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. 2016 May 30;8:334–341. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.051

Dataset for transcriptional response of barley (Hordeum vulgare) exposed to drought and subsequent re-watering

Filip Kokáš 1, Petr Vojta 1, Petr Galuszka 1,
PMCID: PMC4908270  PMID: 27331111

Abstract

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an economically important species, which can be cultivated in environmentally adverse conditions due to its higher tolerance in contrast to other cereal crops. The draft of H. vulgare genome is available already for couple of years; however its functional annotation is still incomplete. All available databases were searched to expand current annotation. The improved annotation was used to describe processes and genes regulated in transgenic lines showing higher tolerance to drought in our associated article, doi:10.1016/j.nbt.2016.01.010 (Vojta et al., 2016) [1]. Here we present whole transcriptome response, using extended annotation, to severe drought stress and subsequent re-watering in wild-type barley plants in stem elongation phase of growth. Up- and down-regulated genes fall into distinct GO categories and these enriched by stress and revitalization are highlighted. Transcriptomic data were evaluated separately for root and aerial tissues.

Keywords: Barley, Drought stress, Genome annotation, Re-watering, Transcriptomics


Specifications Table

Subject area Biology
More specific subject area RNA-seq transcriptome data of barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Type of data Tables and figures
How data was acquired Sequencing on Illumina HiSeq 2500 Sequencing System
Data format Processed, analyzed
Experimental factors Samples were exposed to severe drought stress and subsequently re-watered
Experimental features RNA was extracted using RNAqueous kit and purified on magnetic beads. Sequencing libraries were prepared using the TruSeq Stranded mRNA kit from Illumina and quantified using the Kapa Library Quantification kit. Libraries were sequenced on HiSeq 2500 Illumina platform.
Data source location Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Data accessibility Data are within this article

Value of the data

  • Improvement of a functional annotation of Hordeum vulgare genome draft.

  • This dataset provides the list of all up- and down-regulated genes during one day long desiccation and subsequent re-watering separately in roots and upper part of 4-week-old barley seedlings.

  • Enriched gene ontology (GO) term analysis highlights processes targeted by above mentioned conditions.

  • The dataset can serve as a source of candidate genes for markers used for drought associated studies.

1. Data

This data consist of five high-throughput sequenced samples of barley roots (Supplementary Table 1, n=2) and upper part (Supplementary Table 2, n=3), exposed to optimal or drought conditions and subsequent re-watering, generated from an Illumina HiSeq 2500, together with GO term analysis of the most affected Biological Processes (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). Predicted genes from the latest genome version (082214v1.25) have been annotated based on three various databases (Fig. 1) and associated to GO term categories (Fig. 2). Several GO terms have been assigned to each predicted sequence (Fig. 3).

Table 1.

The most affected GO terms from Biological Processes in the stressed roots and percentage of differentially expressed genes (adjusted p-value ≤0.05) at the GO level 6.

GO number
GO term
Total #
% of affected genes
DOWN-REGULATED
GO:0010089 xylem development 13 69.23%
GO:0071103 DNA conformation change 104 59.62%
GO:0070726 cell wall assembly 11 54.55%
GO:0048544 recognition of pollen 91 50.55%
GO:0006915 apoptotic process 296 50.34%
GO:0051129 negative regulation of cellular component organization 10 50.00%
GO:0001666 response to hypoxia 16 50.00%
GO:0009664 plant-type cell wall organization 76 48.68%
GO:0046271 phenylpropanoid catabolic process 21 47.62%
GO:0007166 cell surface receptor signaling pathway 42 47.62%
GO:0009834 plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis 19 47.37%
GO:0015851 nucleobase transport 13 46.15%
GO:0006002 fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process 11 45.45%
GO:0042886 amide transport 65 44.62%
GO:0000910 cytokinesis 106 43.40%



