Abstract
Introduction:
Shift Work Disorder (SWD) is a sleep disorder characterized by sleepiness and insomnia, which can be attributed to the person's work schedule. Awareness of the mechanisms behind shift work related health problems could be essential to schedule the shift work, employment routines, clinical treatment, and selection of employees.
Objective:
To assess the prevalence of SWD and to identify related health problems among nurses in a tertiary care hospital in Bangalore.
Materials and Methods:
We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital in Bangalore between May and September 2014. Based on simple random sampling, 130 nurses were selected for the study. After obtaining written informed consent from the participants, structured interview schedule using Standard Shift Work Index and Bergen Shift Work Sleep Questionnaire (BSWSQ) was administered.
Results:
The mean age of the 130 nurses was 27.4 ± 2.64 years. The prevalence of SWD was found to be 43.07%. Headache, back pain, gastritis, and menstrual disorders were the most common complaints, which are found in 78 (60.0%), 75 (57.6%), 42 (32.3%), and 39 (30.0%) cases, respectively. Anxiety and depression was found in 23 (17.6%) and 31 (23.8%) individuals, respectively. We also found a significant association of SWD with increasing age, more number of nights worked in a year, and longer duration of working hours. According to the BSWSQ, 70 (53.8%) nurses were found to have sleep problems.
Conclusion:
A high prevalence of SWD symptoms calls for a focus on the antecedents of work related sleep problems and appropriate intervention, such as behavioral changes, clockwise rotating shifts, and treatment.
Keywords: Health problems among nurses, India, nurses, shift work disorder
INTRODUCTION
Nursing is a lifesaving profession and nurses play a pivotal role in the health-care industry. If nurses who are the “symbol of service and humanity” are troubled by their own ill health or other stressful circumstances, then they will not be able to give their full attention to this demanding task. No hospital can function effectively if there is high incidence of ill health among nurses.[1] Quality of care for hospital patients is strongly linked to the performance of the nursing staff. In line with this, creating a healthy work environment for nurses is crucial to maintaining an adequate nursing workforce.[2]
Nurses are a significant group of health-care personnel in any tertiary care hospital. In modern-day, round-the-clock performance is expected in many occupations. Census data show that a large segment of the workforce is employed on nonstandard work schedules that may include shift work.[3] Such work schedules have been related to numerous health problems, which include cardiovascular disease, digestive troubles, fatigue, cancer, depression, anxiety, and sleep problems. Individuals differ in terms of how they tolerate shift work, with effects on sleep and other health parameters varying correspondingly.[4] The diagnostic criteria for SWD, as defined by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)'s International Classification of Sleep Disorders-2 (ICSD-2), are as follows: (i) Complaints of insomnia or excessive sleepiness temporally associated with a recurring work schedule in which work hours overlap with the usual time for sleep, (ii) symptoms associated with the shift work schedule over the course of at least 1 month, (iii) sleep disturbance not better explained by another sleep disorder, mental disorder, a medical or neurological disorder, medication use, or substance use disorder.[5]
Need for the study
Not many studies have been published on the prevalence of SWD and its related health problems among nurses especially in India. This study will help to identify the prevalence of SWD and its associated factors in a typical tertiary care setting. Thereafter, interventions can be planned to improve the quality of work life of nurses that in turn improves the quality of patient care, thereby beneficial for the management. Nurses’ turnover could be minimized which is a major problem in the discontinuity of the patient care. This study would give an opportunity for the nursing staff to express their difficulty in professional life especially during the shift work.
Objectives
To assess the prevalence of shift work disorder (SWD) among nurses working in a tertiary care hospital in Bangalore
To identify the health problems associated with SWD among nurses.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study was carried out among the staff nurses in a tertiary care hospital. The study was conducted during the period of May-September 2013. The study population comprised staff nurses who have completed at least 12 months of service in the study hospital. Staff nurses who are not doing shift duties were excluded from the study. The sample size was calculated to be 130 based on the prevalence of previous studies.[6]
The list of nurses was obtained from the Nursing Superintendent's office. Nurses were selected by simple random sampling and the work place and contact details of the selected nurses were collected from the Personnel Department of the hospital. Permission was obtained from the concerned authorities and we made sure that data collection did not interfere with the daily routine of the staff. After obtaining the informed consent, the study participants were interviewed to collect information regarding age, education, date of employment, type of occupation, working conditions, duration of work, shifts, and present health status. Chronic illness was elicited through past history. All nurses were assessed on problems of shift work using a pretested and validated questionnaire. A structured interview schedule was used to collect relevant data from the respondents.
The interview schedule had the following parts:
Demographic details and the study variables: Age, gender, marital status, religion, place of stay, duration of work, etc
Details about work schedule: Current shift, shift timings, average number of hours worked per day, difficulties in falling asleep, or feel excessive sleepiness
Standard Shift Work Index Questionnaire: It is a questionnaire to assess the details about shift work, problems due to shift work, etc
Bergen Shift Work Sleep Questionnaire (BSWSQ): It is a questionnaire to assess the sleep problems.
