Abstract
Background
Ethnobotanical academic research, particularly in European industrialised countries, has been, and is, mostly focused on folk uses of food and medicinal plants. Nevertheless, other uses, as may well be supposed, account for a significant portion of these folk uses. In the Catalan linguistic domain, a considerable amount of ethnobotanical work has been produced, but to date almost nothing has been published on these other plant uses.
Methods
We basically used the method of semistructured interviews to collect data on names, knowledge and use of plants in the above-mentioned fields from 759 informants in three Catalonian (Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès) and two Balearic (Formentera and Mallorca) areas. We identified the plants quoted by the informants and prepared herbarium vouchers. We analysed and compared the results obtained.
Results
Information has been collected on 401 genera, 552 species, 81 subspecies and four varieties, belonging to 122 families, totalling 4137 use reports for popular non-food and non-medicinal uses (classified in 14 modalities), and designated with 1303 folk Catalan names. The informant consensus factor is 0.87, accounting for a consistent and robust dataset.
Conclusion
Contrarily to what could be thought a priori, and irrespective of the fact that some uses are declining or changing, non-medicinal and non-food folk plant uses strongly persist in the territories considered, are highly considered by their practitioners, and may even imply some economic revenues.
Keywords: Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Ethnobotany, Non-food and non-medicinal plant uses
Background
When coining the term ethnobotany, Harshberger [1] considered as basic points for the newly named science “elucidating the cultural position of tribes who used plants” (where, nowadays, ‘tribes’ is replaced by ‘human groups’, [2]), “clarifying the past distribution of plants”, “determining trade routes” and “suggesting new current production lines” for useful plants. For Portères and Barrau [3, 4], ethnobotany is a discipline located at the crossroad between natural and human sciences studying the behaviour of human societies with regard to plants. Other authors state that ethnobotanical research rescues and updates the history of plants in human societies through time and space [5].
Even if ethnobotany deals with all kinds of plant uses, at least in western European countries, ethnobotanical research focused on food and medicinal plants is by far the most dominant, what can be verified when surveying the articles that have appeared in relevant journals. Such a situation can be explained by two kinds of reasons. On the one hand, food and medicine are the two plant folk applications more directly linked to human health, so that they are maintained at a relatively high rate even in industrialised societies. Conversely, these countries have undergone a rather deep process of acculturation, in the sense of adopting so-called modern habits in detriment of traditional culture [6], which implied that rural communities abandoned a great deal of traditional practices linked to plants, because they are much less necessary (if necessary at all) nowadays than in the first half of 20th century. On the other hand, the above-quoted food and medicinal properties are those which most likely can lead to the development of new commercial sources of welfare products (see e.g., [7]). Some non-food and non-medicinal popular uses are slightly better preserved than most of them, such as basketry [8] and cosmetics [9, 10], the latter being, in fact, very closely linked to medicinal ones. Some specific papers with ethnobotanical focus have been devoted to these other plant uses in European countries (e.g., those quoted for basketry and cosmetics, as well as [11–16]). Additionally, some compilation work, rather addressed to folk knowledge vulgarisation, contain information on these plant utilisations; as an example the first volume of the ongoing Spanish Inventory of Traditional Knowledge related to Biodiversity [17] provides information on all kinds of plant uses, including those dealt with in the present paper. In any case, even taking into account the above-quoted contributions, this approach still remains quite scarce.
The research on ethnobotany in the Catalan linguistic domain has been intense in the last 25 years. This research mostly comprises data on food and medicinal (including veterinarian) plant uses, as well as studies linked to agroecosystems (mostly homegardens) and to ethnoecological questions (cf. [10, 18], and references therein). Only very rarely other plant uses have been addressed [19, 20], although, throughout our research, we have maintained the conviction that a robust pool of knowledge on these uses still exists. Taking this into account, the aims of the present paper are: 1) to provide an overview on non-food and non-medicinal popular plant uses in five Catalan language territories, three in Catalonia and two in the Balearic Islands; 2) to evaluate to what extent these uses are persisting and how are they currently considered by their practitioners.
Methods
Study areas
We performed interviews in five territories located in two large areas of the Catalan linguistic domain, three in Catalonia (Alt Empordà, Montseny, Ripollès) and two in the Balearic Islands (Formentera, Mallorca), with the aim of comparing a continental place and an insular one (Fig. 1). The Catalonian areas comprise from plain to high mountains, and the Balearic ones involve two islands.
Fig. 1.
Studied areas in the contexts of Europe and the Catalan linguistic domain. AE: Alt Empordà; MO: Montseny; RI: Ripollès; MA: Mallorca; FO: Formentera
Alt Empordà (AE) is a district (comarca in the Catalan language) of 1358 km2 and 140,214 inhabitants [21] living in 68 municipalities. The climate is mainly coastal Mediterranean. The vegetation is distributed in an asymmetrical form in two biogeographical regions, Mediterranean, largely dominant, and Eurosiberian, in certain mountainous areas, reaching 1443 m a.s.l.
Ripollès (RI) is a district occupying an area of 956.6 km2 and having a population of 25,700 inhabitants [21] distributed in 19 municipalities, with a high percentage of the population inhabiting small villages and isolated houses. Located in the eastern Pyrenees, it has a high mountain climate with Mediterranean influence. The flora and vegetation are mostly Eurosiberian, with some Boreoalpine zones in mountain areas reaching 2909.8 m a.s.l. Montseny (MO) is a mountain massif with a maximum altitude of 1706 m a.s.l., with an area of 826 km2 and a population of 105,000 people [22]. The climate is basically Mediterranean (including mountain Mediterranean). The vegetation belongs to the Mediterranean and Eurosiberian regions. Formentera (FO) is the smallest of the four inhabited Balearic Islands, occupying 82 km2, and has 11,545 inhabitants [23] living in nine population centres, all belonging to one municipality. Its maximum altitude is 195 m. The climate is Mediterranean with an arid tendency. The vegetation landscape is basically coastal Mediterranean.
Mallorca (MA) is the biggest island in the Balearic archipelago, and the seventh largest in the Mediterranean sea, with the highest altitude at 1445 m. It has an extension of 3622.54 km2 and population of 858,313 inhabitants [23]. Its climate is typically Mediterranean. The vegetation belongs mostly to the Mediterranean and, to a small part, to the Eurosiberian biogeographic regions.
Informants
Information was obtained from 769 informants, selected on a snowball basis [24] for general ethnobotanical prospections in each of the areas studied. Of them, 510 were from Catalonia and 259 from Balearic Islands, distributed as follows: 160 from RI, born between 1915 and 1988, with an average age of 71.6 years; 178 from AE, with a mean age of 69.44 years, ranging from 23 to 95; 172 from MO, with a mean age of 66, ranging from 31 to 96; 235 from MA, with an average of 76 years, born between 1906 and 1981; and 24 from FO, born between 1920 and 1943. Concerning gender, 445 interviewees were women (57.87 %) and 324 men (42.13 %).
Field work methods
Data were collected with the same method, but in different years in each territory: 1993–2000 (MO), 1995–2007 (AE), 2004–2012 (RI), 2009–2013 (MA) and 2011–2013 (FO). Ethnobotanical interviews were performed with a total of 769 informants (see Results and discussion section for details on distribution, gender and age). Taking into account the Code of Ethics of the International Society of Ethnobiology [25], we asked the interviewees’ informed consent to participate in the survey, to register the interviews, to take pictures and to use their images and information. The method used was basically the semistructured interview [26], with special care taken in not asking direct questions, which could coerce, condition or influence the informant’s answer. In several occasions group interviews were carried out, separating the answers of the different interviewees. Whenever possible, we collected the plants in question together with the informants or we observed with them those they had preserved at home or their preparations or the objects elaborated with them. The interviews, developed in Catalan, the common language of both interviewers and interviewees, were registered, also with the informants’ agreement (which was also solicited for taking pictures).
Plants were identified at specific or infraspecific levels with the aid of the Flora manual dels Països Catalans [27], and for family assignation we followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ([28]; http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/), as currently reflected in The plant list (http://www.theplantlist.org), also devoted to gymnosperms and ferns. Vouchers of every taxon with associated information have been prepared, collected following the legislation and avoiding protected areas, and deposited in the herbaria BCN, of the Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, and BC, of the Institut Botànic de Barcelona.
Databasing
Once in the laboratory, the interviews were transcribed and introduced into our research team’s database (www.etnobotanica.cat, not open to public access, but punctually consultable on request to the corresponding or to the last authors). This database contains all ethnobotanical data (on medicinal, food and other uses) from our group and allows us to manage the results, to perform some calculations and to establish comparisons. Taking Cook’s Economic Botany data standard as a departing point [29], a huge effort to establish and nuance use categories (as well as parts of plants and kinds of preparation and use, the latter not relevant here, but in medicinal and food uses) has been performed, and it is reflected in Table 1.
Table 1.
Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands)
| Taxon | Catalan vernacular names (a few Spanish, French and Arabic, indicated) | Area | Used part | Uses | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvaceae) BC131944 | Ocra | BI | Seed | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 1 |
|
Abies alba Mill. (Pinaceae) BCN3096 |
Avet | AE, MO | Aerial part. Stem. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Timber: boat manufacturing |
3 |
| Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach (Pinaceae) BC59249 | Avet | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
|
Abies ×masjoanis D.A. Soto, J.I.G. Viñas et E. Bujarrabal (Pinaceae) BCN35720 |
Avet de Masjoan, avet del Montseny | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 3 |
| Acacia dealbata Link (Mimosaceae) BCN29973 | Mimosa | AE, MO | Aerial part. Leaf | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
3 |
| Acer campestre L. (Aceraceae) BCN29613 | Auró, auró blanc | AE, RI | Stem. Whole plant | Ludic Timber: furniture manufacturing |
2 |
| Acer monspessulanum L. (Aceraceae) BCN29613 | Auró negre | AE | Stem | Ludic | 1 |
| Acer opalus Mill. subsp. opalus (Aceraceae) BCN29615 | Blada, baladre | AE, MO | Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Folk oral literature Ludic |
4 |
|
Achillea ageratum L. (Asteraceae) BCN- E-188 |
Alè de bou | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) BCN29616 | Centfulles | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Achillea ptarmica L. subsp. pyrenaica (Godr.) Heimerl (Asteraceae) BCN24701 | Camamilla, camamilla de muntanya, camamilla de Rojà | RI | Aerial part | Cosmetic | 1 |
| Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Pteridiaceae) BCN91889 | Falzia | BI | Not reported. Whole plant | Cosmetic Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Other informations: use not remembered |
3 |
| Aegilops geniculata Roth (Poaceae) BCN 103555 | Blat de perdiu | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 2 |
| Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Sapindaceae) BCN29618 | Castanyer bord, castanyer d'Índies, castanya agra, castanya borda (fruit), castanya de castanyer d'Índies (fruit), morronyer | AE, BI, MO, RI | Fruit. Seed. Whole plant | Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening |
8 |
| Agapanthus sp. (Amaryllidaceae) | Acapantus | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Agave americana L. (Agavaceae) BCN46860 | Ágave, atzavara, donarda, figuerassa, figuerassa de marge, figuerassa grossa, pita, pitera, punta de pita (thorn), punyalera, xeremec (stem) | AE, BI, MO | Flower. Leaf, Not reported. Stem. Thorn | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: footwear elaboration Domestic: for help at home Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Timber: construction materials production |
18 |
| Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosaceae) BCN24704 | Agafallosa | RI | Fruit | Ludic | 3 |
| Agrostemma githago L. (Caryophyllaceae) BCN5737 | Clavell de blat, niella | MO, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
2 |
| Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae) BCN81396 | Cornissa, irlando | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. (Lamiaceae) BCN6437 | Iva | BI | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch (Boraginaceae) BCN24706 | Herba del peu de colom, peu de colom, pota de colom | RI | Root | Cosmetic | 2 |
| Allium ampeloprasum L. (Amaryllidaceae) BCN3993 | All de bruixa, allassa, porrerell | AE, BI | Flower | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Allium cepa L. (Liliaceae) BCN28655 | Ceba, ceba forastera, grell | AE, BI, MO | Bulb. Inflorescence | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
13 |
| Allium fistulosum L. (Amaryllidaceae) BCN-E248 | Cebollí | BI | Inflorescence | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Allium porrum L. (Amaryllidaceae) BCN28791 | Porro | AE, BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
2 |
| Allium roseum L. (Amaryllidaceae) BCN31259 | All de bruixa, calabruix | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 2 |
| Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae) BCN29832 | All, all de Sant Pau, all pau | AE, BI, MO | Bulb. Inflorescence. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental : gardening Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
18 |
| Allium triquetrum L. (Amaryllidaceae) BCN95566 | Vitrac | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Betulaceae) BCN29620 | Vern | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: footwear elaboration Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
15 |
| Alocasia odora (Lindl.) K.Koch (Araceae) BCN50215 | Marquesa | AE, BI | Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. (Xanthorrhoeaceae) BCN27242 | Aloe vera, àloe vera, cactus, figuerassa | AE, BI | Leaf juice. Not reported. Whole plant | Cosmetic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
6 |
| Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. (Malvaceae) BCN6470 | Malva reial, vauma, vauma loca | BI, MO | Flower. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Alyssum maritimum (L.) Lam. (Brassicaceae) BCN29622 | Alíssum, caps blancs, escopinya de Crist, flor de gat, herbamel | AE, BI, RI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tool for agricultural practices Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Repellent |
5 |
| Amelanchier ovalis Medik. (Rosaceae) BCN 16410 | Cornier | RI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 2 |
| Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) T.Durand & Schinz (Poaceae) BCN95589 | Càrritx, càrritx femella, càrritx mascle, carritxera | BI | Aerial part. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Artisanal: basketry Other informations: ecological information Other informations: undesirable actions Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration |
18 |
| Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. (Asteraceae) BCN31260 | Bòlig | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Anacyclus valentinus L. (Asteraceae) BCN29625 | Bòlig | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 2 |
| Anagallis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis (Primulaceae) BCN19974 | Borró | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Anagyris foetida L. (Fabaceae) BCN16938 | Garrover del dimoni | BI | Aerial part | Other informations: undesirable actions | 1 |
| Anastatica hierochuntica L. (Brassicaceae) BCN16949 | Rosa de Jericó | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: use not remembered | 1 |
| Anemone coronaria L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN17399 | Anèmones | BI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Anemone pulsatilla L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN24711 | Flor de Sant Pere | RI | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 2 |
| Anethum graveolens L. (Apiaceae) BCN83632 | Anet | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Anthemis arvensis L. (Asteraceae) BC840033 | Bòlig, sistorna | RI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Anthemis cotula L. (Asteraceae) BCN29835 | Camamilla borda | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Anthyllis cytisoides L. (Fabaceae) BCN20700 | Aubada, botja de cuques | BI | Aerial part | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Artisanal: broom elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Antirrhinum majus L. (Plantaginaceae) BCN46074 | Badocs, boques de conill, conillets, gatets, gossets, gossos, gorges de llop, mamaconills, pets de llop | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
29 |
| Aphyllanthes monspelliensis L. (Asparagaceae) BCN29627 | Llonzella | AE | Aerial part | Ludic | 1 |
|
Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) BCN46859 |
Àpit | BI | Leaf. Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 2 |
