suffering, in accordance with the approved guidelines. Amnion tissues were isolated at 15.5–18.5 dpc after the delivery of the first pup (in labor) as previously described17.

E2 treatment studies

WISH cells were plated in 6-well dishes. When the cells reached approximately 70% confluence, they were cultured in serum-free medium containing the vehicle controls or 100 nM E2 for 6 h. Pregnant 15.5 dpc Kunming mice were injected with E2 (Sigma) (1 μg in 0.3 ml of the sesame oil vehicle) or the vehicle alone. The amnions were harvested 24 h after the injection and flash frozen for subsequent protein, mRNA, and miRNA analyses.

Mouse model of preterm labor by LPS-induced inflammation

The induction of preterm labor using LPS was conducted as previously described17. LPS (1.5 μg in 50 μL of PBS) or sterile PBS (vehicle) was injected into the amniotic sac of each mouse, and the uterus was carefully reinserted into the abdominal cavity. The abdominal muscle wall and skin were subsequently sutured, and the mouse was allowed to recuperate. There was a high rate of preterm labor in the LPS-injected mice, and no instances of preterm labor were observed in the vehicle-injected mice. The LPS-injected mice were sacrificed after the birth of 1 pup, and the gestation-matched controls were sacrificed immediately afterwards.

Cell cultures

WISH cells were cultured in MEM medium (HyClone), and HeLa cells were cultured in DMEM (HyClone) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (Gibco) and streptomycin. The cells were incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO2.

Transfection

To evaluate the effects of the c-fos transcription factor, c-fos was amplified from human cDNA and cloned into the pcDNA3.1 vector. WISH cells were transfected with 100 ng of the pcDNA3.1 plasmid expressing c-fos or the empty pcDNA3.1 plasmid and harvested 48 h after the transfection. To evaluate the effects of c-fos knockdown, WISH cells were transfected with either 20 nM control small interfering RNA (siRNA) or 20 nM c-fos siRNA and harvested 48 h after the transfection. The sequence of siRNA duplexes for c-fos and negative control (scrambled) was as follows: c-fos siRNA targeting 5′- GCAAGGUGGAACAGUUAUC-3′.

For the miRNA mimic studies, the cells were transfected with 20 nM scrambled control mimic, the miR-144 mimic or the miR-144 inhibitor (Ribobio, Guangzhou, China) using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen). The cells were harvested for the mRNA and protein analyses 48 h after the transfection.

For the miRNA target protector studies, the cells were transfected with 1000 nM c-fos miScript Target Protector (QIAGEN) and 20 nM miR-144 mimic using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen). Next, the cells were transfected with 1000 nM COX2 miScript Target Protector (QIAGEN) and 1 μg of the c-fos overexpression vector using Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen). The cells were harvested for mRNA and protein analyses 48 h after transfection. MiScript Target Protectors are single-stranded, modified RNAs that interfere with the interaction of a specific miRNA with a single target and do not influence the interaction of an miRNA with its other targets. The sequences of the c-fos and COX2 miScript Target Protectors were 5′-AAATAGCTATATCCATGTACTGTAGTTTTT-3′ and 5′-GTCACTGACATTTAATGGTACTGTATATTA-3′, respectively.

Luciferase reporter assays

The TargetScan prediction software (http://www.targetscan.org) was used to identify the putative miR-144 binding sites in the 3′UTRs of mouse and human c-fos and COX2. To construct the reporter plasmid expressing pmirGLO-c-fos 3′UTR or the COX2 3′UTR, the c-fos 3′UTR and COX2 3′UTR regions were amplified from human cDNA, and the PCR product was digested with MssI and NheI. The fragment, which spans 425 bp of the c-fos 3′UTR and 499 bp of the COX2 3′UTR, was cloned into the pmirGLO Dual Luciferase miRNA Target Expression Vector (Promega). For the analysis of the 3′UTR mutations, four nucleotides in the putative miR-144 binding site were mutated (c-fos 3′UTR CCATGTACTGT-5′ to 3′-CCATGTAAGTG-5′ and COX2 3′UTR 3′-CATTTAATGGTACTGTA-5′ to 3′-CATTTAATGGTACGAGC-5′). HeLa cells were co-transfected with the reporter plasmids and 20 nM miR-144 or the control, and relative luciferase activity was assayed 24 h later.

To construct the pGL3-promoter-2225, promoter-1075, promoter-757, promoter-360 and promoter-191 luciferase reporter plasmids, each region of the miR-144 promoter was amplified from human genomic DNA and cloned into the pGL3-basic plasmid (Promega). For the luciferase assay, WISH cells were plated in 24-well plates and co-transfected 24 h later with 0.2 μg of the pGL3 reporter plasmid, 0.002 μg of the Renilla plasmid (Promega) and 50 nM miR-144 mimic.

The miR-144 promoter reporter plasmids with specific single mutations in the miR-144 binding site of the AP-1 transcription factor AP-1 binding site were generated by using fusion PCR. HeLa cells were co-transfected with the pGL3-AP1-mut reporter plasmid and a recombinant plasmid expressing pcDNA3.1-c-fos or an empty vector. Relative luciferase activity was assayed 24 h after the transfection of the luciferase reporter.