Procedure
This study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. After establishing rapport with the nurses, the purpose and procedure of the study were explained. Informed written consent was obtained from the participants and the interview schedule was administered to the participants.
Statistics and analysis of the data
The data were entered and coded in Microsoft Excel and were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 (SPSS-Inc., Chicago, IL) for proportions, frequencies, and associations. Measures of central tendency, dispersion, and Chi-square tests were used to analyze data. We considered P value of less than 0.05 as significant. When more than 20% of the cells in tables had value less than 5, then we considered Fisher's exact test for significance.
RESULTS
The study population comprised of 130 female nurses. Of the 130 nurses, nearly 68% were less than 30 years of age and the mean age was 27.4 ± 2.64 years. Nearly 50% had the work experience of 1—2 years. The demographic details are represented in Table 1. Majority [110 (84.6%)] of the nurses had been working for around 50-100 night shifts in the last 12 months. Around 71 (54.6%) of the nurses had 1-2 years of experience in shift duties. The work schedule of the nurses is explained in Table 2.
Table 1.
Demographic details (N=130)
Table 2.
Work schedule
The prevalence of SWD was found to be 43.07%. Of this, 41 (31.5%) were in the age group less than 30 years, and 35 (26.9%) with work experience of 1–2 years had SWD. Table 3 explains the prevalence of SWD by age and years of experience. Headache, back pain, gastritis, and menstrual disorders were the most common complaints related to shift work [Table 4]. Anxiety and depression were found in 23 (17.6%) and 31 (23.8%) of the individuals, respectively. According to the BSWSQ, 70 (53.8%) were found to have sleep problems. Out of 130 participants, 59 (45.3%) were also found to have more than normal intake of beverages when they were asked—“Do you drink Coffee/tea/cola (with caffeine/energy drinks) more than usual during your shift work?”
Table 3.
Prevalence of SWD by age and years of experience
Table 4.
Health problems due to SWD
We found that there was a statistically significant association between the presence of SWD and age, number of nights worked in a year on univariate analysis [Table 5]. There was no statistically significant association between the presence of SWD and marital status, place of stay, duration of work, number of years of shift duties and sleep problems. Multivariate analysis showed significant association of SWD with decreasing age.
Table 5.
SWD and associated factors
DISCUSSION
The prevalence of SWD among nurses in the present study was found to be 43%. We found that young nurses who were aged less than 30 years and who had 1-2 years of experience were more likely to have SWD. This is consistent with the previous study done among nurses in Norway, where about one-third of the nurses showed symptoms indicative of SWD, with highest prevalence (45%) in schedules involving night shifts. They also found a positive relationship between the numbers of nights worked and SWD.[6] This is probably because the young nurses with less years of experience are not adapted for the shift work and the mechanisms behind coping with the shift duties. We need further studies to identify the precise reason for this phenomenon. This fact also underlines the importance of educating the nurses and counseling them before giving the shift duties. Rathore et al. in a study done in Rajasthan found out that gastrointestinal and digestive problems, such as indigestion, heartburn, stomach ache and loss of appetite, were more common and sleep problems were found in around 64% among rotating shift working nurses that was comparable to our study. The health problems might be related to the disturbance of biological clock under stressful conditions. In the present study, we had certain limitations such as influence from possible confounding variables (i.e., different work load, environment, work schedule, etc.) was not addressed and recall problems for certain questions, such as number of night duties in the last 1 year, when they did extra night shifts during staff shortage.
Shift work and related health problems are important topics in the health-care sector due to their possible negative impact on the workers’ health and safety. Awareness of the mechanisms behind shift work related sleep problems could also be essential regarding shift work scheduling, employment routines, clinical treatment, and for employee selection.[7] However, it can be difficult to distinguish between the sleep issues related to shift work and those which are most likely unrelated. Consequently, there is a need to conceptually differentiate between sleep problems associated with and those bearing no relation to the work schedule.[8]
In medical domain, physicians, nurses, and other ancillary staff are expected to perform their jobs or to be on call round-the-clock. Studies have shown that a greater percentage of health service workers work in a shift system than in any other employment sector.[9,10] As of today, few studies have explored SWD, and even fewer have systematically assessed the health problems of the SWD. Thus, there is a challenge in epidemiological research to assess the symptoms of SWD in an acceptable way in order to study its prevalence and associations with differential health problems and other relevant factors. Such research is needed to further understand how to better alleviate health problems related to work schedule.
CONCLUSION
Despite the fact that nurses cannot be excluded from shift duties, appropriate intervention, such as behavioral changes for good sleep hygiene, forward rotating shifts and treatment (in chronoclinic, i.e., sleep medicine), counseling, and periodic screening to overcome SWD will help improve nurses’ quality of life and help them cope with shift duty. From an occupational health point of view, induction training programs of nurses can incorporate these measures that need to be reinforced frequently for the betterment of nurses.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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