| Aquilegia vulgaris L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN27253 | Campaneta | RI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Arachis hypogaea L. (Fabaceae) BCN46858 | Cacauet | AE, BI | Epicarp. Stem | Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: charcoal |
2 |
| Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco (Araucariaceae) BCN67780 | Arbre de pisos | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Araujia sericifera Brot. (Apocynaceae) BCN299975 | Miraguano | AE | Fruit | Textile: textile padding | 3 |
| Arbutus unedo L. (Ericaceae) BCN100976 | Arboç, arboça (fruit), arbocera, cirera d'arboç (fruit), llipota (fruit), llipoter | BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Fruit. Not reported. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: forestry Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Fuel obtaining: charcoal Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Timber |
10 |
| Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (Asteraceae) BCN31262 | Enganxadora, llapassa, llapissera, gafarró, poltre, repalassa | AE, MO, RI | Leaf. Inflorescence. Infructescence. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tool for agricultural practices Ludic Other informations: ecological information |
8 |
| Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz. (Araceae) BCN95564 | Frare llec, rapa, rapa de frare | BI | Inflorescence. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ludic Other informations: ecological information |
7 |
| Artemisia abrotanum L. (Asteraceae) BCN31263 | Absenta, abrótano macho (Spanish), artemisia, donzell, estragó, shiba (Arabic) | BI | Not reported | Cosmetic | 1 |
| Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae) BCN29837 | Absenta, abrótano macho (Spanish), artemisia, encens, donzell, estragó, shiba (Arabic) | AE, BI, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Domestic: air freshener Domestic: for help at home Repellent |
3 |
| Artemisia arborescens L. (Asteraceae) BCN29630 | Artemisia, donzell | AE, BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tool for agricultural practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Repellent |
7 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. (Asteraceae) BCN13326 | Estragó | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte (Asteraceae) BCN29633 | Artemisa, donzell | AE | Aerial part | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asteraceae) BCN24719 | Altimiris | RI | Aerial part | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 1 |
| Arum italicum Mill. (Araceae) BCN32356 | Xàrria | MO | Spathe | Ludic | 1 |
|
Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) BCN29825 |
Canya, canya de torrent, canya mallorquina, canya verda, canyeta, canyís | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Leaf. Root. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Domestic: for help at home Domestic: for sewing Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Timber: construction materials production |
104 |
| Asparagus acutifolius L. (Asparagaceae) BCN29976 | Espàrrec (turion), esparreguera | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Artisanal: broom elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
4 |
| Asparagus albus L. (Asparagaceae) BCN56215 | Espàrrec (turion), esparreguera | BI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Asparagus horridus L. (Asparagaceae) BCN103541 | Espàrrec (turion), esparreguera, esparreguera vera | BI | Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining | 1 |
| Asparagus sprengeri Regel (Asparagaceae) BCN57323 | Esparreguera de jardí | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Asphodelus aestivus Brot. (Xanthorrhoeaceae) BCN52957 | Albó, asfodel, aubó, caramutxa, coió de porrassa, moneiato de porrassera, porrassa, porrassa femella, porrassera, porassó | BI | Flower. Leaf. Stem. Tuber. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: footwear elaboration Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other information: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: ecological information Other information: use not remembered |
33 |
| Aspidistra elatior Blume (Asparagaceae) BCN104271 | Cossiol de fulla, cossiol de saló, fulla de saló | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg. (Apocynaceae) BCN52088 | Palorosa | AE | Stem | Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration | 1 |
| Asplenium trichomanes L. (Aspleniaceae) BCN24723 | Auredelleta, costella de paret | RI | Aerial part | Cosmetics | 1 |
| Aster novi-belgii L. (Asteraceae) BCN98570 | Setembrina | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 2 |
|
Aster pilosus Willd. (Asteraceae) BCN47723 |
Octubre | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Astragalus balearicus Chater (Fabaceae) BCN95554 | Coixinet de monja | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Avena barbata Pott ex Link (Poaceae) BCN49867 | Cugula, cugula borda, civada borda | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Fruit. Inflorescence. Stem | Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Ludic |
10 |
| Avena sativa L. (Poaceae) BCN32185 | Civada | BI, MO | Fruit. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
9 |
| Avena sterilis L. (Poaceae) BCN52787 | Cugula, cugula borda, cugula vertadera | BI, MO | Aerial part. Inflorescence. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Ludic |
4 |
| Ballota hirsuta Benth. (Lamiaceae) BCN72714 | Sacramentària | BI | Calyx | Domestic: for help at home | 1 |
| Begonia sp. (Begoniaceae) | Begònia | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 5 |
| Bellis annua L. (Asteraceae) BCN61139 | Confitera | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Bellis perennis L. (Asteraceae) BCN31264 | Margarida, margarida borda, margaridoia, margarita | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Inflorescence. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
7 |
| Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae) BCN27274 | Berbèlia | RI | Fruit | Ludic | 1 |
| Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang. (Amaranthaceae) BCN103432 | Bledera salvatge | BI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Betula pendula Roth (Betulaceae) BCN29647 | Beç, bedoll | AE, RI | Aerial part. Leaf. Stem | Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
3 |
| Bidens tripartita L. (Asteraceae) BCN50219 | Pixallits | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Bignonia sp. (Bignoniaceae) | Coral | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Borago officinalis L. (Boraginaceae) BCN68582 | Borraja (Spanish), borratxa | BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ludic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
3 |
| Bougainvillea sp. (Nyctaginaceae) | Boquemvíl·lia | BI | Flower | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P.Beauv. (Poaceae) BCN31265 | Llistó | AE | Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Fuel obtaining: firewood Other informations: ecological information |
4 |
| Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae) BCN24727 | Nap | BI, RI | Bulb. Root | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 2 |
| Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea (Brassicaceae) BCN32181 | Col | BI | Leaf | Folk oral literature Other informations: use not remembered |
2 |
| Briza maxima L. (Poaceae) BCN29648 | Arrecades de la Mare de Déu, belluguets, herbe tremblante French, herba tremoluda | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 4 |
| Briza media L. (Poaceae) BCN29650 | Arrecadetes de la Mare de Déu, bellugadís, belluguets, bellugues, llagrimetes de la Mare de Déu, puces, sempreviva | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 9 |
| Bromus hordeaceus L. (Poaceae) BCN52583 | Cua de mula | MO | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Buxus balearica Lam. (Buxaceae) BCN21410 | Boix | BI | Flower. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: ecological information Timber |
11 |
| Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae) BCN29843 | Boix, boix de jardí, boj (Spanish), olleta | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Cortical parenchyma. Flower. Fruit. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant. | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: charcoal Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered |
127 |
| Calendula arvensis M.Bieb. (Asteraceae) BCN29637 | Llevamà, goig bord, jaumet | AE, BI | Aerial part. Not reported.Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Folk oral literature Other informations: use not remembered |
7 |
| Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) BCN29977 | Boixac, bojac, calèndula, galdiró, llevamà, llevamà de jardí, jaumet | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Inlforescence. Not reported. Whole plant | Cosmetic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
14 |
| Calicotome spinosa (L.) Link (Fabaceae) BCN29638 | Argelac, argelaga | AE, BI | Aerial part. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Ornamental: gardening |
7 |
| Callistephus chinensis (L.) Ness (Asteraceae) BCN-E249 | Sol coronat | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull (Ericaceae) BCN29639 | Brossa, bruguerola, xerpó | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
13 |
| Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Theaceae) BCN50762 | Te | BI | Not reported | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Campanula patula L. (Campanulaceae) BCN29640 | Campaneta | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Campanula persicifolia L. (Campanulaceae) BCN29641 | Campaneta | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) BCN24735 | Cànem, cànyem, cànyom, gansalla (elaborated product), maria, marihuana | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Inflorescence. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: footwear elaboration Other information: ecological information Smoking Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Timber: boat manufacturing |
17 |
| Capparis spinosa L. subsp. spinosa (Capparaceae) BCN97808 | Tàpera (flower bud), taperera | BI | Floral bud. Whole plant. | Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae) BCN46079 | Pare i fill | BI | Not reported | Other informations | 1 |
| Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) BCN24737 | Pebre covent, pebre covent (fruit), pebre, pebrera, nyora, pebre vermell, pebrer, pebre de cirereta, pebresser, cirereta picant (fruit), pebre de banyeta (fruit), pebre (fruit) | BI | Fruit. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
14 |
| Capsicum sp. (Solanaceae) | Pebre bord | BI | Seed | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter | 1 |
| Carlina acanthifolia All. (Asteraceae) BCN24738 | Carlina, carolina | RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: ecological information |
14 |
| Carlina acanthifolia All. subsp. cynara (Pourr. ex DC.) Rouy (Asteraceae) BCN46095 | Carlina, carlina angèlica, carlinassa, carolina | AE, MO | Aerial part. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
11 |
| Carlina acaulis L. (Asteraceae) BCN32946 | Carlina | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 2 |
| Castanea sativa Mill. (Fagaceae) BCN29844 | Castanya (fruit), castanyer | AE, BI, MO, RI | Leaf. Inflorescence. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: cane elaboration Domestic: for help at home Ludic Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Timber: construction materials production |
24 |
| Catananche caerulea L. (Asteraceae) BCN29645 | Cigales, pell de serp, pinya de plata | AE, RI | Aerial part. Inflorescence | Ludic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
5 |
| Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière (Pinaceae) BCN35722 | Cedre | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Cedrus libani A.Rich. (Pinaceae) BCN29978 | Cedre | AE | Stem | Timber: furniture manufacturing | 1 |
| Celtis australis L. (Cannabaceae) BCN29845 | Lledoner, lledroner, lleroner, lledó (fruit), lledró (fruit), lleró (fruit) | AE, BI, MO | Fruit. Seed. Stem. Whole plant | Tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Timber Timber: boat manufacturing |
65 |
| Centaurea aspera L. (Asteraceae) BCN42691 | Bracera, herba de bracera | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Other informations: ecological information |
4 |
| Centaurea cyanus L. (Asteraceae) BCN29651 | Blauet, blau, caps blaus, clavell de blat, clavell de Sant Isidre, llums | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Inflorescence | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
4 |
| Centaurea pectinata L. subsp. pectinata (Asteraceae) BCN43498 | Barbassa, travalera, travarada | MO | Aerial part | Ludic | 1 |
| Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. subsp. ruber (Caprifoliaceae) BCN31267 | Rosa d’Espanya | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Ceratonia siliqua L. (Fabaceae) BCN32177 | Garrofer, garrover, garrofa (fruit) | AE, BI, MO | Flower. Fruit. Seed. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Artisanal: footwear elaboration Cosmetic Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: firewood Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Textile: dyer Timber: furniture manufacturing |
21 |
| Cercis siliquastrum L. (Fabaceae) BCN51020 | Árbol de la pasión (Spanish), árbol del amor (Spanish) | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Ceterach officinarum Willd. (Aspleniaceae) BCN108285 | Auradella | MO | Frond | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Chamaerops humilis L. (Arecaceae) BCN23832 | Bri (leaflet), clin, garballó, garbeó, llatra (elaborated product), margalló, palma, palmito (fruit) (Spanish), pauma, paumera (group of palms), paumissó (fruit), pomera, pomissó (fruit), punissó (fruit) | AE, BI | Leaf. Leaflet. Not reported. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: broom elaboration Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Textile: textile padding |
49 |
| Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Amaranthaceae) BCN103590 | Te mallorquí | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties | 1 |
| Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques (Asparagaceae) BC617113 | Cossiol de cintes | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Asteraceae) BCN95559 | Bòlig, sardonaia | BI | Inflorescence | Ludic | 4 |
| Chrysanthemum frutescens L. (Asteraceae) BCN93699 | Margalida | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 2 |
| Chrysanthemum segetum L. (Asteraceae) BCN31269 | Goit | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 3 |
| Chrysanthemum sinense Sabine (Asteraceae) BCN129085 | Estranys | BI | Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Repellent |
2 |
| Cicer arietinum L. (Fabaceae) BCN29659 | Ciuró (seed) | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 3 |
| Cichorium endivia L. (Asteraceae) BCN46854 | Endívia | BI | Leaf | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) BCN29660 | Cama-rotja, cama-roja, masteguera | AE, BI | Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information |
13 |
| Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl (Lauraceae) BCN50766 | Càmfora (elaborated product) | AE, BI | Bark. Not reported | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: purchased in commerce Repellent |
4 |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae) BCN29853 | Calcida | RI, AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 3 |
| Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (Asteraceae) BCN E-63 | Card | MO | Inflorescence | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Cistus albidus L. (Cistaceae) BCN36672 | Estepa, estepa blanca, estepa d’escurar, estepa rosa | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Not reported. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: firewood Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
24 |
| Cistus monspeliensis L. (Cistaceae) BCN36740 | Estepa blanca, estepa borda, estepa de fulla llarga, estepa negra, mòdega | AE, MO | Flower. Resin. Stem. Whole plant. | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: toy elaboration Domestic: for help at home Other informations: ecological information |
6 |
| Cistus salviifolius L. (Cistaceae) BCN36767 | Estepa, estepa negra, estepa bona, estepa borrera, esteperola, | AE, BI, MO | Flower. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Domestic: for help at home Other informations: ecological information Smoking |
5 |
| Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Cucurbitaceae) BCN29662 | Síndria (fruit), sindriera | BI | Fruit | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Folk oral literature |
2 |
| Citrus ×aurantium L. (Rutaceae) BCN46080 | Taronja agra (fruit) | AE | Fruit | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter | 8 |
| Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) BCN52090 | Pomelo (fruit) | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) BCN46853 | Bergamota (fruit), llimona (fruit), llimoner, llimonera, mandarina (fruit), taronger bord, taronger clementí, taronger mandarí, taronja borda (fruit), taronja de la seca (fruit), taronja de pelar grillons (fruit), taronja de navel (fruit), pomelo (fruit) | AE, BI | Epicarp. Fruit. Fruit juice. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
23 |
| Citrus paradisi Macfad. (Rutaceae) BCN-E250 | Pomelo (fruit) | BI | Fruit | Other informations: use not remembered | 1 |
| Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) BCN24752 | Taronger, taronja (fruit) | BI | Flower. Fruit. Leaf. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Folk oral literature Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: undesirable actions Timber |
14 |
| Cladonia sp. (Cladoniaceae) | Herba de la roca, herba roquera, musgo (Spanish) | BI | Not reported | Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
3 |
| Clematis cirrhosa L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN22034 | Vidauba, villauba | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered |
3 |
| Clematis flammula L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN29856 | Didorta, joanillo, ridolta, ridorta, viadella, vidriella, vidauba | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Stem. Whole plan | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Domestic: for help at home Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
8 |
| Clematis vitalba L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN29857 | Didorta, llidorta, ridolta, ridorta, vidiella | AE, MO, RI | Not reported. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ludic Other informations: ecological information Smoking |
18 |