UP-REGULATED
GO:0071462 cellular response to water stimulus 11 63.64%
GO:0009407 toxin catabolic process 33 60.61%
GO:0072348 sulfur compound transport 10 60.00%
GO:1902644 tertiary alcohol metabolic process 22 59.09%
GO:0044242 cellular lipid catabolic process 97 57.73%
GO:0033015 tetrapyrrole catabolic process 35 57.14%
GO:0042538 hyperosmotic salinity response 20 55.00%
GO:0010286 heat acclimation 26 53.85%
GO:0046164 alcohol catabolic process 10 50.00%
GO:0046434 organophosphate catabolic process 12 50.00%
GO:0048545 response to steroid hormone 20 50.00%
GO:0050801 ion homeostasis 80 48.75%
GO:0055082 cellular chemical homeostasis 52 48.08%
GO:0042542 response to hydrogen peroxide 62 46.77%
GO:0009699 phenylpropanoid biosynthetic process 28 46.43%

Table 2.

The most affected GO terms from Biological Processes in the stressed aerial part and percentage of differentially expressed genes (adjusted p-value ≤0.05) at the GO level 6.

GO number
GO term
Total #
% of affected genes
DOWN-REGULATED
GO:0009765 photosynthesis, light harvesting 32 87.50%
GO:0019750 chloroplast localization 67 71.64%
GO:0051667 establishment of plastid localization 67 71.64%
GO:0009668 plastid membrane organization 123 70.73%
GO:0009658 chloroplast organization 146 67.12%
GO:0016226 iron-sulfur cluster assembly 70 62.86%
GO:0019682 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process 216 62.04%
GO:0051156 glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process 121 61.16%
GO:0033014 tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process 102 59.80%
GO:0042727 flavin-containing compound biosynthetic process 12 58.33%
GO:0010374 stomatal complex development 69 53.62%
GO:0009767 photosynthetic electron transport chain 57 50.88%
GO:0006720 isoprenoid metabolic process 255 49.02%
GO:0006778 porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process 138 47.83%
GO:0016143 S-glycoside metabolic process 60 46.67%



UP-REGULATED
GO:0042538 hyperosmotic salinity response 20 50.00%
GO:0009962 regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process 11 36.36%
GO:0010647 positive regulation of cell communication 15 33.33%
GO:0006026 aminoglycan catabolic process 18 33.33%
GO:0046348 amino sugar catabolic process 18 33.33%
GO:1901071 glucosamine-containing compound metabolic process 18 33.33%
GO:0060548 negative regulation of cell death 29 31.03%
GO:0010583 response to cyclopentenone 14 28.57%
GO:0046271 phenylpropanoid catabolic process 21 28.57%
GO:0033015 tetrapyrrole catabolic process 35 28.57%
GO:0009414 response to water deprivation 68 27.94%
GO:1902644 tertiary alcohol metabolic process 22 27.27%
GO:0043067 regulation of programmed cell death 63 25.40%
GO:0006662 glycerol ether metabolic process 32 25.00%
GO:0009407 toxin catabolic process 33 24.24%

Table 3.

The most affected GO terms from Biological Processes in the aerial parts 12 h after re-watering and percentage of differentially expressed genes (adjusted p-value ≤0.05) at the GO level 6.

GO number
GO term
Total #
% of affected genes
DOWN-REGULATED
GO:0009765 photosynthesis, light harvesting 32 81.25%
GO:0071462 cellular response to water stimulus 11 63.64%
GO:0051156 glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process 121 53.72%
GO:0009767 photosynthetic electron transport chain 57 52.63%
GO:0019750 chloroplast localization 67 50.75%
GO:0051667 establishment of plastid localization 67 50.75%
GO:0072525 pyridine-containing compound biosynthetic process 20 50.00%
GO:0009637 response to blue light 49 48.98%
GO:0019682 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process 216 46.30%
GO:0010109 regulation of photosynthesis 13 46.15%
GO:0043085 positive regulation of catalytic activity 79 45.57%
GO:0016143 S-glycoside metabolic process 60 45.00%
GO:0006778 porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process 138 44.93%
GO:0009668 plastid membrane organization 123 44.72%
GO:0033014 tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process 102 43.14%



