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(A.-B.) GDF11 had no significant effect on p38 and ERK MAPK signals in HUVECs. n = 10 C. GDF11 increased the protein level of p-JNK after at GDF11 treatment for 24h and 48h in HUVECs. **P < 0.01 vs. control. n = 8. D. MitoTEMPO inhibited GDF11-induced JNK activation in HUVECs. The cells were pre-treated with mitoTEMPO(25nM) for 1h and then GDF11(50ng/ml) was added. *P < 0.05 vs. control. # P < 0.05 vs. GDF11 treatment group. n = 12.