| Cneorum tricoccon L. (Rutaceae) BCN95567 | Raspall | BI | Aerial part. Not reported | Artisanal: broom elaboration Folk oral literature |
5 |
| Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) BCN-E-65 | Cafè (seed) | MO | Seed | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Coix lacryma-jobi L. (Poaceae) BC917450 | Llàgrimes de Job, llàgrimes de viu | BI | Fruit | Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
2 |
| Colchicum autumnale L. subsp. autumnale (Liliaceae) BCN45283 | Cabeça | BI | Tuber | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Colocasia sp. (Araceae) | Colocàsia | BI | Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ornamental: gardening |
2 |
| Colutea arborescens L. subsp. gallica Browicz (Fabaceae) BCN56002 | Pleps | MO | Stem | Ludic | 1 |
| Conium maculatum L. (Apiaceae) BCN32171 | Cicuta | AE | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur (Ranunculaceae) BCN60924 | Espuela (Spanish) | MO | Flower. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Convallaria majalis L. (Liliaceae) BCN57362 | Muguet | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 2 |
| Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) BCN109798 | Correjola, corretjola, corriola, corritjola | BI, MO | Flower. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds Ludic Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations |
3 |
| Coriaria myrtifolia L. (Coriariaceae) BCN24754 | Rodó, roldor | RI | Leaf | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Coris monspeliensis L. subsp. monspeliensis (Primulaceae) BCN110450 | Farigola mascle, farigola de pastor, tomanyí | MO | Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining | 1 |
| Cornus sanguinea L. (Cornaceae) BCN29979 | Sanguinyol | AE | Sap | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Coronilla scorpioides K.Koch (Fabaceae) BCN22206 | Herba enamorada | BI | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn. (Poaceae) BCN81361 | Plomalls | MO | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae) BCN29831 | Avellana (fruit), avellaner, avellaner bord | AE, BI, MO | Leaf. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: cane elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Smoking Timber: construction materials production |
12 |
| Crataegus azarolus L. (Rosaceae) BCN14977 | Atzerola (fruit), atzerolera | BI | Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Timber |
2 |
| Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Rosaceae) BCN103563 | Cirerer de pastor, cireretes de pastor (fruit), espinal, espinaler, garganyer | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. monogyna (Rosaceae) BCN29858 | Arç, arç blanc, arn, arn blanc | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
9 |
| Crithmum maritimum L. (Apiaceae) BCN104272 | Fonoll marí | BI | Aerial part | Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae) BCN32170 | Safà | BI | Perigonium | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Cucumis melo L. (Cucurbitaceae) BCN46851 | Meló (fruit), moló (fruit), melonera, molonera, | BI | Epicarp. Fruit. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae) BCN46850 | Cogombre, pepino (Spanish) | BI, MO | Fruit. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Cosmetic |
2 |
| Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae) BCN49858 | Carabassera | BI | Flower. Fruit. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
4 |
| Cucurbita pepo L. var. oblonga (Cucurbitaceae) BCN29859 | Carabassó (fruit) | AE | Fruit | Ludic | 2 |
| Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. (Cupressaceae) BCN35775 | Ciprer | BI | Stem | Fuel obtaining: firewood | 1 |
| Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae) BCN95563 | Xifrer, xifrer baix, xifrer de fer tallavents, xiprer | AE, BI, RI | Fruictification. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Domestic: air freshener Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information |
7 |
| Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. (Convolvulaceae) BCN112569 | Tinya | RI | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) BCN46849 | Codony (fruit), codonyer | AE, BI, MO, RI | Fruit | Domestic: air freshener Other informations: ecological information |
4 |
| Cynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae) BCN56003 | Card gros, carxofera, card coler, card calapoter, carxofera borda, herba-col, presonera, presora | BI, MO | Aerial part. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
4 |
| Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae) BCN24760 | Carxofa (inflorescence), carxofera | BI | Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tool for agricultural practices Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae) BCN24760 | Gram, grama, xerpolla | BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening |
5 |
| Cynoglossum creticum Mill. (Boraginaceae) BCN97779 | Llapassa, llapassera, llapissera | BI | Fruit. Leaf. Seed. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Smoking |
4 |
| Cyperus alternifolius L. subsp. flabelliformis (Rottb.) M.R.Almeida (Cyperaceae) BCN 16451 | Papiro (Spanish) | BI | Stem | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Cyperus eragrostis Lam. (Cyperaceae) BCN61182 | Castanyola, jonc, paraigüet, serrana | MO | Aerial part | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
3 |
| Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) BCN39997 | Jonc | AE | Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: basketry |
2 |
| Cystoseira amentacea Bory var. stricta Mont. (Cystoseiraceae) BCN-Phyc-6232 | Herba saupera | BI | Frond | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing | 1 |
| Cystoseira crinita Duby (Cystoseiraceae) BCN-Phyc-6233 | Herba corretgera | BI | Frond | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing | 1 |
| Cystoseira elegans Sauv. (Cystoseiraceae) BCN-Phyc-6150 | Herba borda | BI | Frond | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing | 1 |
| Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L. subsp. macranthus Wettst. (Rafflesiaceae) BCN2224 | Magraneta, magraneta d’esteperol | BI | Not reported | Textile: dyer | 4 |
| Dalbergia sp. (Fabaceae) BCN52091 | Palissandre | AE | Stem | Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration | 1 |
| Dalhia sp. (Asteraceae) | Dàlia, daliera | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ornamental: gardening |
4 |
| Daphne gnidium L. (Thymelaeaceae) BCN29687 | Matapoll, tei, tintorell | AE, BI, MO | Bark. Root. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: broom elaboration Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature |
9 |
| Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) BCN29688 | Castanyer bord, datura borda, estramoni, flor de mort, herba de capseta, herba talpera, herba taupera, matataups, trompetera | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Leaf. Flower. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
12 |
| Daucus carota L. subsp. carota (Apiaceae) BCN48714 | Botxa, caps blancs, carrota borda, fonollassa, julivert bord, julivert de galipau, moixos (inflorescence), pastanaga borda, rosella borda | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Inflorescence. Not reported | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Delphinium ajacis L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN31271 | Espuela (Spanish) | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Dianthus caryophyllus L. (Caryophyllaceae) BCN31272 | Clavell, clavell blanc, clavell d’hivernacle | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
12 |
| Dianthus hyssopifolius L. (Caryophyllaceae) BCN27299 | Clavell | RI | Flower | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Dianthus seguieri Vill. (Caryophyllaceae) BCN24763 | Clavell de muntanya | RI | Flower | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Dianthus seguieri Vill. subsp. requienii (Godr.) M.Bernal, Laínz & Muñoz Garm. (Caryophyllaceae) BCN22276 | Clavell de bosc, clavellde pastor_ | AE | Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Dianthus sp. (Caryophyllaceae) | Clavell, clavell de Sant Jaume | BI, RI | Aerial part. Flower | Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
3 |
| Dianthus pungens L. subsp. pungens (Caryophyllaceae) BCN46087 | Coixinet de monja | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Diospyros ebenum J.Koenig ex Retz. (Ebenaceae) BCN52092 | Banús | AE | Stem | Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration | 1 |
| Diospyros kaki L.f. (Ebenaceae) BCN52627 | Caqui (fruit), caquier, clequier | BI | Fruit. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations |
3 |
| Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. (Brassicaceae) BCN29861 | Cap blanc, ravenissa | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 5 |
| Dipsacus fullonum L. (Caprifoliaceae) BCN27266 | Assotacristos, card, cardassa, cristos, escardot, escarpidora, escarpido, escarpín | BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Inflorescence | Domestic: for help at home Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
10 |
| Dipsacus fullonum L. subsp. fullonum (Caprifoliaceae) BCN29691 | Cardó, cap de burro | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 3 |
| Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. (Fabaceae) BCN103561 | Botxa de cuques, socarrell, tijarell | BI | Aerial part. Leaf | Artisanal: broom elaboration Fuel obtaining: firewood |
2 |
| Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. subsp. pentaphyllum (Fabaceae) BCN115631 | Botxa | MO | Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 1 |
| Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (Dryopteridaceae) BCN29692 | Foguera, foguera de jardí | AE, MO | Frond. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 3 |
| Ecballium elaterium (L.) A.Rich. (Cucurbitaceae) BCF44970 | Cobrombo silvestre, cogombre bord | BI, MO | Fruit. Whole plant | Ludic Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Echinocactus grusonii Hildm. (Cactaceae) BCN129080 | Seient de sa sogra, grossini | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Echinops ritro L. subsp. ritro (Asteraceae) BCN31273 | Espines blaves | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 5 |
| Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. (Polygonaceae) BCN13757 | Bledera borda, picatalons | BI | Fruit | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S.Bunting (Araceae) BCN129081 | Potos | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) BCN24767 | Cua de cavall, escuraplata | RI | Aerial part | Domestic: for help at home | 1 |
| Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. (Equisetaceae) BCN29982 | Coa de cavall, cua de cavall, cua de rata | AE, BI | Aerial part. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. (Equisetaceae) BCN118778 | Coa de cavall, cova de cavall, cua de cavall, sangnua | BI, MO | Aerial part. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Erica arborea L. (Ericaceae) BCN46081 | Bruc, bruc bouer, bruc femella, bruc de fer escombres, bruc vertader, mascle | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Leaf. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Domestic: for help at home Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
58 |
| Erica multiflora L. (Ericaceae) BCN29864 | Bruc, bruc de bou, bruc de llei, bruc mascle, cepell, ciprell, ciprelló, petarrell, xiprell | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Timber: construction materials production |
33 |
| Erica scoparia L. subsp. scoparia (Ericaceae) BCN46083 | Bruc, bruc d’escombra, bruc de fer escombres, bruc de llei, bruc femella, bruga, | AE, MO | Aerial part. Stem | Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Ludic Ornamental: gardening |
44 |
| Erigeron acer L. (Asteraceae) BCN35105 | _ | MO | Inflorescence | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 1 |
| Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae) BCN29695 | Nisprero | BI | Leaf | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Hér. (Geraniaceae) BCN95590 | Rellotges | BI | Fruit | Ludic | 3 |
| Eryngium bourgatii Gouan (Apiaceae) BCN24881 | Espinacal blau | RI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaborations | 1 |
| Eryngium campestre L. (Apiaceae) BCN31274 | Card, card girgoler, espinacal, espinacalç, espinacs, galabart, panical | AE, BI MO | Root. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
6 |
| Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) BCN29696 | Calipto, calistro, calistrero, eucaliptus, eucalitus | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: forestry Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Domestic: air freshener Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
7 |
| Eupatorium cannabinum L. subsp. cannabinum (Asteraceae) BCN35520 | Altes i mires | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Euphorbia characias L. subsp. characias (Euphorbiaceae) BCN29865 | Lleteresa | AE | Stem. Whole plant | Repellent | 2 |
| Euphorbia lathyris L. (Euphorbiaceae) BCN29866 | Cagamuix, herba talpera, herba taupera, herba taupinera | AE, RI | Latex. Leaf. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Repellent |
6 |
| Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae) | Eufòrbia, lletrada, lletrera | BI | Latex. Not reported | Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Artisanal: footwear elaboration Fuel obtaining: plant oil |
3 |
| Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae) BCN46845 | Faig | AE, BI, MO, RI | Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Fuel obtaining: charcoal Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing |
15 |
| Feijoa sellowiana O.Berg (Myrtaceae) BCN92988 | Feijoa | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Ferula communis L. (Apiaceae) BCN26849 | Canya fèl · lera, canyaferla | BI | Leaf. Stem | Ludic Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) BCN24887 | Figa (infructescence), figa flor (infructescence), figó marinenc (infructescence) figuera, lletrada de figuera (latex), pàmpol de figuera | AE, BI | Bark. Infructescence. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Folk oral literature Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparationsSmoking Timber Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing |
34 |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) BCN95541 | Fonoll | BI | Aerial part | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter | 1 |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. piperitum (C.Presl) Ball (Apiaceae) BCN29867 | Fonoll | AE | Leaf. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Domestic: for help at home |
2 |
| Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl (Oleaceae) BCN46844 | Fleix, fleix femella, fleix mascle, freixa, freixe | AE, BI, MO | Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cane elaboration Ludic Other informations: ecological information Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing |
21 |
| Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae) BCN29698 | Freixe | AE, MO, RI | Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing |
11 |
| Fuchsia sp. (Onagraceae) | Pendientes de la reina (Spanish) | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Fumaria officinalis L. (Papaveraceae) BCN72725 | Fumaterra | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: harvesting and/or selling | 1 |
| Gaillardia sp. (Asteraceae) | Gallàrdia | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Galanthus nivalis L. (Amaryllidaceae) BCN27249 | Flor de neu, herba de cap blanc, herba de neu, llàgrimes de Sant Josep | MO, RI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 5 |
| Galium aparine L. (Rubiaceae) BCN97749 | Rèvola | BI | Fruit | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae) BCN39982 | Herba de Sant Joan, santjoan | AE, RI | Aerial part. Not reported | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Genista tricuspidata Desf. subsp. sparsiflora (Ball) Maire (Fabaceae) BCN 95565 | Gatova | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Folk oral literature |
5 |
| Gentiana lutea L. (Gentianaceae) BCN24893 | Llenciana | RI | Aerial part. Root | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: harvesting and/or selling |
2 |
| Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) BCN62881 | Ginkgo, ginkgo biloba | BI, MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Gladiolus italicus Mill. (Iridiaceae) BCN56421 | Espadelles, espasa, espaseta, gladiol, xupes | BI, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
5 |
| Gladiolus sp. (Iridiaceae) | Gladiol | BI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Gleditsia triachanthos L. (Fabaceae) BCN50767 | Escàcia | AE | Stem | Domestic: for help at home | 1 |
| Globularia alypum L. (Globulariaceae) BCN29868 | Cossiada, herba cossiada | BI | Leaf. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae) BCN47276 | Regalíssia | AE | Root | Smoking | 1 |
| Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T.Aiton (Asclepiadaceae) BCN29987 | Tintorell | AE | Root | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing | 1 |
| Gossypium sp. (Malvaceae) BCN51688 | Cotó | AE, BI | Fruit. Seed hair | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
4 |
| Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae) BCN29869 | Heura | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered |
22 |
| Helianthus tuberosus L. (Asteraceae) BCN46069 | Gira-sol de patata, miqueler, nyama, nyàmera, ramon, setembre, trumfa nyama | AE, BI MO, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
6 |
| Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench (Asteraceae) BCN29872 | Éternelle (French), flor de Corpus, flor de Sant Joan, perpètua, sempreviva | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Inflorescence | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Repellent |
38 |
| Helleborus foetidus L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN32163 | Margívol, marxívol | MO | Fruit. Leaf | Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
9 |
| Helleborus viridis L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN24899 | Mengívol, marxívol | RI | Aerial part. Fruit | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 3 |
| Herniaria glabra L. (Caryophyllaceae) BCN32161 | Herba de cent en grana, santaengrana | MO | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 2 |
| Herniaria hirsuta L. subsp. cinerea (DC.) Cout. (Caryophyllaceae) BCN45660 | Herba de trencapreda, trencapedra | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Hibiscus syriacus L. (Malvaceae) BCN47686 | Altea | BI | Flower. Root. Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered |
3 |
