Serum anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies as biomarkers in the early detection of lung cancer

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate the clinical significance of serum autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc and evaluate their feasibility in the immunodiagnosis of lung cancer. 50 sera samples with 43 available paired lung cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue slides with follow up information and 44 sera from normal human controls (NHC) were used in the research group. Another 62 lung cancer sera and 43 NHC sera were used in the validation group. The results of IHC showed that MDM2 and c-Myc protein were overexpressed in lung cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.001). Likewise, significantly higher levels of serum autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc were found in lung cancer compared to NHC both in research and validation groups. Further analysis on IHC and ELISA results showed that serum level of autoantibodies against these two TAAs were positively associated with tissue staining scores (both p < 0.05). The area under curve (AUC) values of anti-MDM2 and anti-cMyc autoantibodies for discriminating lung cancers from NHC were 0.698 and 0.636 in research group, 0.777 and 0.815 in the validation group, respectively. Both anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies can discriminate stage I lung cancer patients from NHC with AUC values of 0.703 and 0.662. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that higher level of serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies was significantly related to shortened disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.041). In conclusion, our finding suggested that serum MDM2 and c-Myc autoantibodies may have the potential to serve as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers in patients with lung cancer.

Introduction

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death both in men and women in the United States.¹ Main symptoms of lung cancer include cough, chest pain, hoarseness, weight loss and loss of appetite. However, these symptoms are not specific to lung cancer. Due to the atypical symptoms of early stage lung cancer, most patients are diagnosed with advanced lung cancer when surgical removal of the cancer are less curable because metastasis may have already occurred.² Overall, eighty percent of lung cancer patients were diagnosed with late stage disease owing to the paucity of early diagnostic methods.³ Five-year survival rate following removal of Stage IA/B lung cancer is approximately 70% and for Stage IIA/B disease is in the range of 50% while overall five-year survival for lung cancer is only 18%.^4,5 So it would be of great significance to find effective and applicable clinical screening methods or biomarkers. In the past few decades, the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) reported that low-dose CT (LDCT) can greatly improve the likelihood of detection of lung cancer at an earlier and potentially more curable stage in people at high risk.^6,7 However, the low specificity of LDCT scan has limited its clinical implementation as a screening tool. As early as in the 1980s, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) were introduced as early detection biomarkers for lung cancer.⁸ After that, several trials have provided more serum biomarkers with definitive clinical relevance and applicability, including serum protein and circulating microRNA.^9-13 Although current serum biomarkers are convenient, they are not feasible to serve as screening tool due to the lack of adequate diagnostic values. Previous studies have shown that tumor-associated antigen (TAA) that aberrantly expressed in cancers could be sensed as foreign antigens and autoantibodies were subsequently produced.¹⁴ Autoantibodies against TAAs in the serum of cancer patients are more stable and last longer than other potential markers, including TAAs themselves.¹⁵ In recent years, the utilization of TAAs and anti-TAA antibody systems as early cancer biomarkers to monitor therapeutic outcomes or as indicators of disease prognosis have been extensively explored.¹⁵ Our previous studies showed that anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies could serve as diagnostic biomarkers in solid tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.^16,17

MDM2, an oncogene, was firstly discovered in a locus amplified on double minute chromosomes in a tumorigenic mouse cell line (3T3-DM),¹⁸ which can attenuate p53 function, increase cancer risk, accelerate tumor formation and progression,^19,20 Accumulating data indicate that MDM2/MDM2 is involved in a variety of tumors including invasive ductal breast cancer, gastric cancer, urothelial neoplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma.^21-25 Martin et al.²⁴ reported that MDM2 is a potential predictive biomarker for the neo-adjuvant chemotherapy response in pediatric osteosarcoma. As an oncogenic transcription factor, c-Myc plays a pivotal role in function of cellular proliferation. Brian et al.²⁶ showed that MDM2-binding protein (MTBP) could increase Myc-mediated transcription, proliferation and transformation, and it was a novel regulator of MYC. C-Myc has been identified as a driver of gene signatures associated with a poor prognosis in different cancers including lung cancer, and it is a necessary component of metastatic cell behavior.^27,28

However, their feasibility as biomarkers in lung cancer remains largely unknown. The present study aims to evaluate the clinical significance of the expression of MDM2 and c-Myc in tissues from lung cancer patients and their corresponding autoantibodies in serum samples from lung cancer patients.

