Nisin-Controlled Production of Pediocin PA-1 and Colicin V in Nisin- and Non-Nisin-Producing Lactococcus lactis Strains

Abstract

The introduction of chimeric genes encoding the fusion leader of lactococcin A-propediocin PA-1 or procolicin V under the control of the inducible nisA promoter and the lactococcin A-dedicated secretion genes (lcnCD) into Lactococcus lactis strains, including a nisin producer, expressing the two component regulator NisRK led to the production or pediocin PA-1 or colicin V, respectively.

The production of the anti-Listeria bacteriocin pediocin PA-1 by strains of dairy origin is a desirable objective, since Listeria monocytogenes represents a major biological hazard in the dairy industry (19). Although the ability of a recombinant Lactococcus lactis starter culture containing a ped operon-encoding plasmid to control L. monocytogenes in coinoculated cheeses has been demonstrated (1), an alternative approach for the production of pediocin PA-1 in heterologous hosts is based on the amino acid homologies shared by leader peptides of class II bacteriocins (7, 8, 21). Recently, we reported the production of pediocin PA-1 in L. lactis as a result of the introduction of a chimeric gene containing a fusion of sequences encoding the lactococcin A leader and mature pediocin PA-1 under the control of the lactococcin A promoter, along with the genes lcnC and lcnD, which encode the lactococcin A secretion apparatus (12). In this study, the production of pediocin PA-1 in L. lactis was enhanced by placing the chimeric structural gene under the control of the nisin-inducible nisA promoter (P_nisA). A similar strategy was followed to achieve production of the Escherichia coli bacteriocin colicin V in L. lactis.

Bacterial strains and growth conditions.

Lactococcal strains (Table 1) were grown in M17 medium (Oxoid, Unipath Ltd., Basingstoke, United Kingdom) supplemented with 0.5% (wt/vol) glucose (GM17 medium) at 30°C without agitation. Pediococcus acidilactici 347 (18) was grown in MRS medium at 30°C without agitation. E. coli strains were grown in L broth at 37°C on an orbital shaker. Agar plates were made by adding 1.5% agar to broth media. Antibiotics (Sigma) were added as selective agents when appropriate (chloramphenicol at 5 μg ml⁻¹ for lactococci and at 15 μg ml⁻¹ for E. coli, ampicillin at 200 μg ml⁻¹, and erythromycin at 5 μg ml⁻¹). For induction purposes, nisin A (Aplin and Barret, Trowbridge, United Kingdom) was added to the media used for lactococcal growth at a concentration of 100 ng ml⁻¹.

TABLE 1.

Lactococcal strains used in this study

Strain no.	Host	Plasmid	Presence of bacteriocin determinanta						Reference or source
			lLpedA	nLpedA	nLcvaC	lcnCD	nis	Δnis
	FI5876						+		3
FI10038	FI5876						+
		pFI2391		+					This study
		pFI2148				+
FI10054	FI5876						+
		pFII2436			+				This study
		pFI2148				+
	FI7847							+	5
FI9917	FI7847							+
		pFI2391		+					This study
		pFI2148				+
FI10050	FI7847							+
		pFI2436			+				This study
		pFI2148				+
FI9262	FI5876								12
		pFI2126	+
		pFI2148				+

^aA plus sign indicates the presence of a bacteriocin determinant. lLpedA contains the hybrid L-pedA gene preceded by the lactococcin A promoter, nLpedA contains the hybrid L-pedA gene preceded by the nisin promoter, nLcvaC contains the hybrid L-cvaC gene preceded by the nisin promoter, nis contains the nisin gene cluster, and Δnis contains the nisin gene cluster with a frameshift mutation in codon 16 of the nisin structural gene impeding nisin biosynthesis (the sequences of the downstream nisin cluster genes are unaffected).

Construction of pFI2391 and pFI2436.