| Hippocrepis balearica Jacq. (Fabaceae) BCN21809 | Viola de penyal, violeta de penyal | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Folk oral literature Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. (Brassicaceae) BCN39984 | Ravenissa | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: use not remembered | 1 |
| Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang. (Poaceae) BCN79674 | Cebada (Spanish), fletxa, malta, maragall, ordi | BI, MO | Inflorescence. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ludic |
8 |
| Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae) BCN46843 | Ordi | AE, BI, RI | Aerial part. Fruit. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Artisanal: footwear elaboration Cosmetic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: harvesting and/or selling |
12 |
| Howea forsteriana (F.Muell.) Becc. (Arecaceae) BCN129083 | Quènsia | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Hoya carnosa (L.f.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) BCN104268 | Cerera | BI | Flower. Whole plant | Domestic: for help at home Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. (Hydrangeaceae) BC800370 | Hortènsia | MO | Flower | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Hydrangea sp. (Hydrangeaceae) | Hortènsia | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Hyoscyamus albus L. (Solanaceae) BCN 31277 | Herba de capceta | BI | Leaf. Whole plant | Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Smoking |
2 |
| Hypericum balearicum L. (Clusiaceae) BCN95574 | Espeta joana | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
3 |
| Hypericum perforatum L. (Clusiaceae) BCN29874 | Herba de Sant Joan, herba dels set caps, hipèric, hipèricum, trescalam | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Not reported. Whole plant | Cosmetic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: purchased in commerce |
8 |
| Ilex aquifolium L. (Aquifoliaceae) BCN29876 | Boix grèvol, flor de Nadal, grèvol | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Bark. Resin. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Artisanal: cane elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
25 |
| Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton (Asteraceae) BCN31279 | Herba de puces, matavinyes, olivarda | AE, BI | Aerial part. Inflorescence. Leaf. Not reported. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Artisanal: broom elaboration Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Repellent |
15 |
| Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Convolvulaceae) BCN50213 | Monais, moneiato, moniato, moniajo | BI | Tuber. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
4 |
| Iris ×germanica L. (Iridaceae) BCN31278 | Lliri, lliri blau, lliri de marge, lliri de Sant Antoni, sords | AE, MO,RI | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
8 |
| Iris pseudacorus L. (Iridaceae) BCN31280 | Lliri de rec | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Jacaranda sp. (Bignoniaceae) | Xicaranda | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Jasminum azoricum L. (Oleaceae) BCN49864 | Jasmí | AE | Whole plant | Repellent | 1 |
| Jasminum officinale L. (Oleaceae) BCN100423 | Bejamí, gessamí, geramí, llessamí | BI, MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) BCN29877 | Anoguer, anou (fruit), noguer, noguera, nou (fruit), nou verda (fruit), nogalina (elaborated product) | AE, BI, MO, RI | Endocarp. Fruit. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: cookware elaboration Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Textile: dyer Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing |
26 |
| Juncus effussus L. (Juncaceae) BCN39991 | Jonc, jonc marí | AE, MO | Aerial part. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Artisanal: basketry Domestic: for help at home |
9 |
| Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae) BCN24910 | Ginebre, ginebró, ginebró de jardí, oli de ginebre (elaborated product) | BI, MO, RI | Fructification. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Ornamental: gardening Other informations |
13 |
| Juniperus communis L. subsp. communis (Cupressaceae) BCN29878 | Ginebre, ginebró | AE | Aerial part. Fruictification. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae) BCN29879 | Càdec | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus (Cupressaceae) BCN29879 | Ginebre, ginebró | BI | Fruictification. Not reported. Root. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: firewood Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information |
13 |
| Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae) BCN36078 | Savina, savinó (cone), sivina | BI | Fruictification. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: cane elaboration Ludic Timber |
7 |
| Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. (Sapindaceae) BCN63272 | Saboner | BI | Seed | Domestic: for help at home | 1 |
| Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (Cucurbitaceae) BCN50212 | Carabassa, catija | AE, BI | Fruit | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: cookware elaboration Domestic: for help at home Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
5 |
| Lagurus ovatus L. (Poaceae) BCN31281 | _ | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 2 |
| Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) BCN 40081 | Bandera espanyola | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 2 |
| Lathyrus sativus L. (Fabaceae) BCN 50775 | Guixa (fruit) | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 1 |
| Launaea cervicornis (Boiss.) Font Quer & Rothm. (Asteraceae) BCN88711 | Gatovell | BI | Aerial part | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices | 1 |
| Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) BCN29880 | Llaurer, llor, llorer, llort | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Leaf. Seed. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: cane elaboration Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Repellent Timber: construction materials production |
49 |
| Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae) BCN29881 | Espígol, lavanda | AE, BI | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Domestic: air freshener Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information |
4 |
| Lavandula angustifolia Mill. subsp. angustifolia (Lamiaceae) BCN29715 | Barballó, bermelló, espígol, lavanda | RI | Aerial part | Domestic: air freshener | 2 |
| Lavandula dentata L. (Lamiaceae) BCN24913 | Candelero, colònia, lavanda, gal·landa | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener |
9 |
| Lavandula latifolia Medik. (Lamiaceae) BCN29882 | Barballó, bermelló, espígol, lavanda | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Repellent Smoking |
30 |
| Lavandula stoechas L. (Lamiaceae) BCN126622 | Cap d’ase, lavanda, tomanyí | BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Smoking |
7 |
| Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas (Lamiaceae) BCN29883 | Timó | AE | Aerial part. Flower | Domestic: air freshener Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Smoking |
4 |
| Lavatera arborea L. (Malvaceae) BCN95546 | Malva | AE, BI | Aerial part. Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
2 |
| Lavatera cretica L. (Malvaceae) BCN44944 | Vauma | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information |
4 |
| Lens culinaris Medik. (Fabaceae) BCN 29990 | Llentia | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 1 |
| Leontodon taraxacoides Hoppe & Hornsch. (Asteraceae) BCN48777 | Angelets, pixallits | MO | Aerial part | Ludic | 1 |
| Leontopodium alpinum Guss. subsp. alpinum (Asteraceae) BCN34286 | Herba de neu | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (Vaill.) Lam (Asteraceae) BCN29721 | Margarida, margarida borda, margarida de camp, margarida de bosc | AE, RI | Aerial part | Ludic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
4 |
| Leuzea conifera (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. (Asteraceae) BCN29884 | Cigales, nyigo-nyigo, pinya de Sant Joan, polles | AE, MO | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 4 |
| Ligustrum vulgare L. (Oleaceae) BCN24915 | Escanyacabres, olivereta | RI | Aerial part | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae) BCN46841 | Azucena (Spanish), lliri, lliri blanc, lliri blanc de Sant Joan, lliri de Sant Antoni, lliri de Sant Joan | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
10 |
| Lilium martagon L. (Liliaceae) BCN24917 | Consolta, macròlic, marcòlic vermell | MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Seedling | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
6 |
| Lilium pyrenaicum Gouan (Liliaceae) BCN24918 | Consolta, consolta groga, marcòlic groc | RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Limonium virgatum (Willd.) Fourr. (Plumbaginaceae) BCN39989 | Patarres | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 3 |
| Limonium vulgare Mill. subsp. serotinum (Rchb.) Gams (Plumbaginaceae) BCN31282 | Patarres | AE | Aerial part | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill (Plantaginaceae) BCN29885 | Picardia, setembrina | AE, BI, MO | Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae) BCN47281 | Lli, llinc, llim, llinosa, oli de llinosa (elaborated product) | AE, BI | Aerial part. Not reported. Seed. Seed oil. Whole plant | Domestic: paint elaboration Folk oral literature Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration |
9 |
| Linum usitatissimum L. subsp. angustifolia (Huds.) Thell. (Linaceae) BCN107485 | Herba feridora | MO | Seed | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Linum usitatissimum L. subsp. usitatissimum (Linaceae) BCN32155 | Bri (fibre), lli, llinosa | MO | Aerial part | Cosmetic | 1 |
| Lippia triphylla (L’Hér.) O.Kuntze (Verbenaceae) BCN29886 | Herba lluïsa, marialluïsa | AE, BI | Aerial part. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Domestic: air freshener Other informations: ecological information Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations |
8 |
| Lolium rigidum Gaudin (Poaceae) BCN31283 | Margai, margall | BI | Not reported | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Lonicera etrusca Santi (Caprifoliaceae) BCN31285 | Xuclamel | AE | Stem | Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration | 2 |
| Lonicera implexa Aiton (Caprifoliaceae) BCN31286 | Mistreres, lligabosc, madreselva (Spanish), mataselva, rotaboc, rotaboig, xuclamel | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Not reported. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Folk oral literature Ludic Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Repellent Smoking |
19 |
| Lonicera peryclimenum L. (Caprifoliaceae) BCN26736 | Lligabosc, mareselva | MO | Flower | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
2 |
| Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J.M. Coult. (Cactaceae) BCN129082 | Peyote (Spanish) | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: harvesting and/or selling |
5 |
| Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. (Cucurbitaceae) BCN-E-78 | Carabassera d’esponges, fregall (fruit), fregall de carabassera (endocarp), fregaller | BI, MO | Endocarp. Fruit. Mesocarp + endocarp | Domestic: for help at home | 4 |
| Lunaria annua L. (Brassicaceae) BCN56009 | Flor de plata | RI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Lunaria annua L. subsp. annua (Brassicaceae) BCN31287 | Flor de plata, medallons, moneda del Papa | AE, MO | Aerial part. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 14 |
| Lupinus albus L. (Fabaceae) BCN-E-79 | Llobins, tramusset, tramús | MO | Seed. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Domestic: for help at home |
3 |
| Lycopodium clavatum L. (Lycopodiaceae) BCN31748 | Musgo (Spanish) | BI | Aerial part | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices | 1 |
| Lygeum spartum Loefl. ex L. (Poaceae) BCN 27831 | Espart | BI | Not reported | Artisanal: basketry | 1 |
| Magnolia grandiflora L. (Magnoliaceae) BCN64396 | Magnòlia | MO | Flower. Leaf. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Malva sylvestris L. (Malvaceae) BCN29889 | Malva, malva de prat, vauma | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Leaf. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
6 |
| Mammillaria sp. (Cactaceae) | Mamillària | BI | Not reported. Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered |
2 |
| Mandragora autumnalis Bertol. (Solanaceae) BCN52434 | Mandràgora | BI | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. & Cavill. (Asteraceae) BCN24925 | Baleges, cabeçuda, granera | RI | Aerial part | Artisanal: broom elaboration Domestic: for help at home |
4 |
| Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) BCN72729 | Barrombí, malrobí | BI | Aerial part. Seed | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
5 |
| Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) BCN29890 | Camamilla, camamilla de l’hort, camamilla dolça, mançanilla | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Inflorescence | Cosmetic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
4 |
| Matthiola sinuata (L.) R.Br. (Brassicaceae) BCN50218 | Violer | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
4 |
| Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) BCN29891 | Alfals, aufaus, userda | AE, BI, MO | Flower. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Smoking |
11 |
| Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) BCN97016 | Amèlia, sabonera | BI | Fruit | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Melilotus sulcatus Desf. (Fabaceae) BCN27973 | Trèvol de ramellet | BI | Flower | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29731 | Tarongí | BI | Aerial part. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Domestic: air freshener Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
6 |
| Melissa officinalis L. subsp. officinalis (Lamiaceae) BCN29731 | Tarongina | AE | Leaf | Cosmetic | 1 |
| Mentha aquatica L. (Lamiaceae) BCN103554 | Menta d’aigua, menta de cavall | BI | Leaf | Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations | 1 |
| Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29895 | Poliol | AE, BI | Aerial part. Not reported | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: use not remembered |
2 |
| Mentha sp. (Lamiaceae) | Herba-sana, hierba buena (Spanish), menta | BI, MO | Aerial part. Not reported. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29995 | Herba-sana, menta | AE, BI | Leaf. Whole plant | Domestic: for help at home Other informations: ecological information Repellent Smoking |
8 |
| Mentha × piperita L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29997 | Menta piperita, pampalei, piperita, pipermint | BI | Leaf. Whole plant | Domestic: for help at home Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Mespilus germanica L. (Rosaceae) BCN50768 | Nespla (fruit), nespler, nesplera | BI, MO | Fruit. Stem. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Timber |
5 |
| Mirabilis jalapa L. (Nyctaginaceae) BCN126625 | Buenas noches (Spanish), dama de nit, diegos de nit, noches (Spanish), Juan de noche (Spanish), sanjoans | MO, RI | Ornamental: gardening | 3 | |
| Morus alba L. (Moraceae) BCN52588 | Morer, morera | BI | Leaf. Stem | Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Timber: furniture manufacturing |
3 |
| Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. (Asparagaceae) BCN29738 | Calabruix | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae) BCN35897 | Multra, multrera, murta, murtera, murtó (fruit) | AE, BI | Aerial part. Flower. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: tannery Cosmetic Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
39 |
| Narcissus poeticus L. (Amaryllidaceae) BCN47870 | Jonquillo, lliri, lliri blanc, lliri de la Mare de Déu, narcís | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 7 |
| Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae) BCN47849 | Puigestela | RI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
2 |
| Nepeta cataria L. (Lamiaceae) BCN24935 | Herba dels moixos, nepeta, nepta | BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Folk oral literature |
4 |
| Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae) BCN46840 | Adelfa (Spanish), baladre | AE, BI, MO | Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Repellent |
13 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham (Solanaceae) BCN81462 | Tabac fulla d’espasa | BI | Leaf | Smoking | 1 |
| Nicotiana rustica L. (Solanaceae) BCN46839 | Tabac de pota, tabac pota | BI | Leaf. Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information Repellent Smoking |
4 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae) BCN48711 | Caliquenya (elaborated product), tabac, tabac pota, tabaquera | AE, BI, MO | Leaf. Whole plant | Domestic: for help at home Other informations: purchased in commerce Repellent Smoking |
17 |
| Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29897 | Alfabaguera, alfàbrega, aufabeguera, albahaca (Spanish), enflàgam | AE, BI, RI | Aerial part. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
52 |
| Odontites lutea (L.) Clairv. (Orobanchaceae) BCN73750 | Brancadella | MO | Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices | 1 |
| Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea (Oleaceae) BCN29898 | Oli d’oliva (elaborated product), oliva (fruit), olivera | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Fruit. Fruit juice. Not reported. Seed fruit. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: cane elaboration Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: firewood Fuel obtaining: plant oil Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing |
82 |
| Olea europaea L. subsp. sylvestris (Mill.). Lehr. (Oleaceae) BCN46838 | Engís, olivera, olivera borda, ullastre | AE, BI | Aerial part. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Timber Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing |
44 |
| Onobrychis supina (Vill.) DC. (Fabaceae) BCN52589 | Trepadella, trepadella borda | MO | Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 1 |
| Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. (Fabaceae) BCN26745 | Esparceta, trepadella | MO | Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 1 |
| Ononis spinosa L. (Fabaceae) BCN50770 | Gavó | AE | Stem | Fuel obtaining: firewood | 1 |
| Ononis spinosa L. subsp. antiquorum (L.) Briq. (Fabaceae) BCN62318 | Augó, ugó | BI | Fruit | Other informations: undesirable actions | 1 |
| Ophrys speculum Link (Orchidaceae) BCN533 | Orquídia, sabateta de bon Jesús | BI | Aerial part | Ludic Ornamental: bouquet elaborations |
2 |