Quantitative RT-PCR

For gene expression analysis, total RNA was reverse transcribed using a PrimeScript RT reagent kit (TaKaRa). The quantitative RT-PCR analysis was conducted using SYBR Green Real-time PCR Master Mix (TOYOBO) and a CFX96 Real-time System (Bio-Rad). The sequences of the primers used for quantitative RT-PCR were as follows: mouse c-fos forward: 5′-AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG-3′, mouse c-fos reverse: 5′′-TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA-3′, mouse COX-2 forward: 5′-CAGCCAGGCAGCAAATCC-3′, mouse COX-2 reverse: 5′-ACATTCCCCACGGTTTTGAC-3′, human c-fos forward: 5′-TACTACCACTCACCCGCAGAC-3′, human c-fos reverse: 5′- GAATGAAGTTGGCACTGGAGA-3′, human COX-2 forward: 5′-TTCCAGATCCAGAGCTCATTAAA-3′, human COX-2 reverse: 5′-CCGGAGCGG GAAGAACT-3′, miR-144 forward: 5′-TCGGCAGGTACAGTATAGATGAT-3′, and miR-144 reverse: 5′-TCAACTGGTGTCGTGGAGTCGGC-3′. U6 RNA and β-actin were used as endogenous internal controls, and the relative expression levels were calculated with the 2−ΔΔCT method.

Immunoblotting

Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein extracts were isolated from cellular and tissue samples using RIPA buffer (Beyotime) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail and 1 mM PMSF (Beyotime). The expression levels of the proteins of interest were analysed separately using primary polyclonal antibodies against COX-2 and c-fos (Boster) at a dilution of 1:200. The horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Boster) was used at a dilution of 1:5000. The blots were stripped and re-probed with antibodies against β-actin (Abcam), which was used as a loading control.

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)

Nuclear proteins from WISH cells were extracted by using a Nucleoprotein Extraction Kit (Sangon). Synthetic complementary oligonucleotides containing the AP-1-binding site of the miR-144 promoter were 3′-biotinylated and annealed. The wild-type AP-1-1 oligonucleotide sequence is 5′- GCTGGGAATAGAAATTTAGGCTGACGGGTAGGGTGAGCTCGGCTGCCA-3′, and the mutant sequence is 5′- GCTGGGAATAGAAATTTAGGCAAGAAATGCGGGTGAGCTCGGCTGCCA-3′. The wild-type AP-1-2 oligonucleotide sequence is 5′- CTTCTAGGGAAAGGGGCCAGTGACCCTTGTCATGGACTCTAGCAGGGC-3′, and the mutant sequence is 5′- CTTCTAGGGAAAGGGGCCAGTGAAAACGCTCATGGACTCTAGCAGGGC-3′. The wild-type AP-1-3 oligonucleotide sequence is 5′- CCATAACCCACCTGGGCTGTGCCTGACCACAGAATCAAGGAGACGCTG-3′, and the mutant sequence is 5′- CCATAACCCACCTGGGCTGTGCCGCCAGGCAGAATCAAGGAGACGCTG-3′. The DNA-protein-binding assays were conducted using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin and the LightShift Chemiluminescent EMSA Kit (Thermo) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

CHIP

ChIP experiments were conducted to assess the binding of endogenous c-fos to the miR-144 promoter in WISH cells using a ChIP Assay Kit (Millipore). Precleared chromatin was incubated with the c-fos antibody (Abcam) or the nonimmune IgG control overnight at 4 °C. The immunocomplexes were isolated on Protein A agarose beads with a ChIP Assay Kit (catalogue no. 17–295; Millipore). The chromatin complexes were eluted from the beads, and the DNA cross-linking was subsequently reversed. Purified DNA from the samples and the input controls was analysed for the presence of miR-144 promoter sequences containing putative c-fos response elements using qPCR and the following primers: AP-1-1 (forward: 5′-ATTTAGGCTGACGGGTAG-3′; reverse: 5′- AGTGGTGGTAGGCAATGT-3′), AP-1-2 (forward: 5′- TGGAGATGGGAGTGAAGG-3′; reverse: 5′- CCTGGGTGGGGCACTTTT-3′), and AP-1-3 (forward: 5′- CCTGGGTCCCTATGAGAT-3′; reverse: 5′- GGCAGAACAGGACAGGTC-3′). We also synthesized primers targeting the miR-144 promoter sequence that did not contain the c-fos binding site (Nbs).

ELISA

The levels of PGE2 in WISH cells supernatants were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The medium in which the WISH cells were cultured was collected and centrifuged at 13,000 g for 15 min to pellet the debris. The ELISAs were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions (QIAGEN). The colorimetric reaction was measured at 450 nm.

Statistical Analysis

Excel (Microsoft) was used to analyse the data. Statistical significance was determined using the two-tailed Student’s t test and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Additional Information

How to cite this article: Li, H. et al. miR-144 and targets, c-fos and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), modulate synthesis of PGE2 in the amnion during pregnancy and labor. Sci. Rep. 6, 27914; doi: 10.1038/srep27914 (2016).

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. Siwen Jiang for suggestions and edits to the manuscript and to Professor Hanchang Zhu for help with the language editing. The authors also acknowledge all of the members of the laboratory for their help in obtaining samples. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (31472075), the National Key Technology Support Program of China (Grant number 2011BAD28B01 and 2014BAD20B01), and the Hubei Province Major Technology Innovation Program of China (Grant number 2014ABA025).

Footnotes

Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: R.Z., J.C., F.L. and S.J. Performed the experiments: H.L. and J.Z. Analysed the data: H.L., C.C. and X.W. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: H.L., J.G. and J.Z. Wrote the paper: H.L. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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