The technique of spliced overlap extension was used in the construction of a P_nisA-controlled hybrid gene consisting of a fusion of sequences encoding the lactococcin A leader and mature pediocin PA-1. This technique involved the amplification of two DNA fragments by using the polymerase BIO-X-ACT (Bioline, London, United Kingdom). Primers pAD1 (5′-CCTGAATAATATAGAGATAGGTT-3′) and pAD3 (5′-AAATTTAATTGATTTTTCATTTTGAGTGCCTCC-3′) were used to amplify a 270-bp fragment (fragment 1) containing P_nisA. Plasmid pFI1003 (14) was used as template. The 17 nucleotides forming a tail at the 5′ end of primer pAD3 (underlined) are complementary to the amino-terminal sequence of the lactococcin leader. Primers pAD2 (5′-GGAGGCACTCAAAATGAAAAATCAATTAAATTT-3′) and ppedD (11) (5′-ACCCCGGGATTGATGCCAGCTC-3′) were used to amplify a 242-bp fragment (fragment 2) comprising the hybrid L-pedA gene, a fusion of sequences encoding the lactococcin A leader and mature pediocin PA-1 (11). The template was provided by colonies of L. lactis FI9043 (11). Primer pAD2 was designed with a 5′ tail corresponding to sequences within the promoter fragment. These 13 nucleotides (underlined) are complementary to the 3′ end of fragment 1. Fragments 1 and 2 were diluted (1:200) in water, and equal quantities of these fragments were mixed. The mixture was used as the template to amplify a 479-bp fragment with primers pAD1 and ppedD. The fragment was cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen), and its identity was confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis. Then, it was isolated as an EcoRI fragment and cloned into pTG262 to generate pFI2391. Cotransformation of L. lactis FI7847 (3) and FI5876 (5) with pFI2391 and pFI2148 (lcnCD) (12) by electroporation (4, 9) generated strains FI9917 and FI10038, respectively.

The same strategy was used in the construction of a P_nisA-controlled hybrid gene for colicin V production. Primers pAD2 and p135 (5′-CCCGGGTTATAAACAAACATCACTAAG-3′) were used to amplify a 349-bp fragment (fragment 3) comprising the hybrid L-cvaC gene, a fusion of sequences encoding the lactococcin A leader and mature colicin V. The template (a sequence encoding the lactococcin leader and cvaC, the colicin V structural gene) was provided by pAT.9, a pCR2.1 derivative carrying a previous 420-bp PCR product with a fusion between sequences encoding the lactococcin A leader and mature colicin V preceded by the lactococcin A promoter. Fragments 1 and 3 were diluted (1:200) in water, and equal quantities of these fragments were mixed. The mixture was used as the template to amplify a 586-bp fragment with primers pAD1 and p135. The fragment was cloned into pCR2.1 and subcloned as an EcoRI fragment into pTG262 to generate pFI2436. Cotransformation of L. lactis FI7847 and FI5876 with pFI2436 and pFI2148 (lcnCD) generated strains FI10050 and FI10054, respectively.

The pIL277 derivative pFI2148 is compatible with the pTG262-based vectors. PCR analyses, plasmid profiling, and pediocin bioassays with serial subcultures of L. lactis FI10038 demonstrated the stability of both plasmids in the lactococcal hosts for at least 100 generations under selective and nonselective conditions (data not shown).

P_nisA-controlled expression of hybrid genes.

Plate diffusion bioassays involving three independent cultures and Enterococcus faecalis TAB28 (pediocin sensitive, nisin resistant) (13) as an indicator showed that L. lactis FI9917 and FI10038 produced pediocin PA-1. In the case of FI9917, the addition of subinhibitory levels of nisin A to the culture media was required. Pediocin PA-1 production was quantified by using a series of pediocin PA-1 standards ranging from 0 to 5 μg ml⁻¹. The concentrations of pediocin PA-1 in FI9917 and FI10038 supernatants were 460 ± 18 and 625 ± 21 ng ml⁻¹ (mean ± standard deviation), approximately 21 and 30% of the pediocin produced by P. acidilactici 347, respectively. The same cultures were used in microtiter plate assays performed as described by Holo et al. (10), which revealed that the activities of FI9917 (251 ± 11 BU ml⁻¹) (one BU [bacteriocin unit] is defined as the reciprocal of the highest dilution causing 50% growth inhibition of the indicator organism) and FI10038 (414 ± 14 BU ml⁻¹) supernatants against E. faecalis TAB28 were approximately 20 and 33%, respectively, of that found in P. acidilactici 347 supernatants (1,254 ± 39 BU ml⁻¹). Microtiter bioassays with the indicator L. lactis FI9180 (pediocin resistant, nisin sensitive) (12) revealed that FI10038 produced nisin and that the activity level achieved was similar to that of FI5876.