| Opuntia maxima Mill. (Cactaceae) BCN46078 | Fulla de figa de moro (cladode), fulla de moro, fulla de moro (cladode), fulla de figuera de moro (cladode), figa de moro (fruit), figuera de moro, figuera de pic | BI | Cladode. Fruit. Leaf. Leaf juice. Whole plant, | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: cookware elaboration Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Ludic Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations |
19 |
| Origanum majorana L. (Lamiaceae) BCN95545 | Marduix, morduix, morduixera | BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Cosmetic Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information |
8 |
| Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) BCN24938 | Orenga, clements | AE, BI, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Domestic: air freshener Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Repellent |
16 |
| Orobanche crenata Forsk. (Orobanchaceae) BCN29743 | Frare | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) BCN30000 | Arròs | AE, BI, MO | Bran. Not reported. fruit. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations |
4 |
| Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Asch. & Graebn. (Poaceae) BCN52590 | Fenal no vertader, herba prima | MO | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 2 |
| Osyris alba L. (Santalaceae) BCN100425 | Assot, ginestra | BI | Aerial part | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Oxalis articulata Savigny (Oxalidaceae) BCN31290 | Trèvol | AE | Leaf. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Oxalis pes-caprae L. (Oxalidaceae) BCN95553 | Vinagrella, trèvol de jardí | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill. subsp. cambessedesii (Willk.) O.Bolòs & Vigo (Paeoniaceae) BCN64801 | Paloni de boca, peònia | BI | Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (Rhamnaceae) BCN29902 | Espinavessa | AE | Root. Stem | Artisanal: cane elaboration Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
6 |
| Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae) BCN13292 | Lliri | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 2 |
| Papaver rhoeas L. (Papaveraceae) BCN29903 | Coquelicot (French), gall, gall-gallaret, gallaret, gallito (Spanish), quiquiriquic, roella, rogella, rosella, rosella de camp, rovella | AE, BI, MO, RI | Corolla. Floral bud. Flower. Fruit. Whole plant. | Cosmetic Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
29 |
| Papaver somniferum L. (Papaveraceae) BCN24941 | Cascall, dormidera (Spanish) | BI, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Fruit. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties |
6 |
| Papaver somniferum L. subsp. setigerum (DC.) Arcang. (Papaveraceae) BCN46071 | Cascall, cascai, dormidera (Spanish), roella | AE, BI | Aerial part. Flower. Fruit. Latex. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information |
8 |
| Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum (Papaveraceae) BCN126627 | Cascall, dormidera (Spanish), herba queixalera | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 5 |
| Paradisea liliastrum (L.) Bertol. (Liliaceae) BCN27270 | Lliri blanc | RI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Parietaria officinalis L. subsp. judaica (L.) Bég. (Urticaceae) BCN29745 | Cama-roja, herba mollera, molla roquera, mollera, mollera roquera, mollerusa, morella, morella roquera, morera roquera, roca mollera, parietària | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Leaf. Not reported. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered |
16 |
| Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) BCN29747 | Claus de l’infern, passiflora | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L’Hér. (Geraninaceae) BCN72719 | Gerani d’olor, vauma rosa | BI | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
8 |
| Pelargonium sp. (Geraniaceae). | Gerani | BI | Aerial part | Domestic: air freshener Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (Apiaceae) BCN29905 | Julivert | AE, BI RI | Aerial part. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Cosmetic Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information |
7 |
| Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. (Asteraceae) BCN95555 | Herba de capxerigany | BI | Whole plant | Other informations | 1 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) BCN46837 | Mongeta, mongeta seca | AE, BI | Seed. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Ludic |
2 |
| Philadelphus coronarius L. (Hydrangeaceae) BCN27261 | Xeringuilla, xeringuillo | BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Timber: construction materials production |
12 |
| Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae) BCN126631 | Mat, mata | MO | Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices | 1 |
| Phlomis italica L. (Lamiaceae) BCN64879 | Estepa blenera | BI | Leaf. Not reported | Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home |
2 |
| Phoenix canariensis Chabaud (Arecaceae) BCN23835 | Fasser, dàtil (fruit), palmera, paumera | BI | Leaf. Whole plant | Artisanal: basketry Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
6 |
| Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae) BCN51783 | Fasser, dàtil (fruit), palmera, pauma, paumera | BI, MO | Aerial part. Leaf, Thorn. Whole plant | Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: cookware elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
9 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Poaceae) BCN88033 | Canyet, canyisso | BI | Not reported | Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration | 1 |
| Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman (Aspleniaceae) BCN29906 | Herba melsera, melsera | MO | Frond | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Phyllostachys aurea Rivière & C.Rivière (Poaceae) BCN30002 | Canya americana, canya de bambú, canya forastera, bambú | AE, BI | Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
14 |
| Phyllostachys flexuosa Rivière & C.Rivière (Poaceae) BCN30001 | Canya americana negra | AE | Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing | 1 |
| Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae) BCN31293 | Alquequengi, bossa, bossa vermella, fanalet, pebrot | AE, RI, MO | Aerial part. Fruit. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Phytolacca americana L. (Phytolaccaceae) BCN81961 | Fitolaca | MO | Fruit | Ludic | 1 |
| Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. (Pinaceae) BCN36717 | Avet, pivet | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 2 |
| Picris hieracioides Sibth. & Sm. (Asteraceae) BCN49161 | Gafallosa, pedaç | MO | Leaf | Ludic | 2 |
| Pimpinella anisum L. (Apiaceae) BCN47278 | Matafaluga | AE | Fruit | Domestic: air freshener | 1 |
| Pinus halepensis Mill. (Pinaceae) BCN29826 | Pi, pi bord, pinya (cone), reïna (resin) | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Bark. Leaf. Not reported. Resin. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: forestry Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: footwear elaboration Artisanal: instrument elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Artisanal: tannery Domestic: air freshener Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: use not remembered Textile: dyer Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Timber: construction materials production |
51 |
| Pinus pinaster Aiton (Pinaceae) BCN36559 | Pi, pi bord, pi gallec, pinastre | AE, MO | Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Other informations: use not remembered Timber: boat manufacturing |
3 |
| Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae) BCN26751 | Pi, pi de llei, pi pinyer, pi pinyoner, pinyó (seed) | AE, BI, MO | Bark. Leaf. Seed. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: footwear elaboration Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Textile: dyer Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: construction materials production |
18 |
| Pinus sp. (Pinaceae) | Pi, pinya (cone), reïna, trementina (elaborated product) | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Bark, Flower. Leaf. Resin. Stem. Whole plant. Cortical parenchyma | Agrosilvopastoral management: forestry Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Repellent Smoking Textile: dyer |
26 |
| Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae) BCN46070 | Pi, pi bord, pi rajolet, pi roig, trementina (elaborated product), pega (elaborated product), pega negra (elaborated product) | AE, MO, RI | Cone. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: footwear elaboration Fuel obtaining: firewood Other informations: ecological information Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: construction materials production |
12 |
| Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) BCN47277 | Prebe bo, prebe bo blanc, prebe negre | BI | Seed | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter | 1 |
| Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) BCN29907 | Llentriscle, llentrisca, mat, mata, triquell | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Fruit juice. Leaf. Not reported. Resin. Stem. | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: air freshener Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: charcoal Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: use not remembered Repellent Timber |
33 |
| Pistacia terebinthus L. (Anacardiaceae) BCN30004 | Noguerola | AE | Resin | Domestic: paint elaboration | 1 |
| Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae) BCN-E-87 | Pistatxo | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum (Fabaceae) BCN32140 | Estiragassó, pèsol, xítxero | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Plantago afra L. (Plantaginaceae) BCN 95568 | Herba de puça | BI | Aerial part. Seed | Cosmetic | 3 |
| Plantago coronopus L. subsp. coronopus (Plantaginaceae) BCN29908 | Cua de rata | AE | Leaf | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 2 |
| Plantago lagopus L. (Plantaginaceae) BCN98975 | Herba de cinc venes | BI | Not reported | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae) BCN24949 | Herba de cinc venes, llantén (Spanish), plantatge, plantatge de fulla estreta, plantatge estret, plantatge llarg, plantago | BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Leaf. Whole plant | Domestic: for help at home Ludic Other informations: ecological information |
6 |
| Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) BCN24950 | Llantén (Spanish), plantatge, plantatge ample, plantatge rodó | BI, RI | Leaf | Ludic Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Platanus ×hispanica Mill. ex Münchh. (Platanaceae) BCN31294 | Plàtan, plataner, platero | AE, BI, MO | Bark. Leaf. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing |
10 |
| Plectanthus sp. (Lamiaceae) | Encens, planta dels doblers | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 2 |
| Poinsettia pulcherrima (Wild.) Graham (Euphorbiaceae) BCN48713 | Nadala | AE | Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce (Liliaceae) BCN56044 | Arracadetes | MO | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae) BCN32136 | Estiravelles, triavella, traspassacamins | MO | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Polypodium vulgare L. (Polypodiaceae) BCN32134 | Falzia, foguera borda, herba de les gallines, herba felera | MO, RI | Frond. Not reported | Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
2 |
| Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn. (Dryopteridaceae) BCN126634 | Foguera, foguera de jardí, foguera mosquera | MO | Frond | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
20 |
| Populus alba L. (Salicaceae) BCN29751 | Arbre, arbre poll de fusta blanca, alba, arbre blanc | AE, MO | Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: footwear elaboration Ludic Timber |
8 |
| Populus nigra L. (Salicaceae) BCN29753 | Arbre canadà, arbre poll de fulla fosca, arbre poll, poll, polla, pollancre, pollangre | AE, BI, MO, RI | Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: footwear elaboration Domestic: for help at home Ludic Other informations Timber Timber: furniture manufacturing |
15 |
| Populus sp. (Salicaceae) | Poll, pollancre | BI, RI | Stem | Other informations: use not remembered Timber: furniture manufacturing |
3 |
| Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae) BCN46836 | Trèmol | AE, MO | Stem | Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Timber |
6 |
| Populus × canadensis Moench (Salicaceae) BCN126637 | Poll, polla, pollancre bordil | BI, MO | Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: cookware elaboration Ornamental: gardening Timber Timber: construction materials production |
4 |
| Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) BCN46835 | Enciam de patena, verdelaga, verdolaga | AE, BI | Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile (Posidoniaceae) BCN103134 | Alga, bolla de la mar (decomposed stem and leaf), posidònia | BI | Aerial part. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: for help at home Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Textile: textile padding |
18 |
| Potentilla reptans L. (Rosaceae) BCN29754 | Gram corquim | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Primula veris L. (Primulaceae) BCN27280 | Cucuts | MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
6 |
| Primula veris L. subsp. columnae (Ten.) Maire & Petitm. (Primulaceae) BCN29755 | Puput | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler (Lamiaceae) BCN24956 | Herba del traïdor, xuclaabella | RI | Aerial part | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining | 1 |
| Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler subsp. pyrenaica (Gren. & Godr.) A. & O.Bolòs (Lamiaceae) BCN29757 | Herba de la mel, xuclamel | AE, MO | Inflorescence. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
9 |
| Prunella vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29759 | Herba del traïdor | AE | Flower | Smoking | 1 |
| Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) BCN48712 | Albercoc (fruit), albercoquer | BI | Endocarp. Fruit. Stem | Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Timber: furniture manufacturing |
7 |
| Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae) BCN29827 | Cirera (fruit), cirerer | AE, BI, MO | Fruit. Resin. Seed. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: cane elaboration Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Ludic Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Timber Timber: furniture manufacturing |
17 |
| Prunus avium (L.) L. var. sylvestris Dierb. (Rosaceae) BCN60586 | Cirerer | MO | Flower. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 3 |
| Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae) BCN46834 | Pruna (fruit), prunera | BI | Aerial part. Fruit. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Folk oral literature Ludic Other informations: ecological information |
4 |
| Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb. (Rosaceae) BCN46833 | Ametla (fruit), ametler, ametller | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Endocarp. Epicarp. Flower. Fruit. Fruit juice. Mesocarp. Resin. Seed. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: use not remembered Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing |
43 |
| Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae) BCN52783 | Melicotó (fruit), melicotoner, préssec (fruit), presseguer | BI, MO | Flower. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Prunus spinosa L. (Rosaceae) BCN126640 | Aranyoner, arç negre, prunyoner | BI, MO | Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Other informations: ecological information Timber |
4 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae) BCN36632 | Douglas, pi Douglas | MO | Leaf. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Timber |
4 |
| Psoralea bituminosa L. (Fabaceae) BCN32133 | Cabrulla, calabrunya | MO | Flower | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Dennstaedtiaceae) BCN46068 | Falguera, falguera de Lluc, helecho (Spanish), mata falguera | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Frond. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered |
34 |
| Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) BCN29764 | Magrana (fruit), magraner | AE, BI, MO | Flower. Fruit. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Textile: dyer |
16 |
| Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem. (Rosaceae) BCN52591 | Cartegus | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Pyrus communis L. subsp. communis (Rosaceae) BCN46831 | Pera (fruit), perera | AE, BI, MO | Flower. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Pyrus malus L. subsp. malus (Rosaceae) BCN24961 | Pomera borda | RI | Aerial part | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 1 |
| Pyrus malus L. subsp. mitis (Wallr.) O.Bolòs & J.Vigo (Rosaceae) BCN46830 | Poma (fruit), poma bellesa de Roma (fruit), poma de bosc (fruit), poma del ciri (fruit), poma estarqui (fruit), poma fadrineta (fruit), poma goldén (fruit), poma manyaga (fruit), poma reneta (fruit), pomera, pomera borda, vinagre de poma (elaborated product) | AE, BI, MO | Fruit. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Artisanal: cane elaboration Domestic: air freshener Other informations: ecological information |
8 |
| Quercus alba L. (Fagaceae) BCN60896 | Roure americà | AE | Stem | Domestic: for help at home | 1 |
| Quercus coccifera L. subsp. coccifera (Fagaceae) BCN29765 | Garric, garriga, garrolla | AE | Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: broom elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Quercus humilis Mill. (Fagaceae) BCN32132 | Roure | MO | Gall. Stem. Whole plant | Fuel obtaining: charcoal Ludic Timber |
4 |
| Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) BCN24963 | Aglà (fruit), alzina, aulina | BI, RI | Bark. Flower. Leaf. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal Artisanal: tannery Cosmetic Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Textile: dyer Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing |
31 |
| Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex (Fagaceae) BCN29932 | Aglà (fruit), alzina, roure | AE, BI, MO | Bark. Leaf. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing |
52 |
| Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (Fagaceae) BCN29829 | Aglà (fruit), alzina, roure, roure francès, roure hongarès | AE, MO, RI | Fruit. Gall. Stem. Whole plant. Cortical parenchyma | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Other informations: ecological information Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Timber: construction materials production |
16 |
| Quercus pubescens Willd. (Fagaceae) BCN30007 | Roure | AE | Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices | 1 |
| Quercus suber L. (Fagaceae) BCN46829 | Alzina surera, suro | AE, MO | Bark | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Ludic Other informations: use not remembered Textile: dyer Textile: textile padding |