Materials and methods

General information of sera and tissue samples

A total of 50 sera from lung cancer patients with detailed clinical information and 3-y-follow-up information, with 43 pairs of corresponding lung cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue slides (corresponding tissue slides of 7 among these 50 patients were unavailable) were provided by Lung Cancer Biospecimen Resource Network (University of Virginia, USA). These sera were collected before the patients received lung cancer surgery. The patients' clinical characteristics are summarized in the results section. Forty-four normal human sera were obtained from the serum bank of Cancer Autoimmunity and Epidemiology Research Laboratory at the University of Texas, El Paso (UTEP). These sera were collected during annual health examinations. Another 62 lung cancer sera and 43 normal human sera were also obtained from the same serum bank to serve as validation group. All patients with lung cancer were confirmed by histopathological diagnosis. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of University of Texas at El Paso and the Institutional Review Board of University of Virginia.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with tissue slides

IHC analysis was performed using mouse monoclonal anti-MDM2 antibody (ab3110, Abcam Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1:1000 dilution) and rabbit monoclonal antibody against c-Myc (ab32072, Abcam Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1:200 dilution) according to the manufacturers' instructions. All the results were analyzed by two independent pathologists. Intensity as well as the area stained were considered in the IHC scoring process.²⁹ A four-level scoring system was used to evaluate the staining intensity as follows: “−,” negative, score 0; “+,” low expression, score 1; “++,” moderate expression, score 2; and “+++,” high expression, score 3. The percentage of positive cells were divided into four levels and scored accordingly, as were 1 (up to 25%), 2 (25%–50%), 3 (50%–75%) and 4 (75%–100%). Final results were scored by multiplying the intensity by the percentage of positivity cells scores. Final scores greater than 2 were considered as positive results.

Purification of recombinant proteins

Recombinant proteins of MDM2, c-Myc were derived from our previous studies. The purification of MDM2 and c-Myc was described previously.^30-32

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc in human sera were tested by ELISA, which was described in detail in our previous study.³¹ The optical density (OD) value of each well was read at 405 nm, and the cut-off value for determining a positive reaction was designated as the mean OD value of control sera plus 3 standard deviations (mean + 3SD). All samples were tested in duplicate to confirm the results.

Western blotting and serum absorption

Serum samples that were determined to contain autoantibodies by ELISA were further tested by immunoblotting to confirm the immunoreactivity of the sera. The purified recombinant proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and then cut into 15 to 20 stripes and incubated with selected sera diluted at 1:200 respectively, and finally incubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-human IgG diluted 1:10000 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Positive signals were captured by autoradiography using chemiluminescence (Piece Biotechnology, Rockford, IL), according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Statistical analysis

All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Independent t test, Fisher's exact test, One-way ANOVA or χ² test was used to check whether there was statistic difference where applicable. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to check the association between serum levels of autoantibodies against MDM2 or c-Myc and IHC scores in lung cancer patients. Multivariable or univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to discover predictors for lung cancer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was curved to illustrate the diagnostic performance of serum anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies. DFS curves were yielded by using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences were examined using log-rank tests. All p values were two sided, and those less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY).

Results

MDM2 and c-Myc protein expression were higher in lung cancer tissues than in adjacent normal tissues

As shown in Table 1, 39 out of 43 lung cancer tissues (90.7%) were positively stained with MDM2, and 42 out of 43 lung cancer tissues (97.7%) were positive with c-Myc. Out of the 43 adjacent normal tissues, 16 (37.2%) were positively stained with MDM2, and 14 (32.6%) were positively stained with c-Myc. The frequency of MDM2 and c-Myc expression in lung cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in the adjacent normal tissues (both p < 0.001). IHC staining patterns and cellular localizations of MDM2 and c-Myc protein in the lung cancer tissues are shown in Fig. 1. Due to the limited number of tissue specimens in this study, the analysis on the frequency of MDM2, c-Myc positive staining in the lung cancer tissues with different clinical parameters such as tumor stages, gender and age showed no significant correlation (data not shown).