UP-REGULATED
GO:0042273 ribosomal large subunit biogenesis 14 71.43%
GO:0000741 karyogamy 25 64.00%
GO:0072528 pyrimidine-containing compound biosynthetic process 97 59.79%
GO:0000085 mitotic G2 phase 23 56.52%
GO:0043572 plastid fission 11 54.55%
GO:0006518 peptide metabolic process 498 49.20%
GO:0043604 amide biosynthetic process 512 48.44%
GO:0007292 female gamete generation 69 46.38%
GO:0007006 mitochondrial membrane organization 11 45.45%
GO:0051604 protein maturation 47 44.68%
GO:0006026 aminoglycan catabolic process 18 44.44%
GO:0046348 amino sugar catabolic process 18 44.44%
GO:1901071 glucosamine-containing compound metabolic process 18 44.44%
GO:0051169 nuclear transport 125 44.00%
GO:0009553 embryo sac development 110 43.64%

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Venn diagram showing numbers of genes due to the source database used for their annotation.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Distribution of GO terms in whole transcriptome on the level 2 for Biological Processes (A), Molecular Function (B) and Cellular Component (C).

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

GO terms distribution per sequence annotated in improved Hordeum vulgare reference genome.

2. Experimental design, materials and methods

2.1. Plant material

Spring barley plants, cultivar Golden Promise, were grown in a phytotron with a photoperiod of 15 °C/16 h light and 12 °C/8 h dark in soil or in hydroponic tanks containing aerated Hoagland nutrient solution. Samples of root tissue 4 weeks after germination were collected from hydroponically grown plants due to the inability to collect root tissues from soil without initiation of mechanical stress. The stress was applied by removing the nutrient solution off the tank. Control samples were collected just before stress induction; stressed root samples were collected 24 h later. Aerial part samples were collected from 4 week old plants cultivated in the shallow soil. Watering on daily basis was interrupted for four days and stressed samples were collected in the end of the drought period. Revitalization samples were collected 12 h after re-watering. Each sequencing library was prepared from pool of 3 individual plants.

2.2. Annotation

Additional annotation of predicted genes was mined using Blast2GO version 3.0 program to improve raw reference genome available at Ensembl (http://plants.ensembl.org/index.html, version 082214v1.25). Gene description from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database (NCBI; version b2g_Jan15) were mined using the BLAST module from program Blast2GO with parameters blastn and e-value ≤10−5. The other step in annotation process was mapping predicted genes to other databases using Blast2GO with default parameters. Additional annotation of other predicted genes was extracted from The UniProt Knowledgebase database (http://www.uniprot.org/, version 2015_02) and the Plant Genome and Systems Biology database (PGSB; http://pgsb.helmholtz-muenchen.de/plant/, version 2014_07_31) for hits with blastn stringency of e-value ≤10−5. Finally, annotation information was obtained for 17,885 genes from a total number of 26,072 predicted genes in Hordeum vulgare genome (Fig. 1).

Gene ontology analysis was performed using the Blast2GO v.3.0 [2], firstly for all predicted genes and then specifically for significantly up-regulated and down-regulated genes with adjusted p-value (padj) ≤0.05. Total number of 70,719 GO terms was assigned to 20,991 predicted genes. Out of these 40.87%, 42.12% and 17.01% were assigned to Biological Processes, Molecular Function and Cellular Component GO categories, respectively (Fig. 2). Number of GO terms assigned to one predicted sequence was in range from 1 to 35 (Fig. 3). Differentially expressed genes were categorized to Biological Processes (BP), Cellular Components (CC) and Molecular Functions (MF) on the level 6. Number of differentially expressed genes for particular GO terms was compared with total number of genes assigned to the term and enriched GO terms were highlighted (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). Supplementary Appendix A, Appendix A contains GO terms at the level 6 with associated 10 or more genes in roots and aerial part, respectively. GO terms with associated 9 or less genes were filtered out and are not listed. GO terms are sorted due to increased percentage in category of differentially expressed genes with adjusted p-value ≤0.05 from total number of genes with the same assigned GO term. The 30 most affected Biological Processes are shown for stressed root (Table 1), stressed aerial part (Table 2) and the aerial part after re-watering (Table 3).

2.3. RNA-extraction and sequencing

Total RNA was extracted and cDNA sequencing library was prepared and sequenced as described elsewhere [1], [3].