9 |
| Ranunculus asiaticus L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN65283 | Francesilla | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Brassicaceae) BCN30042 | Ravenissa | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural | 1 |
| Raphia sp. (Arecaceae) | Ràfia | BI | Leaf | Artisanal: basketry | 1 |
| Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae) BCN29769 | Aladern, llampúdol, llampudoler, mata | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Fuel obtaining: charcoal Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Timber Timber: furniture manufacturing |
12 |
| Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris Chodat (Rhamnaceae) BCN30057 | Aladern, llampúdol | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Rhododendron ferrugineum L. (Ericaceae) BCN24969 | Gafet, neret | RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) BCN46089 | Cagamutxo, oli de ricí (elaborated product), recino (Spanish), resiner, ricino (Spanish) | AE, BI | Seed. Seed oil | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: purchased in commerce |
13 |
| Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae) BCN31298 | Acàcia, escàcia | AE, BI, MO, RI | Flower. Not reported. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Timber: construction materials production |
11 |
| Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hyek (Brassicaceae) BCN29771 | Créixec, creixen, créixol, créssec | BI | Aerial part | Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties | 2 |
| Rosa alba L. (Rosaceae) BCN400041 | Roser blanc | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) BCN29772 | Gavarrera, roser bord, roser de bosc, roser de pastor, roser silvestre | AE, MO | Aerial part. Fruit. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Ludic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
6 |
| Rosa gallica L. (Rosaceae) BCN24972 | Roser, roser de marge | MO, RI | Flower. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
7 |
| Rosa sp. (Rosaceae) | Roser, roser de jardí | AE, BI, MO, RI | Corolla. Flower. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological informations |
24 |
| Rosa tomentosa Sm. (Rosaceae) BCN24973 | Grataculs, roser, roser bord, roser de bosc | RI | Fruit. Whole plant | Ludic Ornamental: gardening |
2 |
| Rosa centifolia L. (Rosaceae) BCN126648 | Roser, roser de marge | MO | Flower | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations |
2 |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29937 | Romaní | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
43 |
| Rubus ulmifolius Schott (Rosaceae) BCN32130 | Barder, batzer, móra (fruit), romeguer, romeguera | BI, MO | Flower. Whole plant. Young shoot | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information |
10 |
| Rumex acetosa L. subsp. acetosa (Polygonaceae) BCN29775 | Llengua de bou | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Rumex crispus L. (Polygonaceae) BCN126650 | Cama-roja, paradella, Santa Maria, vinagrella | MO | Fruit | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 3 |
| Rumex sp. (Polygonaceae) | Llengua de bou | RI | Leaf | Ludic | 1 |
| Ruscus aculeatus L. (Asparagaceae) BCN29939 | Bolleta del bon pastor, bolleta de Nadal, boix marí, cirerer de Betlem, gallaranc, galzeran | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered |
20 |
| Ruta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae) BCN29940 | Abrecaminos (Spanish), ruda | AE, BI, RI | Aerial part. Not reported. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Repellent |
37 |
| Ruta chalepensis L. subsp. chalepensis (Rutaceae) BCN32128 | Ruda | MO | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 6 |
| Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae) BCN29776 | Ruda | BI | Aerial part | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 5 |
| Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae) BCN50771 | Canya de sucre, canyamel, melassa (elaborated product) | BI | Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices | 1 |
| Salix alba L. (Salicaceae) BCN29777 | Saula, saule | AE, RI | Stem | Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: footwear elaboration Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
6 |
| Salix alba L. subsp. alba (Salicaceae) BCN56012 | Saula, saule, sàlic | MO, RI | Flower. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: footwear elaboration Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing |
8 |
| Salix atrocinerea Brot. (Salicaceae) BCN39996 | Gatell | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Salix babylonica L. (Salicaceae) BCN50772 | Desmai | AE, MO | Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: basketry Ornamental: gardening |
4 |
| Salix caprea L. (Salicaceae) BCN46073 | Gat saule, gatells, salze, saule | AE, RI | Aerial part. Stem | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 6 |
| Salix cinerea L. subsp. oleifolia Macreight (Salicaceae) BCN126656 | Gatell | MO | Aerial part. Stem | Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: cane elaboration Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Timber |
11 |
| Salix elaeagnos Scop. subsp. angustifolia (Cariot) Rech.f. (Salicaceae) BCN31304 | Salits, salitres, sàlix, sarga, vergatera | AE, MO | Stem | Artisanal: basketry | 7 |
| Salix ×fragilis L. (Salicaceae) BCN31305 | Saula, saule, salze dels vims, saula vimera, vim, vimenera, vímet | AE, MO | Stem | Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: footwear elaboration Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Ludic |
31 |
| Salsola kali L. subsp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó (Amaranthaceae) BCN42985 | Saleret, sosa | BI | Not reported | Cosmetic Domestic: paint elaboration |
2 |
| Salsola soda L. (Amaranthaceae) BCN42984 | Saleret | BI | Not reported | Domestic: paint elaboration | 1 |
| Salsola vermiculata L. (Amaranthaceae) BCN83712 | Barrilla, barrillera | BI | Not reported | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Salvia microphylla Kunth (Lamiaceae) BCN126657 | Gessamí, menta, menta de la reina, menta piperita, menta romana, menta trapassera, ormí, senyorida | BI, MO | Flower. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Ludic Ornamental: gardening |
7 |
| Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) BCN95591 | Salvi, sàlvia | BI | Aerial part. Leaf. Not reported. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties |
17 |
| Salvia officinalis L. subsp. lavandulifolia (Vahl) Gams (Lamiaceae) BCN1674 | Sàlvia, sàlvia femella, sàlvia mascle | MO | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae) | Sàlvia | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological informations | 1 |
| Salvia verbenaca L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29942 | Tàrrec, tàrrega | BI, RI | Leaf. Not reported | Smoking | 5 |
| Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae) BCN29943 | Sabuc, sabuquer, saüc, saüquer | AE, BI, RI | Flower. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Domestic: air freshener Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Other informations: harvesting and/or selling |
9 |
| Santolina chamaecyparissus L. (Asteraceae) BCN31526 | Camamilla de botó, camamilla de botó groc, camamilla de l’hort, espernallac | MO, RI | Aerial part. Inflorescence | Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
4 |
| Santolina chamaecyparissus L. subsp. chamaecyparissus (Asteraceae) BCN29782 | Camamilla, camamilla de muntanya | AE | Aerial part. Inflorescence | Cosmetic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
3 |
| Santolina chamaecyparissus L. subsp. magonica O.Bolòs & al. (Asteraceae) BCN-E-186 | Camamil · la | BI | Aerial part. Inflorescence. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
20 |
| Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae) BCN29783 | Herba del sabó, herba ensabonera, herba sabonera, sabó, sabó de gitana | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower | Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home |
11 |
| Sarothamnus arboreus (Desf.) Webb subsp. catalaunicus (Webb) C.Vic (Fabaceae) BCN29784 | Ginesta borda, ginestell, ginestó | AE | Aerial part. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
3 |
| Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimm. ex Koch (Fabaceae) BCN24988 | Ginesta, ginesta prima, ginestell, gódua, lliroia | MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower | Artisanal: broom elaboration Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: charcoal Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
22 |
| Satureja calamintha (L.) Scheele (Lamiaceae) BCN109263 | Menta borda, rementerola | MO | Flower. Leaf | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Domestic: for help at home |
2 |
| Satureja calamintha (L.) Scheele subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Gams (Lamiaceae) BCN29785 | Clements | AE | Stem | Domestic: for help at home | 1 |
| Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29945 | Senyorida | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: use not remembered | 1 |
| Saxifraga longifolia Lapeyr. (Saxifragaceae) BCN54656 | Corona de rei | RI | Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Saxifraga vayredana Luizet (Saxifragaceae) BCN95599 | Herba de Sant Segimon | MO | Aerial part. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Smoking |
11 |
| Scabiosa atropurpurea L. (Dipsacaceae) BCN29947 | Escabiosa, escabriosa, escapiosa, herba escapriosa | AE, BI | Not reported. Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 3 |
| Schefflera arborea (L.) M.Gómez (Araliaceae) BCN129084 | Xeflera | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) BCN46086 | Pebre verd | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Scirpus holoschoenus L. (Cyperaceae) BCN29789 | Jonc | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Artisanal: basketry Domestic: for help at home Other informations: ecological information Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration |
42 |
| Scolymus hispanicus L. (Asteraceae) BCN30008 | Card cadalina, card catalina, card de carxofa, card de cadernina, card cadernina, card verd | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered |
4 |
| Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariaceae) BCN3762 | Setge | RI | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Secale cereale L. (Poaceae) BCN27243 | Secle, sègol | MO, RI | Fruit. Stem. Whole plant | Domestic: for help at home Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
3 |
| Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (Cucurbitaceae) BC114504 | Tayote (Spanish) | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: harvesting and/or selling | 1 |
| Sedum dasyphyllum L. (Crassulaceae) BCN24994 | Arròs de paret | RI | Aerial part. Leaf. Whole plant | Ludic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
3 |
| Sedum rupestre L. (Crassulaceae) BCN29791 | Mort-i-viu | AE | Aerial part | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau (Crassulaceae) BCN29792 | Arròs, crespinell, mort-i-viu, pinet, raïm de galàpet, raïm de llop | AE, MO | Aerial part | Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
4 |
| Sedum telephium L. (Crassulaceae) BCN24995 | Matafoc | RI | Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaborations | 1 |
| Sedum telephium L. subsp. maximum (Crassulaceae) BCN32123 | Bàlsam, bàlsam de fulla, bàlsam de jardí, fava de jardí, fava grassa | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 2 |
| Sempervirum arachnoideum L. (Crassulaceae) BCN26422 | Vel de núvia | RI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Sempervirum tectorum L. (Crassulaceae) BCN24997 | Apagafoc, consolva, herba de les cremades, matafoc, pinya de foc, sempervívum | MO, RI | Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
4 |
| Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae) BCN31309 | Seneci del Cap | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 2 |
| Sequoiadenderon giganteum (Lindl.) J.Buchholz (Taxodiaceae) BCN27276 | Sequoia | RI | Bark | Ludic | 1 |
| Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae) BCN52592 | Cua de mula, panissola, pèl de boc, xerreix, xerreix bord | MO | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Sideritis cf. sventenii (Kunkel) Mend.-Heu (Lamiaceae) BCN29957 | _ | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae) BCN29948 | Colís, colitx, colleja (Spanish), culivells, esclafidor, petapetó | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Leaf. Whole plant | Ludic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: use not remembered |
22 |
| Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae) BCN25001 | Corretjola, esclafidor, pet | RI | Aerial part. Flower | Ludic | 2 |
| Sinapis alba L. (Brassicaceae) BCN50358 | Mostassa | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Repellent |
2 |
| Smilax aspera L. (Smilacaceae) BCN21151 | Aríjol, aritja, sarsaparrilla | AE, BI | Aerial part. Root. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Domestic: for help at home Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Textile: textile padding |
10 |
| Smyrnium olusatrum L. (Apiaceae) BNC95551 | Aleixandre, aleixandri | BI | Aerial part. Stem | Artisanal: broom elaboration Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
3 |
| Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M.L.Jaeger (Solanaceae) BCN2553 | Metzinera, poma del desert | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: use not remembered | 1 |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) BCN29952 | Domàtiga (fruit), domatiguera, tomata (fruit), tomatera, tomàtiga (fruit), tomatiguera, | AE, BI | Fruit. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Domestic: for help at home Other informations: ecological information Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Repellent Smoking |
9 |
| Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) BCN25004 | Albergínia (fruit), alberginiera | BI | Fruit. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Magic and religious beliefs and practices Smoking |
3 |
| Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae) BCN29797 | Patata (tuber), patatera | AE, BI, MO | Leaf. Stem. Tuber. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Smoking |
7 |
| Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. (Asteraceae) BCN29953 | Allitsó, allitsó vertader, alitxó, aritsó, lletsó, lletxó, llitsó, llitxó | BI | Latex. Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 2 |
| Sonchus tenerrimus L. (Asteraceae) BCN29954 | Aletxó, llitsó bord | BI | Leaf | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae) BCN25009 | Moixera | RI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Sorbus domestica L. (Rosaceae) BCN46827 | Serva (fruit), server, servera | AE, BI, MO | Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Other informations: ecological information Timber |
7 |
| Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Poaceae) BCN31310 | Melca | AE | Stem | Artisanal: broom elaboration | 13 |
| Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Poaceae) BCN44695 | Canyota | MO | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 2 |
| Spartium junceum L. (Fabaceae) BCN29956 | Ginesta, ginesta de llei, ginesta vera, ginestera | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations |
27 |
| Spinacia oleracea L. (Amaranthaceae) BCN46077 | Espinac | BI | Leaf | Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties | 1 |
| Stachys byzantina K.Koch (Lamiaceae) BCN126667 | Bàlsam, bàlsam de tall, bàlsam pelut, herba peluda, orella de conill | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 2 |
| Stipa tenacissima L. (Poaceae) BCN46091 | Clin, espart | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: footwear elaboration Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: use not remembered Textile: textile padding Timber: boat manufacturing |
11 |
| Syringa vulgaris L. (Oleaceae) BCN29959 | Lilà | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Flower. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
17 |
| Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry (Myrtaceae) BCN47279 | Clau, clau d’olor | BI | Floral bud | Domestic: air freshener Repellent |
2 |
| Tamarix canariensis Willd. (Tamariaceae) BCN43378 | Tamariu | AE | Whole plant | Folk oral literature | 1 |
| Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae) BCN31918 | _ | MO | Whole plant | Other informations: use not remembered | 1 |
| Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae) BCN25014 | Camamilla amargant, camamiglla borda, camamilla de Sòria, camamilla purgant, camamil · la de jardí, botonets | BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae) BCN29803 | Danarida, tanaceto (Spanish), tanarida | BI, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Repellent |
4 |
| Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers (Asteraceae) BCN25015 | Angelets, dent de lleó, herba queixalera, lleones, llums, màstecs bords, paraigües, pixacà, pixaconills, pixallits, puputs, queixal de llop, xicoina | BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Inflorescence. Fruit. Whole plant | Cosmetic Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
8 |
| Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae) BCN25017 | Teix, quiner | BI, MO, RI | Aril. Cortical parenchyma. Stem. Whole plant | Cosmetic Folk oral literature Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Timber: furniture manufacturing |
6 |
| Teucrium capitatum L. (Lamiaceae) BCN43441 | Herba de Sant Ponç, mançanella | BI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: use not remembered |
2 |
| Teucrium chamaedrys L. (Lamiaceae) BC806359 | Auladella, betera | BI | Whole plant | Other informations | 1 |
| Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. pinnatifidum (Sennen) Rech.f. (Lamiaceae) BCN126671 | Brutònica | MO | Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Other informations: ecological information |
1 |
| Teucrium marum L. subsp. subspinosum (Pourr. ex Willd.) O.Bolòs, Molin. & P.Monts. (Lamiaceae) BCN66404 | Auladella, beteta, coixinet de monja, eixorba-rates, herba beteta, herba de Sant Ponç, poniol | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds Folk oral literature |
2 |
| Teucrium polium L. subsp. capitatum (L.) Arcang. (Lamiaceae) BCN103557 | Auladella, beteta, coixinet de monja, eixorba-rates, herba beteta, herba de Sant Ponç, poniol | BI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Teucrium polium L. subsp. polium (Lamiaceae) BCN32116 | Timó, timolet, timonet | MO | Flower | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices | 1 |