Table 1.

MDM2 and c-Myc Protein Expression in 43 pair-wise lung cancer tissues.

Type of tissues	Cases	MDM2 positive	p	c-Myc positive	p
Adjacent normal tissue	43	16 (37.2%)	0.000**	14 (32.6%)	0.000**
Lung cancer tissue	43	39 (90.7%)		42 (97.7%)
Adenocarcinoma	22	20 (90.9%)		21 (95.5%)
Squamous cell carcinoma	16	15 (93.8%)		16 (100%)
Others	5	4 (80%)		5 (100%)

^**p < 0.01 (χ²-test)

Figure 1.

Immunohistochemical staining of MDM2, c-Myc in Lung cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue slides. Tissue slides were stained with monoclonal anti-MDM2 antibody (A, B, C) and anti-c-Myc antibody (D, E, F), respectively. (A) Negative stain pattern of MDM2 in representative adjacent normal tissue (×400 magnification). (B and C) Positive stain pattern of MDM2 in representative lung cancer tissue (×100 and ×400 magnification). (D) Negative stain pattern of c-Myc in representative adjacent normal tissue (×400 magnification). (E and F) Positive stain pattern of c-Myc in representative lung cancer tissue (×100 and ×400 magnification).

Frequency of autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc in sera from patients with lung cancer

The frequencies of serum autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc in lung cancer sera are shown in Table 2. When the cut-off value for determining a positive reaction was set as mean plus 3SD, 18% (9/50) anti-MDM2 and 16% (8/50) anti-c-Myc autoantibodies were detected in sera from 50 patients with lung cancer in the research group. However, the reactivity of normal human sera was relatively low, the frequencies were 2.3% (1/44, anti-MDM2), 2.3% (1/44, anti-c-Myc), respectively. Combinational utilization of anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies can increase the positive rate to 26% (13/50). In the validation group, autoantibodies against these two TAAs also showed high positive rate (Table 2).

Table 2.

Frequency of autoantibody against MDM2 and c-Myc in human sera by ELISA.

	Sera	anti-MDM2	p	anti-c-Myc	p	anti-MDM2 or anti-c-Myc	p
Research group	Lung cancer (n = 50)	9 (18.0% )		8 (16.0%)		13 (26.0%)
	NHC (n = 44)	1 (2.3% )	0.018*	1 (2.3% )	0.034*	2 (4.5%)	0.005**
Validation group	Lung cancer (n = 62)	23 (37.1%)		22 (35.5%)		37 (59.7%)
	NHC (n = 43)	1 (2.3%)	0.000**	1 (2.3%)	0.000**	2 (4.7%)	0.000**

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01 (χ²-test or Fisher's exact test)

IHC scores of MDM2 and c-Myc were positively associated with serum autoantibodies against these two TAAs in lung cancer patients

Spearman's rank correlation analysis was performed to explore the link between MDM2 and c-Myc IHC scores and serum autoantibodies against these two TAAs in 43 lung cancer cases with paired tissues and sera samples. The results showed that MDM2 and c-Myc protein expression in lung cancer tissues were positively associated with serum autoantibodies against these two TAAs (r_s= 0.360, p = 0.018 and r_s = 0.526, p < 0.001, respectively. Fig. 2). The results indicated that higher serum autoantibodies against these two TAAs were positively correlated with their protein expression levels in lung cancer tissues respectively. So we further checked whether serum autoantibodies against these two TAAs could serve as diagnostic biomarkers for lung cancer.

Figure 2.

Spearman correlation of MDM2 and c-Myc IHC scores and serum levels of autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the link between MDM2 and c-Myc IHC scores and serum autoantibodies against these two TAAs in 43 lung cancer cases with paired tissues and sera samples. The results show that MDM2 and c-Myc protein expression in lung cancer tissues are positively associated with serum autoantibodies against these two TAAs respectively. (r_s = 0.360, p = 0.018 and r_s = 0.526, p < 0.001, respectively).

Autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc were relatively higher in lung cancer than in normal controls

The presence of circulating anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies in sera from 50 lung cancer patients (including 13 patients with grade 1 lung cancer, 37 patients with grade 2 or 3 lung cancer) and 44 NHC were detected by ELISA. Compared to NHC, serum autoantibodies against these two TAAs were significantly higher in patients with lung cancer (Fig. 3A, p = 0.001; Fig. 4A, p = 0.049). Subsequently, we generated ROC curves to assess the potential significance of serum anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc antibodies as a noninvasive biomarker for the immunodiagnosis of lung cancer. ROC curve analyses revealed that serum anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies were robust in discriminating lung cancer patients from NHC with AUC values of 0.698 (95% CI: 0.592–0.805) and 0.636 (95% CI: 0.524–0.747), respectively (Fig. 3B, Fig. 4B). Moreover, one-way ANOVA analysis showed that serum anti-MDM2 autoantibodies significantly increased in patients with stage I and III lung cancer (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001 respectively, Fig 3E). However, serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies showed no significantly difference between NHC and patients with stage I, II and III lung cancer (p = 0.093, p = 0.295 and p = 0.281 respectively; Fig. 4E). We further conducted ROC curve analyses to check whether anti-MDM2 or anti-c-Myc autoantibodies could discriminate stage-specific lung cancer from NHC. Serum anti-MDM2 autoantibodies could discriminate stage I and III lung cancer from NHC with AUC values of 0.703 and 0.866 respectively (both p < 0.01; Fig. 3F, 3H), and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies could discriminate stage I lung cancer from NHC with AUC values of 0.662 (p = 0.020; Fig. 4F). However, anti-MDM2 autoantibodies failed to discriminate stage II lung cancer from NHC (p = 0.161; Fig. 3G) and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies failed to discriminate stage II and III lung cancer from NHC (p = 0.444 and p = 0.152, respectively; Fig. 4G, 4H).

Figure 3.

Serum anti-MDM2 autoantibodies in lung cancer and NHC. In Fig. 3A, 3C and 3E, Y-axis represents OD value and X-axis represents serum samples (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). (A) Serum anti-MDM2 autoantibodies distribution in NHC (n = 44) and lung cancer patients (n = 50) (p = 0.001). (B) ROC curve analysis using serum anti-MDM2 autoantibodies for discriminating lung cancer patients from NHC in research group (AUC: 0.698, 95% CI: 0.592–0.805, p = 0.001). (C) Serum anti-MDM2 autoantibodies distribution in the validation group including NHC (n = 43) and lung cancer patients (n = 62) (p = 0.005). (D) ROC curve yielded by OD values of serum anti-MDM2 autoantibodies for discriminating lung cancer patients from NHC in the validation group (AUC: 0.777, 95% CI: 0.689–0.865, p < 0.001). (E) Serum anti-MDM2 autoantibodies distribution and in NHC and lung cancer patients with different TNM stage. (F) ROC curve yielded by OD values of anti-MDM2 autoantibodies in discriminating stage I lung cancer patients from NHC (AUC: 0.703; 95% CI: 0.5800–0.827, p = 0.003). (G) ROC curve yielded by OD values of anti-MDM2 autoantibodies in discriminating stage II lung cancer patients from NHC (AUC: 0.622; 95% CI: 0.432–0.812, p = 0.161). (H) ROC curve yielded by OD values of anti-MDM2 autoantibodies in discriminating stage I lung cancer patients from NHC (AUC: 0.866; 95% CI: 0.741–0.991, p = 0.004). Note: LC1: 50 lung cancer patients from research group. LC2: 62 lung cancer patients from validation group.

Figure 4.

Serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies in lung cancer patients and NHC. In Fig 4A, 4C and 4E, Y-axis represents OD value and X-axis represents serum samples (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). (A) Serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies distribution in NHC (n = 44) and lung cancer patients (n = 50) (p = 0.049). (B) ROC curve analysis using serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies for discriminating lung cancer patients from NHC in research group (AUC: 0.636, 95% CI: 0.524–0.747, p = 0.024). (C) Serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies distribution in the validation group including NHC (n = 43) and lung cancer patients (n = 62) (p = 0.001). (D) ROC curve yielded by OD values of serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies for discriminating lung cancer patients from NHC in the validation group (AUC: 0.815, 95% CI: 0.733–0.896, p < 0.001). (E) Serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies distribution and in NHC and lung cancer patients with different TNM stage. (F) ROC curve yielded by OD values of anti-c-Myc autoantibodies in discriminating stage I lung cancer patients from NHC (AUC: 0.662; 95% CI: 0.532–0.791, p = 0.020). (G) ROC curve yielded by OD values of anti-c-Myc autoantibodies in discriminating stage II lung cancer patients from NHC (AUC: 0.567; 95% CI: 0.377–0.756, p = 0.444). (H) ROC curve yielded by OD values of anti-c-Myc autoantibodies in discriminating stage I lung cancer patients from NHC (AUC: 0.682; 95% CI: 0.439–0.924, p = 0.152). Note: LC1: 50 lung cancer patients from research group. LC2: 62 lung cancer patients from validation group.

To further confirm the reproducibility of serum anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies as diagnostic markers in lung cancer, we have tested these two biomarkers in a validation group, including patients with lung cancer (n = 62) and NHC (n = 43). Interestingly, autoantibodies against these two TAAs were also significantly higher in patients with lung cancer (both p < 0.01; Fig. 3C, Fig. 4C). ROC curves analyses further confirmed that anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies were robust for discriminating lung cancer patients from NHC with AUC of 0.777 (95% CI: 0.689–0.865, p < 0.001) and 0.815 (95% CI: 0.733–0.896, p < 0.001) respectively (Fig 3D, Fig 4D). Due to the lack of clinical characteristics in the validation group, we were not able to do further analyze on other clinical parameters.

Anti-MDM2 autoantibodies were significantly lower in lung cancer patients with history of malignancies in 50 lung cancer patients

We have summarized the characteristics of 50 lung cancer patients in the research group in Table 3. Furthermore, we divided lung cancer cases from the research group into different subgroups according to different clinical parameters and tried to explore their relations. Table 3 illustrates that serum level anti-MDM2 autoantibodies is significantly lower in lung cancer patients with history of malignancies (some primary lung cancer patients accompanied with other malignancies when enrolled, such as basal cell carcinoma, multiple myeloma and melanoma.) (p = 0.005). For other clinicopathologic features, the results showed no significant difference.

Table 3.

Relationship between clinicopathological factors and autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc in lung cancer patients.

