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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 8.
Published in final edited form as: Vaccine. 2016 May 5;34(27):3059–3067. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.081

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

A) Intracellular glutathione level in THP-1 cells after stimulation with AH-NPs or AH-MPs. THP-1 cells were incubated with AH-NPs or AH-MPs (aluminum content, 50 µg/ml) for 24 h, and intracellular GSH level was determined using a GSH-Glo assay. Zinc oxide (ZnO) (50 µg/ml) was used as a positive control (* p < 0.05, vs. Control). B) NAC, an antioxidant, inhibited IL-1β production induced by AH-NPs and AH-MPs. THP-1 cells were pre-treated with 25 mM NAC for 30 min before treatment as in A. IL-1β production was determined using ELISA (* p < 0.05 vs. to Control; # p < 0.05, with NAC vs. without NAC treatment). C) Intracellular aluminum level after THP-1 cells were incubated with AH-NPs or AH-MPs for 6 h (* p < 0.05 vs. Control; # p < 0.05 AH-NPs vs. AH-MPs or Alhydrogel®). D) The effect of CA-074-Me, a cathepsin B inhibitor that inhibits lysosomal rupture, on IL-1β secretion by THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells were pre-treated with up to 20 µM of CA-074-Me for 30 min before incubating with AH-NPs or AH-MPs for 6 h, and the IL-1β levels in cell culture medium were determined using the HEK-Blue™ IL-1β cells-QUANTI-Blue™ assay (* p < 0.05, with CA-074-Me treatment at concentrations ≥ 5 µM vs. without CA-074-Me treatment (i.e., 0 µM of CA-074-Me)).