| Thapsia villosa L. subsp. villosa (Apiaceae) BCN39998 | Julivert de cavall | AE | Whole plant | Other informations: ecological information | 1 |
| Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. (Lamiaceae) BCN72716 | Frígola | BI | Leaf | Domestic: for help at home | 1 |
| Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29961 | Farigola, frigola, tem, tomillo (Spanish) | AE, BI, RI | Aerial part. Flower | Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations |
8 |
| Thymus vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris (Lamiaceae) BCN44665 | Farigola | MO | Aerial part | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Folk oral literature |
6 |
| Tilia cordata Mill. (Malvaceae) BCN26784 | Til · lo | BI | Bract with flower | Other informations: harvesting and/or selling | 2 |
| Tilia platyphyllos Scop. (Malvaceae) BCN25024 | Flor de tei, tell, til · la | AE, RI | Inflorescence. Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening Other informations: harvesting and/or selling |
3 |
| Tilia sp. (Malvaceae) | Til · la | BI | Whole plant | Other informations: use not remembered | 1 |
| Tillandsia sp. (Bromeliaceae) | Clavell de l’aire | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Tradescantia albiflora Kunth. (Commelinaceae) BCN49624 | _ | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) BCN45017 | Picatalons | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds | 1 |
| Trichocereus pachanoi Britton & Rose (Cactaceae) BCN129086 | Dompedro (Spanish), sampedro (Spanish) | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties |
4 |
| Trifolium sp. (Fabaceae) | Trèvol | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Fuel obtaining: charcoal Other informations: ecological information |
4 |
| Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) BCN29963 | Blat, segó | AE, BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Bran. Not reported. Fruit. Spike. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Artisanal: footwear elaboration Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Other informations: collections and/or selling Other informations: use not rememberd |
24 |
| Trollius europaeus L. (Ranunculaceae) BCN27267 | Cloclou, flor de Sant Pere, rovell d’ou | RI | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 2 |
| Tropaeolum majus L. (Tropaeolaceae) BCN46429 | Canari, caputxina | BI, MO | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ornamental: gardening |
2 |
| Tulbaghia sp. (Amaryllidaceae) | Tulbàgia | BI | Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Repellent |
2 |
| Tulipa sp. (Liliaceae) | Tulipán (Spanish) | BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Typha angustifolia L. (Typhaceae) BCN23969 | Boga, bova | BI, MO | Aerial part. Leaf. Stem | Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration |
12 |
| Typha angustifolia L. subsp. australis (Schumach.) Kronf. (Typhaceae) BCN51627 | Bova | BI | Stem | Artisanal: basketry Other informations: ecological information Textile |
3 |
| Typha latifolia L. (Typhaceae) BCN31314 | Balca, boga, bova | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Flower. Leaf. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: basketry Folk oral literature Ludic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Timber: furniture manufacturing |
23 |
| Ulex parviflorus Pourr. subsp. parviflorus (Fabaceae) BCN30011 | Argelac, argentina | AE | Stem. Whole plant | Fuel obtaining: firewood Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Ulmus minor Mill. (Ulmaceae) BCN29813 | Om | AE, BI, MO, RI | Bark. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Folk oral literature Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Timber: construction materials production |
20 |
| Urginea maritima (L.) Baker (Asparagaceae) BCN58049 | Ceba marina, ceba marinera | BI | Bulb. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Repellent |
16 |
| Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) BCN25030 | Ortiga | MO, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
2 |
| Urtica membranacea Poir. ex Savigny (Urticaceae) BCN95578 | Ortiga | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Other informations |
5 |
| Urtica sp. (Urticaceae) | Ortiga | BI | Aerial part. Leaf. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: undesirable actions Repellent |
6 |
| Urtica urens L. (Urticaceae) BCN29966 | Estrígol, ortiga | AE, BI | Aerial part. Leaf. Not reported. Stem. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Other informations: undesirable actions Repellent |
7 |
| Valeriana officinalis L. (Caprifoliaceae) BCN29816 | Valedriana, valeriana | AE, MO, RI | Root | Folk oral literature | 6 |
| Verbascum pulverulentum Vill. (Scrophulariaceae) BCN25035 | Herba ploranera, torpa | RI | Aerial part | Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
2 |
| Verbascum sinuatum L. (Scrophulariaceae) BCN29967 | Trepó, tripó | AE, BI | Root. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: broom elaboration Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
4 |
| Verbascum sp. (Scrophulariaceae) | Croca, cua de guilla, trepó | BI, RI, | Aerial part. Leaf. Not reported. Whole plant | Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information |
7 |
| Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) BCN63299 | Porpra, trepó | MO | Flower | Cosmetic | 1 |
| Verbascum thapsus L. subsp. montanum (Schard.) Bon (Scrophulariaceae) BCN39651 | Candeler, trepó | BI | Flower. Leaf | Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information |
2 |
| Viburnum lantana L. (Adoxaceae) BCN27281 | Cartellatge, tortellatge | AE, MO, RI | Aerial part. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: cane elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices |
8 |
| Viburnum opulus L. (Adoxaceae) BCN126683 | Bola de neu, mató, pompa | MO, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
2 |
| Viburnum opulus L. var. roseum Aiton (Adoxaceae) BCN27254 | Mató | RI | Aerial part | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Viburnum tinus L. subsp. tinus (Adoxaceae) BCN126681 | Marfull | MO | Aerial part. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Vicia cracca L. subsp. gerardii (W.D.J. Koch) Briq. (Fabaceae) BCN126685 | Llegum, veça | MO | Aerial part | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae) BCN49339 | Fava (fruit/seed), favera, favó (seed), llegum | BI, RI | Fruit. Seed. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: harvesting and/or selling |
13 |
| Vicia sativa L. (Fabaceae) BCN95569 | Veça | BI | Young shoot | Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
2 |
| Vicia sativa L. subsp. sativa (Fabaceae) BCN-E-93 | Veça | MO | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 1 |
| Vicia villosa Roth (Fabaceae) BCF46443 | Veça | MO | Whole plant | Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 1 |
| Vinca difformis Pourr. (Apocynaceae) BCN52597 | Blincaperblinca, proenga, pruenga, vinca, vincapervinca | BI, MO, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information |
5 |
| Vinca major L. (Apocynaceae) BCN25039 | Flor de Pasqua, vinca, vincapervinca | AE, RI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
4 |
| Viola alba Besser (Violaceae) BCN27286 | Violetes | RI | Flower | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Viola alba Besser. subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W.Becker (Violaceae) BCN31316 | Viola, viola petita | AE | Aerial part | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration | 1 |
| Viscum album L. (Santalaceae) BCN46085 | Gui (French), muérdago (Spanish), ramillo de la suerte (Spanish), vesc | AE, MO | Aerial part. Resin. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration |
7 |
| Vitex agnus-castus L. (Lamiaceae) BCN29820 | Alís d’olor, aloc, barda, ximbla | AE, BI | Flower. Latex. Stem | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: use not remembered Repellent |
5 |
| Vitis vinifera L. (Vitacaeae) BCN29972 | Cep, pansa (dried fruit), tòria (branch), parra, raïm (fruit), raïmera, rem (fruit), vi (elaborated product), vinagre (elaborated product) | AE, BI, RI | Fruit juice. Leaf. Fruit peduncle Stem. Whole plant. | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Repellent Smoking |
35 |
| Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet (Fabaceae) BCN30014 | Glicina | AE, BI | Whole plant | Ornamental: gardening | 2 |
| Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. (Araceae) BCN104895 | Lliri | BI | Aerial part. Whole plant | Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Zea mays L. (Poaceae) BCN29830 | Blat de les Índies, blat de moro, cabellet (style and stigma), maís | AE, BI, MO, RI | Bract, Epicarp, Fruit. Infructescence. Not reported. Fruit. Stem. Spike. Styles and stigmas. Whole plant. Rachis | Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/horticultural Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Smoking Textile: dyer Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Textile: textile padding Other informations |
27 |
| Zinnia elegans L. (Asteraceae) BCN69604 | Rascamoño (Spanish), rosa mística | BI | Inflorescence. Whole plant | Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening |
3 |
| Ziziphus jujuba L. (Rhamnaceae) BCN29822 | Gíjol (fruit), ginjoler | AE, BI, MO | Aerial part. Fruit. Stem. Whole plant | Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Timber: boat manufacturing |
11 |
Statistical methods
All calculations were carried out using Excel (Microsoft Excel 2007) and the program XLSTAT (v. 2007.5, Addinsoft SARL) was used to carry out the Chi-square test in order to check the statistical differences in the use categories among the four studied territories.
Results and discussion
General data
The 769 informants reported 401 genera (34 of the taxa reported have only been determined to the generic level), 552 species, 81 subspecies and four varieties, belonging to 122 families. The taxa collected, their folk names and uses, the territories where they are recorded, the parts of plants employed and their use frequency are presented in Table 1, placed as an appendix. The number of taxa with such information is high. Just to compare with the same geographical areas, 334 species are reported in a paper on medicinal plants (AE, [30]), which is representative of other territories, a figure higher than in other areas and not simply additive, since a high number of taxa are repeated in different areas, and 97 species were recorded in a work on ethnoveterinary in four out of the five territories here considered [31]. This supports the argument to consider the non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses as not secondary or residual at all. The number of use reports (hereinafter UR) confirms this, being also elevated (4137 in total, cf. Table 2 for their distribution in the geographical areas and Table 3 for its repartition for use categories).
Table 2.
Use reports in the studied areas
| Area | Use reports | Use reports/inhabitant | Use reports/informant |
|---|---|---|---|
| Catalonia (CA)a | 2335 | 0.0086 | 4.58 |
| Alt Empordà (AE) | 1014 | 0.0072 | 5.70 |
| Montseny (MO) | 942 | 0.0090 | 5.48 |
| Ripollès (RI) | 379 | 0.0147 | 2.37 |
| Balearic Islands (BI)a | 1802 | 0.0021 | 6.96 |
| Formentera (FO) | 87 | 0.0075 | 3.63 |
| Mallorca (MA) | 1715 | 0.0020 | 7.30 |
| TOTAL | 4137 | 0.0036 | 5.38 |
aCatalonia includes Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès and Balearic Islands include Formentera and Mallorca
Table 3.
Use categories considered and number of reports of each one in the territories studied
| Use categories | AE | BI | MO | RI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agrosilvopastoral management | 135 | 284 | 159 | 24 |
| Artisanal | 250 | 157 | 96 | 31 |
| Cosmetic | 26 | 78 | 9 | 12 |
| Domestic | 77 | 113 | 63 | 23 |
| Folk oral literature | 16 | 106 | 64 | 10 |
| Fuel obtaining | 16 | 58 | 27 | 9 |
| Ludic | 40 | 64 | 117 | 26 |
| Magic and religious beliefs and practices | 128 | 116 | 105 | 72 |
| Ornamental | 135 | 193 | 201 | 117 |
| Other informations | 79 | 383 | 13 | 33 |
| Repellents | 20 | 95 | 3 | 11 |
| Smoking plant | 24 | 18 | 19 | 3 |
| Textile | 25 | 58 | 1 | 4 |
| Timber | 43 | 79 | 65 | 4 |
| TOTAL | 1014 | 1802 | 942 | 379 |
AE Alt Empordà, BI Balearic Islands (comprising here Formentera and Mallorca), MO Montseny, RI Ripollès
To name the specific and infraspecific taxa the informants provided 1303 Catalan popular names, including whole plants and parts of plant, especially fruits and seeds, and elaborated products. This figure would be the equivalent to a mean of more than two names per plant, and roughly approaches the 5 % of the ca. 35,000 Catalan plant names (of folk and other provenances) recently collected [32], the quantity and diversity of names accounting too for the vitality of the knowledge of plants with these other uses. Additionally, the informants indicated 37 Spanish, four French and one Arabic names to refer to the plants reported.
Use categories
Table 3 presents the 14 categories (which are equally present for all territories in our database to avoid comparison) of non-food and non-medicinal uses in which we have classified all data collected. Some examples and comments on specific uses are provided in this and in other epigraphs of this paper (e.g., most reported taxa or persistence of uses), and the detail of all uses collected can be found in Table 1.
The category “other informations” is a miscellaneous one to hold sparse knowledge not attributable to the established categories. This big group of information comprises 509 use reports from a total 4137, meaning ca. 12 % of all reports, but includes a very numerous and diverse cases, for which we have established the following subgrouping: ecological information, undesirable actions, purchased in commerce, harvesting and/or selling, excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations, product appreciations. We also attributed the category of other information to the cases in which the informants declared that they knew that a plant was useful, but they did not remember for what (use not remembered); we maintain this category (related, as the whole paper, to non-food and non-medicinal uses) as an evocation of knowledge that used to be solid, but has declined and is almost forgotten now.
Some big categories comprise several activities. Agrosilvopastoral: agricultural/horticultural, for pig slaughter, honey obtaining, for fishing, for hunting, forestry tools for agricultural practices, weeds. Artisanal: elaboration of canes, shoes, brooms, kitchen implements, musical instruments, baskets and similar objects, fibres, smoking paper, tobacco pipes and other instruments, as well as hide tanning. Domestic: household help, air fresheners, paint elaboration, help in sewing. Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration, textile padding, dyer. Timber: elaboration of furniture, boats and wheeled vehicles, obtention of building material.
With this, and irrespective of our grouping, made for the sake of concision, thus, the number of subcategories (including categories with no subcategories) would reach 46, showing a big coverage of different fields. The most common large use categories, in terms of number of use reports, are ornamental (646 use reports), agrosilvopastoral management (600), artisanal (534), and magic and religious beliefs and practices (421). For statistical purposes we used the main or big categories, since for many of the subcategories there are not enough use reports to allow a statistical treatment.
The first two of these categories have direct links with the rural society, which has been prevalent in all the studied territories until recent times and is still important, irrespective of the intervening socioeconomic changes. Plants used in agricultural and livestock raising tasks have been and many of them continue to be utilised (see the subheading on persistence of uses). Many local handicrafts and objects for domestic uses were and are elaborated. Many kinds of baskets (Fig. 2), spoons and other kitchen implements, often made with Buxus sempervirens L. wood, or broom (Fig. 2; made with species such as Buxus sempervirens, Erica scoparia L., Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. et Cavill. and Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) W.D.J.Koch -two of them with the specific epithet alluding to this object, suggesting the antiquity and relevance of this tradition-) were mentioned. The uses comprised in these two categories are also among the commonest in other European areas [11, 13, 14]. Moreover, handicraft elaboration has been reported as one of the most relevant uses in distant areas as well, e.g., [33]. Indeed, some uses belonging to other categories are also linked with rural activities. This is the case, among others, of using Datura stramonium L. as a repellent for moles, which can damage plant cultures.
Fig. 2.
Examples of basketry and broom elaboration in the territories considered: a. Formentera, Lygeum spartum; b. Mallorca, Chamaerops humilis; c. Formentera, Juniperus phoenicea, Pinus halepensis; d. Montseny, Erica scoparia
The third group of uses is very common as well, since all human groups have influences of religious and/or magic beliefs. Protective plants (see the subheading on persistence of uses), or ritual ones (e.g., Laurus nobilis L., Olea europaea L. and Phoenix dactylifera L., which are blessed in Christian Easter feasts, Fig. 3) exemplify this group of uses.
Fig. 3.
Examples of artisanal, domestic and magicoreligous uses in the territories considered: a. Mallorca, Olea europaea; b. Alt Empordà, Laurus nobilis, Phoenix dactylifera; c. Alt Empordà, Arundo donax; d. Mallorca, Chamaerops humilis; e. Ripollès, Lunaria annua
Finally, the category of ornamental plants is also universal, both in rural and urban areas, both with living or cut plants, and both for indoor and outdoor spaces. This group of uses involves classical, large-scale cultivated plants (such as Rosa sp. cultivars), but a large number of wild plants as well, such as, among many others (see Table 1), Lunaria annua L. (Fig. 3), with the aerial parts with fruiting septa of which bouquets are prepared. Many ornamental plants also have other uses; amongst them, medicinal is not rare, and in some cases the medicinal application used to be important and has decreased, but the ornamental use persists (such as, for example, in Lilium candidum L.). Decorative uses are very dynamic. The ancient traditions in this field coexist with recently adopted ones, such as using Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd.) Graham toghether with the classical Ruscus aculeatus L. for home ornamentation at Christmas (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4.