		anti-MDM2		anti-c-Myc
		Mean ± SD	p	Mean ± SD	p
Mean age ± SD	66.0±9.9
Age range	45-86
	21	0.0641 ± 0.0600		0.1434 ± 0.1079
≥65	29	0.0448 ± 0.0400	0.178	0.2643 ± 0.5240	0.305
Gender
Male	28	0.0544 ± 0.0608		0.2195 ± 0.5155
Female	22	0.0510 ± 0.0320	0.812	0.2059 ± 0.2097	0.908
TMN stages
1 (IA+ IB)	29	0.0525 ± 0.0448		0.2656 ± 0.5214
2 (≥II A)	21	0.0536 ± 0.0570	0.939	0.1416 ± 0.1230	0.292
Depth of tumor invasion
1(T1)	15	0.0687 ± 0.0752		0.1522 ± 0.1249
2(≥T2)	35	0.0462 ± 0.0329	0.282	0.2398 ± 0.4790	0.491
Lymph node Metastasis
Negative	34	0.0493 ± 0.0427	0.460	0.2527 ± 0.4856	0.326
Positive	16	0.0606 ± 0.0632		0.1303 ± 0.1022
Histological grade
I	13	0.0457 ± 0.0455		0.1263 ± 0.1200
II	19	0.0447 ± 0.0255	0.342	0.1651 ± 0.1948	0.326
III	18	0.0668 ± 0.0683		0.3276 ± 0.6356
Histology
Adenocarcinoma	26	0.0468 ± 0.0398		0.1633 ± 0.1779
Squamous cell	16	0.0587 ± 0.0622		0.2963+0.6777
carcinoma
Others	8	0.0614 ± 0.0554	0.663	0.2111 ± 0.1873	0.598
Post-op chemo
None	33	0.0487 ± 0.0439		0.2439 ± 0.4938
yes	17	0.0612 ± 0.0602	0.407	0.1545 ± 0.1139	0.467
Tumor size
< 4cm	21	0.0563 ± 0.0661		0.1395 ± 0.1071
≥4cm	29	0.0505 ± 0.0346	0.719	0.2670 ± 0.5235	0.278
Chest wall/Mediastinal invasion
None	45	0.0520 ± 0.0517		0.1544 ± 0.1526
yes	5	0.0615 ± 0.0286	0.689	0.7453 ± 1.1732	0.323
Metastasis
None	36	0.0612 ± 0.0546		0.2326 ± 0.4703
Yes	14	0.0317 ± 0.0250	0.059	0.1642 ± 0.1541	0.598
History of Malignancies
None	34	0.0629 ± 0.0569	0.005*	0.2483 ± 0.4864	0.382
Yes	16	0.0318 ± 0.0165		0.1393 ± 0.1042

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01 (t-test or One-way ANOVA)

Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis and survival analysis

In order to determine whether serum anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies could serve as predictors for lung cancer patients' outcome, we divided 50 lung cancer patients from the research group into two subgroups by using median OD values of anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies as cutoff values, respectively. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that patients with higher level of serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies showed a significantly shorter DFS (p = 0.041, log-rank test; Fig. 5). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was further used in this study to identify important prognostic factors for OS and DFS (Table 4). Univariate analysis showed that chest wall/mediastinal invasion and metastasis were significantly related to shortened DFS (p = 0.017 and p = 0.037, respectively). However, no significant findings were found for the relations of these factors and OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that TNM stage was independent predictor for OS (p = 0.046), chest wall/mediastinal invasion and metastasis were independent predictors for DFS (p = 0.008 and p = 0.019, respectively).

Figure 5.

Disease-free survival (DFS) of high- and low-serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies levels in lung cancer patients from research group. 50 lung cancer patients from research group were divided into two subgroups by using the median OD value of serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies, as were high- and low-serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies expression subgroups respectively, and 25 lung cancer patients were included in each subgroup. Log-rank test showed that lung cancer patients with higher anti-c-Myc autoantibodies were associated with shortened DFS (χ² = 4.172, p = 0.041).

Table 4.

Univariate and Multivariate analyses of OS/DFS (Cox proportional hazards regression model).

Factors	OS univariate analysis		DFS univariate analysis
	HR(95% CI)	p	HR(95% CI)	p
Pathology	1.271 (0.281–5.740)	0.755	1.416 (0.329–6.182)	0.635
T	0.983 (0.098–9.861)	0.988	1.544(0.159–14.980)	0.708
N	6.523 (0.556–76.475)	0.135	2.468 (0.346–17.617)	0.368
Stage	6.740 (0.673–67.458)	0.104	5.106 (0.527–49.475)	0.159
Grade	2.492 (0.373–16.675)	0.346	0.292 (0.030–2.807)	0.286
History of malignancies	1.787 (0.248–12.856)	0.564	2.484 (0.350–17.641)	0.363
Family Hx of lung cancer	2.026 (0.180–22.743)	0.567	1.074 (0.111–10.355)	0.951
Largest tumor on CT/PET scan (cm)	0.792 (0.111–5.605)	0.817	0.922 (0.129–6.592)	0.935
Chest wall/Mediastinal invasion	7.101 (0.960–52.519)	0.055	11.090 (1.584–79.437)	0.017*
Post-op chemo	2.584 (0.352–18.431)	0.354	2.043 (0.287–14.529)	0.476
Metastasis after surgery	8.770 (0.905–85.020)	0.061	11.920 (1.165–121.938)	0.037*
Serum c-Myc level (high/low)	54.131 (0.002–1414979.961)	0.442	68.224 (0.022–212584.586)	0.304
Serum MDM2 level (high/low)	0.670 (0.087–5.131)	0.700	1.091 (0.153–7.749)	0.931
Factors	OS multivariate analysis		DFS multivariate analysis
	HR(95% CI)	p	HR(95% CI)	p
Stage	5.398 (1.028–28.339)	0.046*	–	–
Chest wall/Mediastinal invasion	–	–	28.261 (2.364–337.872)	0.008**
Metastasis after surgery	–	–	27.377 (1.721–435.490)	0.019*