The pediocin production of the L. lactis FI10038 construct (625 ng ml⁻¹) represents a significant improvement over the pediocin production of L. lactis FI9262 (70 ± 8 ng ml⁻¹), since the only difference between FI10038 and FI9262 is that in the latter the hybrid gene is under the control of the lactococcin A promoter (12). Therefore, we have exploited the NICE expression system (2, 15) to enhance pediocin yield in a nisin-producing L. lactis strain.

Broth assays with L. monocytogenes L15 SV-1/2 as an indicator were performed to elucidate whether coproduction of nisin and pediocin PA-1 by L. lactis FI10038 had a synergistic action. Supernatants were obtained from cultures (1 × 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹) of L. lactis FI5876, L. lactis FI10038, and P. acidilactici 347, adjusted to pH 6, and filter sterilized. The P. acidilactici 347 supernatant was diluted to obtain the same concentration of pediocin found in L. lactis FI10038 supernatants. Later, 1 ml of the treated supernatants were added to 10-ml nutrient broth (Difco) cultures of L. monocytogenes L15 SV-1/2 containing either 1 × 10⁵ or 1 × 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹. The cultures were incubated for 3 h at 32°C, and, finally, Listeria counts were performed in triplicate with MRS agar plates. The broth assays were performed with three independent sets of cultures. Counts for L. monocytogenes cultures were significantly lower in the presence of supernatants of L. lactis FI10038 than in the presence of supernatants of L. lactis FI5876 or P. acidilactici 347 (Table 2). The antimicrobial properties of pediocin PA-1 and nisin A and the beneficial effects of their coproduction (6, 17, 20) are features that can be exploited to extend their potential application in the food industry.

TABLE 2.

Effects of the addition of different culture supernatants on the growth of L. monocytogenes L15 SV-1/2

Challenge supernatant	Count (CFU ml−1) for initial L. monocytogenes L15 SV-1/2 concna
	1 × 105 CFU ml−1	1 × 108 CFU ml−1
None	2 × 106	5 × 108
L. lactis FI15876	2 × 105	1 × 108
L. lactis FI10038	3 × 103	2 × 106
P. acidilactici 347b	4 × 104	3 × 107

^aThe count was obtained after incubation for 3 h at 32°C.

^bThe P. acidilactici 347 culture supernatant was diluted (1:4) with MRS broth.

Microtiter plate bioassays involving the colicin V-sensitive indicator organism E. coli DH5α showed that FI10050 and FI10054 produced colicin V. The activities of FI10050 (657 ± 15 BU ml⁻¹) and FI10054 (1,010 ± 24 BU ml⁻¹) supernatants were approximately 24 and 36%, respectively, of that (2,740 ± 29 BU ml⁻¹) found in the supernatants of E. coli ATCC14763, a colicin V-producing strain (7). In the case of FI10050, prior addition of subinhibitory levels of nisin to the culture media was required. Agar diffusion and microtiter plate bioassays with the indicator L. lactis FI9180 (colicin resistant, nisin sensitive) revealed that FI10054 produced nisin at a level similar to that of FI5876.

Colicin V is another good target for heterologous production by using the lactococcin A leader and translocatory machinery (7, 8, 21). Production of colicin V has also been obtained in lactic acid bacteria by using the general protein secretory pathway after replacement of the colicin V leader peptide by the signal peptide of the bacteriocin divergicin A (16, 21). However, coproduction of nisin and colicin V by L. lactis FI10054 represents the first example of a host producing one bacteriocin (nisin) with activity against gram-positive bacteria and another (colicin V) that is active against gram-negative bacteria. Work is in progress to extend this strategy for the production of other related and nonrelated peptides of industrial interest.