2.4. RNA-seq analysis

Single end reads generated by the sequencing were mapped to the reference genome and quantified the same way as described in Ref. [1]. The comparison for differentially expressed genes among 3 time-points (before stress, during stress, 12 h after re-watering) was conducted using the DESeq2 package [4] implemented in R (R Development Core Team, 2008). Normalized RPKM (reads per kilobase of transcript per million reads mapped) were subjected to principle components analysis (PCA) in order to control quality of replicates. The PCA analysis shows good accordance between replicates, which cluster together (Fig. 4). The log2fold value is calculated for each gene and genes are sorted according to adjusted p-value. Positive log2fold values are for up-regulated and negative for down-regulated genes. The base mean value represents mean of normalized RPKM for all comparisons and thus expresses transcript abundance of each gene in particular organ.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

The PCA analysis for replicates from root samples before stress (Root_Ctrl) and during drought stress period (Root_Stress), and from the upper part before stress (Upper_Ctrl), during stress (Upper_Stress) and 12 h after re-watering (Upper_R12H).

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (Grant no. 14-12355 S) and the National Program for Sustainability (Project no. LO1204).

Footnotes

Transparency document

Transparency data associated with this article can be found in the online version at 10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.051.

Appendix A

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at 10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.051.

Transparency document. Supplementary material

Supplementary material

mmc1.docx (12.5KB, docx)

Appendix A. Supplementary material

Table S1. Comparative transcriptomics of Hordeum vulgare roots during the drought stress. Average expression level (baseMean) and change due to optimal conditions (log2FoldChange) with statistical significance (padj) are presented. Table S2. Comparative transcriptomics of Hordeum vulgare aerial part during the drought and 12 h after re-watering. Average expression level (baseMean) and change due to optimal conditions (log2FoldChange) with statistical significance (padj) are presented. Table S3. GO analysis at the level 6 of differentially expressed genes (adjusted p-value ≤0.05) in Hordeum vulgare roots during the drought stress. Data are categorized according to Biological Processes (BP). Molecular Function (MF) and Cellular Component (CC) and sorted by percentage of affected genes. Table S4. GO analysis at the level 6 of differentially expressed genes (adjusted p-value ≤0.05) in Hordeum vulgare aerial part during the drought and 12 h after re-watering. Data are categorized according to Biological Processes (BP). Molecular Function (MF) and Cellular Component (CC) and sorted by percentage of affected genes.

mmc2.zip (4.6MB, zip)

References

  • 1.Vojta P., Kokáš F., Husičková A., Grúz J. Whole transcriptome analysis of transgenic barley with altered cytokinin homeostasis and increased tolerance to drought stress. New Biotechnol. 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.01.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Conesa A., Götz S., García-Gómez J.M., Terol J. Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation. visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. Bioinformatics. 2005;21:3674–3676. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Pospíšilová H., Jiskrová E., Vojta P., Mrízová K. Transgenic barley overexpressing a cytokinin dehydrogenase gene shows greater tolerance to drought stress. New Biotechnol. 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.12.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Love M.I., Huber W., Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-Seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014;15:550. doi: 10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary material

mmc1.docx (12.5KB, docx)

Table S1. Comparative transcriptomics of Hordeum vulgare roots during the drought stress. Average expression level (baseMean) and change due to optimal conditions (log2FoldChange) with statistical significance (padj) are presented. Table S2. Comparative transcriptomics of Hordeum vulgare aerial part during the drought and 12 h after re-watering. Average expression level (baseMean) and change due to optimal conditions (log2FoldChange) with statistical significance (padj) are presented. Table S3. GO analysis at the level 6 of differentially expressed genes (adjusted p-value ≤0.05) in Hordeum vulgare roots during the drought stress. Data are categorized according to Biological Processes (BP). Molecular Function (MF) and Cellular Component (CC) and sorted by percentage of affected genes. Table S4. GO analysis at the level 6 of differentially expressed genes (adjusted p-value ≤0.05) in Hordeum vulgare aerial part during the drought and 12 h after re-watering. Data are categorized according to Biological Processes (BP). Molecular Function (MF) and Cellular Component (CC) and sorted by percentage of affected genes.

mmc2.zip (4.6MB, zip)

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