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01

Western blot confirmed the ELISA results

Serum samples were also analyzed by Western blot to confirm the results from ELISA. Sixteen sera from research group and validation group were chosen to do Western Blot as described previously. Negative control and positive control were also set as quality control. The results of Western Blot further confirmed the results from ELISA. All the results are shown in Fig. 6.

Figure 6.

Western Blot results validated the results from ELISA. Western Blot analysis with representative sera from lung cancer patients and NHC. Lanes 1–10 (research group), Lanes 11, 12 (validation group), sera from lung cancer patients; Lanes 13–16, sera from NHC. Lanes 4, 5, 7 and 9 show immunoreactivity with both MDM2 and c-Myc recombinant proteins; Lanes 6, 10 and 13 show strong reactivity with c-Myc recombinant protein, while they show weak reactivity with MDM2; Lanes 1, 8 and 12 show strong reactivity with MDM2 recombinant protein, while they show weak reactivity with c-Myc; Lanes 2, 3, 11, 14, 15 and 16 show no reactions with MDM2 or c-Myc. The last two lanes are negative control and positive control of MDM2 and c-Myc, respectively. Note: MDM2 and c-Myc proteins transferred to the NC membrane were purified his-tag proteins.

Discussion

Lung cancer remains the most common cancer worldwide, both in term of new cases and cancer deaths.³³ Due to the lack of ideal biomarkers, it is difficult to diagnose lung cancer while in its early stage.^34-36 Up to now, only four non-small cell lung cancer biomarkers have been considered as “emerging” markers to clinical molecular diagnostics: EGFR gene expression, ERCC gene expression, RRM1 gene expression, K-ras gene mutation.³⁷ Predictive (diagnostic) and prognostic biomarkers are helpful in matching targeted therapies with patients and in preventing toxicity of standard (systemic) therapies.³⁸ It has long been known that the sera from cancer patients contain antibodies that can react with a unique group of autologous cellular antigens called TAAs.^14,15 Many studies have demonstrated that MDM2 is a key negative regulator of the tumor suppressor protein p53, which is mutated in a variety of cancers, including breast carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, melanoma and glioblastoma.^39,40 Accumulating evidences have also shown that MDM2 may inhibit p53 bioactivity by blocking its transcriptional activity and promoting p53 protein degradation.^41-43 c-Myc is an oncogene that has overexpressed/dysregulated expression in 70% of human malignancies,²⁸ and its activation appears to be associated with cell growth, division, and differentiation.⁴⁴ It is demonstrated by Zhang et al. that Nilotinib can treat patients whose cancer cells overexpress MDM2.⁴⁵ Therefore, the strategy of targeting MDM2 and c-Myc via utilization of antagonists has been indicated as a potential approach for anticancer therapy.^26,46