Examples of artisanal, domestic and magicoreligous uses in the territories considered: a. Alt Empordà, Pinus pinea; b. Alt Empordà, several species, among which Dianthus caryophyllus, Malva sylvestris, Rosa sp., Spartium junceum and Phoenix dactylifera; c. Alt Empordà, Ziziphus jujuba; d. Montseny, Ruscus aculeatus; e. Montseny, Poinsettia pulcherrima; f. Ripollès, Carlina acanthifolia subsp. cynara
Most reported taxa
The five most reported families in the whole studied area are Poaceae (301 UR; 7.28 %), Lamiaceae (293 UR; 7.08 %), Asteraceae (290 UR; 7.01 %), Rosaceae (186 UR; 4.50 %) and Oleaceae (181 UR; 4.38 %). All these families, except the last one, are big in terms of number of taxa and are importantly represented worldwide and, in particular, in the Mediterranean region, to which the territories considered belong. This would agree with the assessment that plant taxa common or well-represented in one area are more accessible to its inhabitants and, so, most likely used there [34]. Three of these families, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae, are almost always dominant in ethnobotanical works conducted in the Catalan cultural area and in other western Mediterranean countries (see, for instance, [35] for a Catalan territory and [36, 37] for non-Catalan areas, and references contained in these papers) even if those works are focused on food and medicinal plants and the present one on other uses. The coincidence is also important (four out of the five main families of the present paper) even with work conducted in several eastern Mediterranean areas [14]. In contrast, the family Oleaceae is not very numerous in taxa, but it reached a very high number of UR mostly due to the relevance and versatility of uses of Olea europaea (including, but not only, olive oil, utilised for many different purposes) in all Mediterranean territories. The family Poaceae is not included among the most reported in the above-quoted ethnobotanical works on food and medicinal plants, but is, again, a very large one and with some prominent plants in the kind of uses here studied. Arundo donax L. is particularly significant in this sense. This allochthonous plant, acclimated from ancient times in the areas studied, has many uses, mostly linked to agricultural practices (Fig. 3), in three of the territories (AE in Catalonia and both from BI), which account for many UR.
The five most cited species in the different regions studied are presented in Table 4. Again, Olea europaea is present in the top plants list, being the most reported one in the Balearic areas considered and in one of the Catalonian territories (altogether, and logically, in the most strict Mediterranean areas among those studied) for the reasons stated in the last paragraph. The coincidence of Buxus sempervirens as highly quoted in the three Catalonian territories responds, apart from its popularity due to the high quality of its wood, to the existence of Eurosiberian zones in these continental areas, and to its practical or total absence from Balearic ones. Conversely, Chamaerops humilis (Figs. 2 and 3), much more present in the Balearic areas considered, and scarce or inexistent in the Catalonian ones, is, not surprisingly, highly reported in the former. Most quoted taxa are quite different from those leading the lists of top plants for medicinal or food uses in the areas considered ([28, 38] and references therein), with the exception of Olea europaea, which also plays a relevant role in the mentioned fields.
Table 4.
Data on use reports of the most quoted plants in the territories studied
| Territory/Plant species | Number of use reports in each territory | Percentage of use reports in each territory |
|---|---|---|
| Alt Empordà | ||
| Olea europaea L. (including both subsp. europaea and subsp. sylvestris (Mill.) Hegi) | 44 | 4.34 |
| Arundo donax L. | 40 | 3.94 |
| Erica arborea L. | 39 | 3.85 |
| Celtis australis L. | 29 | 2.86 |
| Buxus sempervirens L. | 28 | 2.76 |
| Ripollès | ||
| Buxus sempervirens | 28 | 7.39 |
| Carlina acanthifolia (Pourr. ex DC.) Rouy | 14 | 3.69 |
| Sarothamnus scoparius L. | 13 | 3.43 |
| Syringa vulgaris L. | 12 | 3.17 |
| Pinus sylvestris L. | 9 | 2.37 |
| Montseny | ||
| Buxus sempervirens | 69 | 7.11 |
| Erica scoparia L. | 30 | 3.18 |
| Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench. | 29 | 3.08 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn | 24 | 2.55 |
| Quercus ilex L. and Scirpus holoschoenus L., ex aequo | 20 | 2.12 |
| Balearic Islands (Mallorca and Formentera) | ||
| Olea europaea L. (including both subsp. europaea and subsp. sylvestris) | 80 | 4.44 |
| Arundo donax | 57 | 3.16 |
| Ocimum basilicum L. | 47 | 2.61 |
| Chamaerops humilis L. | 46 | 2.55 |
| Pinus halepensis Mill. and Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb., ex aequo | 41 | 2.28 |
Parts of plants
The use categories object of the present paper being very diverse, almost all plant parts (and the whole plants as well) are used.
Stem (1156 UR; 27.94 %), aerial part -constituted either by all the aboveground part of the plant or by leaves and flowers together, with the stem or branch portions sustaining them- (785 UR; 18.98 %), flower (including inflorescence and flower, 337 UR; 8.15 %) and leaf (295 UR; 7.13 %) have been the most reported plant parts. Frequently, the whole plant is also used (869 UR; 21.01 %). Sometimes, the aerial part and the whole plant have constituted indistinguishable categories. The high number of use reports attributed to the stem is due to large and diverse kinds of artisanal uses, wood products and fuel.
Comparison between the territories studied
As stated when addressing the most recorded taxa, the territories studied share a language and culture, but differ in ecogeographical characteristics. For these comparative purposes we have put together both Balearic territories, since Formentera’s dataset is not big enough to be taken into consideration.
Chi-square test showed there was an association between use categories and territories (χ2 = 846.306, d.f. = 39, P < 0.0001). Particularly, the presence of continental and insular areas leads us to suppose some differences in ethnoflora applications, possibly due to differences both in flora and in traditions. Indeed, there is also a significant difference in the use categories between continental and insular territories (χ2 = 485.037, d.f. = 13, P < 0.0001), confirming this geographical effect.
We present in Fig. 5 the degree of coincidence in plants used in the five regions considered. Whereas the number of coincident species among three territories ranges from 43 (Balearic Islands, Montseny and Ripollès) to 76 (Alt Empordà, Balearic Islands and Montseny), this decreases to 34 when we analyse the intersection of the four areas included in this study. In any case, we believe that the amount of plants used for non-medicinal and non-food aims in all areas is rather high. These plants with a larger geographical reach are usually cosmopolitan species used in daily life in the territories of Catalan culture, such as Fagus sylvatica L., Laurus nobilis, Malva sylvestris L., Olea europaea, Papaver rhoeas L., Ruscus aculeatus, and Spartium junceum L. (Table 1).
Fig. 5.
Venn’s diagram showing the number of uses in each territory considered and the coincidences among them. AE: Alt Empordà; BI: Balearic Isands; Mo: Montseny; RI: Ripollès
Reliability of uses recorded
As already stated, the uses here reported are divided in a large number of categories. Irrespective of this dispersion, which is logical, since we consider here all traditional plant uses apart from food and medicinal ones, we think it is necessary to evaluate the degree of reliability of the information provided by the interviewees on these uses. A first, simple approach to this is considering the frequency of uses (see Table 1 for plants and Table 3 for use categories). According to several authors [33, 39], a use could be considered reliable if it is quoted by at least three independent informants. In most cases both the plants and the uses have been quoted by more (usually many more) than three informants.
A finer approach is provided by the informant consensus factor (FIC; [40]), defined as the number of UR minus the number of taxa divided by the number on UR minus 1. This index reflects the reliability of ethnobotanical information considering the coincidence of the informants in the same uses to be attributed to the same plants. The closer FIC is to its maximum value, 1, the more consistent -thus, the more reliable- are the folk plant uses considered in the area studied. The general FIC value in this study is 0.87 and those for the two big geographical areas concerned (Catalonia and Balearic Islands) are coincidental, 0.82. To our knowledge, this is the first, or one of the very rare times, that FIC is calculated for uses other than medicinal and food ones. The absolute values can be considered rather high. Comparatively, they are higher than those calculated for medicinal uses in two Mexican and one Indian areas (ranging from 0.75 to 0.79; [41–43]). This means that other uses in the territories here studied are slightly more coincidental than medicinal uses in places where folk use of medicinal plants is highly practiced and considered, suggesting a high consistency and reliability of the information collected. The FIC values here presented are very close (although in a few cases slightly lower) to those obtained for food and medicinal plant uses in the areas object of study ([31, 35], and references therein). This testifies for the robustness of the dataset collected, confirming the relevance of these other uses of plants for the human populations practicing them.
Persistence and consideration of non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses
If indices such as FIC permit a quantitative assessment of the non-food and non-medicinal popular plant uses, the interviews performed with a big number of informants in the five studied areas allow us to qualitatively evaluate their current situation as well. Our aprioristic idea was that, in an industrialised society, these uses, most of them not directly linked to wellness and hardly related to rural life, would be residual and not much considered, at least in part due to the processes of acculturation and erosion of traditional knowledge. Nevertheless, once considered in detail the definitely high amount of information collected, we believe that these uses are (at least still) not so marginal. We contribute here some reflections on this subject with different possibilities for the uses considered, illustrated with a few examples, and more similar conclusions may be deduced by considering the information of Table 1.
Undoubtedly, some of these uses have declined, in some cases nearly or completely until extinction. We can note in this category some artisanal works and most traditions linked to religious and/or magic beliefs. For instance galoshes (Fig. 4), for which the wood of several trees was employed, are no longer in use in agropastoral tasks (so, they are no longer fabricated), but the informants who used to employ them and those who used to elaborate them (one of our informants was one of the last artisans who elaborated galoshes in Catalonia, until 1980) precisely remember the details of their use and had often brought into the house some pieces as decorative elements with an added value. In the Catalan society, the same degree as in the Netherlands -where galoshes have become an identitary element, with, additionally, a big implication in merchandising and trade- has not been reached, but nowadays the few people who know how to fabricate them are often required in popular feasts to show off their former trade. Indeed, courses or workshops on these and other subjects related with traditional plant uses (e.g., dyeing) are frequently organised. Similarly, carpets elaborated with vegetal elements are no longer used in religious processions (simply because these processions do not exist currently), but in some localities in two of the areas studied (Alt Empordà, Montseny) the carpets continue to be prepared every year in the context of a popular feast (Fig. 4). In other cases, such as the elaboration of matrasses with Zea mays L. inflorescence bracts or that of sheets with Cannabis sativa L. fibres, the uses have been completely abandoned.
Even in some trades that are declining, a certain degree of vitality persists: the elaboration of musical instruments for the orchestra (named cobla) that plays typical Catalan dances (called sardana) and for other kind of traditional musical events, importantly involving Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Fig. 4) continues to be alive, even if their artisans must have another profession to make a living.
Apart from these declining uses, some other persist almost to the same extent as always. These are uses linked to everyday life mostly in rural areas, such as those related to agricultural practices (in homegardens or elsewhere), e.g., tutoring some cultivated plants (Fig. 3). Another kind of folk plant knowledge to persist is that related to ludic aspects, including oral literature. People continue to play with plants and to use sayings and proverbs involving the vegetal world (even to inventing new ones). Additionally, some plant uses directly linked to commercial issues have also a high degree of persistence, such as those related to basketry (Fig. 1) or Christmas/New Year decoration (Fig. 4).
Finally, some popular traditions linked to plants are still in use, but have changed in some senses. As an example, some plants are hung in or near the doors of many rural houses (especially in mountain areas), as was commonly done since time immemorial, such as Carlina acanthifolia (Fig. 4). Nevertheless, no one believes nowadays (even if many people did a few decades ago) that these plants are protective for people and animals in the house. In this case, these plants now play a decorative role, with the associated interest that people know that this current use derives from a quite different ancient one. The basket elaboration mentioned in the last paragraph and similar activities, such as some related to textile, dyeing and handicraft issues, have also experienced, at least to some extent, this change. In past times, baskets, carpets, blankets, forks, spoons and other objects were elaborated with plant material simply for their use within the house, but now most such pieces produced are addressed to decorative and touristic purposes, comporting some commercial revenues.
Conclusions
The important number of species claimed to be used (552, with 4137 use reports) by the 769 informants interviewed in the territories studied for the purposes comprised in this paper show that popular knowledge on plants goes far beyond food and medicinal applications, which had been the most traditionally studied in ethnobotanical surveys, probably because they are the most apparent and the most preserved plant utilisations. This means that a large and diverse panoply of traditional uses, which are apparently secondary in our industrialised societies, such as examples as different as basket elaboration and oral literature, remains active and, when this is not so, appreciated and remembered by people.
To summarize, we believe that the data in this study show that a robust set of knowledge and practices in the field of non-food and non-medicinal plant uses persists in the European industrialised area studied, indicating that these utilisations of plants, which to date have been the object of scarce attention in ethnobotanical research, are relevant -we would say fully necessary- for a complete life, even in a modern society and even if they are not directly related to health issues. Additionally, and not forcibly negatively, although this means a reorientation in the tradition, some changes in popular uses (mostly those related to handicrafts) currently imply a certain complementary income for some people and may represent a potential for future commercial activities with economic significance in rural communities.
Further ethnobotanical studies in this currently still rather neglected field are encouraged in order to compile an important part of natural and cultural heritage not sufficiently considered up to now, and to assess what actions are needed to preserve this knowledge, particularly in cases of dangerously declining real current practice.
Abbreviations
AE, Alt Empordà district; BC, Herbarium of Botanical Institute of Barcelona; BCN, Herbarium of the Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona; BI, Balearic Islands; CA, Catalonia; FIC, Informant consensus factor; FO, Formentera island; MA, Mallorca island; MO, Montseny massif; RI, Ripollès district; UR, Use reports
Acknowledgements
We thank all the informants for having shared with us their time and their in-depth knowledge on biodiversity use and management. We are grateful to Samuel Pyke (Jardí Botànic de Barcelona) for his improvement of the English language, to Rosa Trigell (Blommor Floristes) for plant material supply and to Josep Vicens (Universitat de Barcelona) for his help in herbarium material management. EC and AG benefited from predoctoral contracts of the Spanish ministries in charge of education. This research has been partially funded by the municipal council of Figueres (IX Beca de recerca “Ciutat de Figueres”), the Catalan government (projects 2009SGR439, 2009ACOM00012, 2009ACOM00013 and 2014SGR514) and the Spanish government (project CSO2014-59704-P).
Funding
See acknowledgements
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable
Authors’ contributions
All authors participated in the design of the research and in data collection. AG and TG carried out the statistical analyses. TG and JV coordinated the study and wrote the first draft of the manuscript, to which the other authors then contributed. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
The authors give their consent for publication of this manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All the authors agree with the manuscript and consent to participate in it. Concerning the informants, they gave the informed consent (see Methods section).
Contributor Information
Airy Gras, Email: agras@ub.edu.
Teresa Garnatje, Email: tgarnatje@ibb.csic.es.
M. Àngels Bonet, Email: m.angels.bonet@gmail.com.
Esperança Carrió, Email: e.carrio296@gmail.com.
Marina Mayans, Email: marinamayans@gmail.com.
Montse Parada, Email: montse.parada@gmail.com.
Montse Rigat, Email: montserigatcoll66@gmail.com.
Joan Vallès, Email: joanvalles@ub.edu.
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