In the present study, we found that the expression of MDM2 and c-Myc protein in lung cancer tissues were significantly higher than that in adjacent normal lung tissues using IHC analysis (both p < 0.001). These data are consistent with reports from other groups and further confirm that MDM2 and c-Myc may play an important role in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer.^47,48 Moreover, we analyzed the presence of anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies in sera from lung cancer patients. It was worth noting that serum autoantibodies against these two TAAs were positively associated with IHC scores in 43 available lung cancer tissues. This indicates that serum levels of autoantibodies against these two TAAs might be useful in discriminating lung cancers from normal controls. To further demonstrate the potential feasibility of serum autoantibodies against-MDM2 and c-Myc in the immunodiagnosis of lung cancer, we further analyzed the diagnostic value of these two autoantibodies in the research group and validation group. Current study shows a significant increase of serum anti-MDM2 and anti- c-Myc autoantibodies in lung cancer patients compared to controls, and the results were further confirmed in the validation group. Some studies found that MTBP not only can regulate MDM2, but also can serve as a potential transcriptional regulator of Myc to enhance the activation of Myc-dependent genes, which are critical for proliferation and transformation.^26,49 These evidences further demonstrated that mutant MDM2 can induce c-Myc imbalance and accelerate carcinogenic process. ROC curve analyses were further used to assess the diagnostic performance of anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies in lung cancer. Evidence is provided here that these two biomarkers have good diagnostic performance both in research group and validation group. The reason why sensitivity is higher in the validation group needs to be further explored since clinical information of lung cancer patients from the validation group is unavailable. The higher frequency and higher titer of anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies in sera from patients with lung cancer also support the possibility of using these anti-TAA autoantibodies as biomarkers in lung cancer detection. ROC curve analyses in stage-specific lung cancer patients and NHC indicated that these two biomarkers have good diagnostic value in early stage lung cancer.

Upon the availability of clinical features in lung cancer patients from the research group, we have analyzed these features to check which can serve as predictors for OS and DFS. Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model revealed that chest wall/mediastinal invasion and tumor metastasis were independent predictors for DFS. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model revealed that TNM stage was independent predictor of OS, and further confirmed that chest wall/mediastinal invasion and tumor metastasis were independent predictors for DFS. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis illustrated that higher serum level of anti-c-Myc autoantibodies was related with shortened DFS. This is partially consistent with similar finding in breast cancer that increased MYC gene signature was associated with shortened DFS in breast cancer.⁵⁰ It indicates that higher level of serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies might be an indicator for tumor recurrence. One of the interesting findings is that serum anti-MDM2 antibody level was significantly lower in lung cancer patients with history of malignancies (p = 0.005). We hypothesize that for some patients with history of malignancies, standard cancer treatments which were used may trigger immune responses and further affect tumor control which might influence autoantibody responses. However, more studies are warranted to further confirm these findings.

In conclusion, MDM2 and c-Myc may play a key role in the development and progression various cancers including lung cancer, and autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc are presented in lung cancer sera during the malignant transformation. From a clinical perspective, our data provide novel evidence that serum anti-MDM2 and/or anti-c-Myc antibodies can serve as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and indicators for tumor recurrence in lung cancer patients. However, more studies with larger sample size should be performed in the future.

Abbreviations

AUC,

area under curve;

CEA,

carcinoembryonic antigen;

DFS,

disease-free survival;

ELISA,

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;

IHC,

immunohistochemistry;

LDCT,

low-dose computed tomography;

MTBP,

MDM2-binding protein;

NHC,

normal human control;

NLST,

the National Lung Screening Trial;

OD,

optical density;

OS,

overall survival;

ROC,

receiver operating characteristic;

SD,

standard deviation;

TAA,

tumor-associated antigen;

TNM,

the TNM classification of malignant tumors;

TPA,

tissue polypeptide antigen.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest

No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Author contributions

The following authors conceived and designed the experiments: PL JXS LPD YRC HFZ MK PK BFY JYZ. The following authors performed the experiments: PL JXS LPD YRC HFZ MK PK JYZ. The following authors analyzed the data: PL JXS LPD HFZ. The following authors contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PL JXS LPD YRC HFZ MK PK JYZ. The following authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript: PL JXS LPD JYZ.

Funding

This work was supported by a grant (SC1CA166016) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, Ministry of Education, China (NCET-11-0949), a grant from National Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 81372371), and a grant from Greater East Cancer Center through MDHonors/WorldOne, London, UK. We would also like to thank the Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC) Core facilities at The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) for their help, which were funded by NIH grant (5G12MD007592).