Abstract
Background
Burnout is common in professions such as medicine in which employees have frequent and often stressful interpersonal interactions where empathy and emotional control are important. Burnout can lead to decreased effectiveness at work, negative health outcomes, and less job satisfaction. A relationship between burnout and job satisfaction is established for several types of physicians but is less studied among surgeons who treat musculoskeletal conditions.
Questions/purposes
We asked: (1) For surgeons treating musculoskeletal conditions, what risk factors are associated with worse job dissatisfaction? (2) What risk factors are associated with burnout symptoms?
Methods
Two hundred ten (52% of all active members of the Science of Variation Group [SOVG]) surgeons who treat musculoskeletal conditions (94% orthopaedic surgeons and 6% trauma surgeons; in Europe, general trauma surgeons do most of the fracture surgery) completed the Global Job Satisfaction instrument, Shirom–Malamed Burnout Measure, and provided practice and surgeon characteristics. Most surgeons were male (193 surgeons, 92%) and most were academically employed (186 surgeons, 89%). Factors independently associated with job satisfaction and burnout were identified with multivariable analysis.
Results
Greater symptoms of burnout (β, −7.13; standard error [SE], 0.75; 95% CI, −8.60 to −5.66; p < 0.001; adjusted R2, 0.33) was the only factor independently associated with lower job satisfaction. Having children (β, −0.45; SE, 0.0.21; 95% CI, −0.85 to −0.043; p = 0.030; adjusted R2, 0.046) was the only factor independently associated with fewer symptoms of burnout.
Conclusions
Among an active research group of largely academic surgeons treating musculoskeletal conditions, most are satisfied with their job. Efforts to limit burnout and job satisfaction by optimizing engagement in and deriving meaning from the work are effective in other settings and merit attention among surgeons.
Level of Evidence
Level II, prognostic study.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11999-016-4848-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Introduction
Burnout is a syndrome of depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and a sense of low personal accomplishment that leads to decreased effectiveness at work [28]. Professions with intense involvement with people—including physicians [4, 10, 14, 27, 28] and nurses [13]—are prone to burnout. Job satisfaction however is thought to derive from intrinsic (eg, achievement and accomplishment) and extrinsic (eg, wages and job security) factors [23]. Greater job satisfaction among young surgeons is related to quality of care, patient satisfaction, and costs [24]. In a European study of surgical residents, only two-thirds were satisfied with their current working situation [32]. Factors that negatively affected trainee satisfaction were increasing work hours and perceived educational inadequacies. A previous study identified several factors that influence job satisfaction among young board-certified surgeons at academic centers in Europe and North America; ie, research opportunities, clinical autonomy, burnout, and work-life balance [24]. Younger surgeons, surgeons whose compensation was based entirely on billing or productivity, surgeons who worked more hours per week, and those who spent more nights on call were at greater risk. Subspecialists at greater risk were trauma, urology, otolaryngology, vascular, and general surgeons [26].
Orthopaedic and trauma surgeons perform invasive and often risky procedures to attempt to improve health, address limb- and life-threatening conditions, guide patients through rehabilitation, and help them regain confidence in their injured body. The work is rewarding but stressful. People who do stressful work build psychological and organizational resources to help manage the stress [15]. This can be difficult to maintain, and surgeons are susceptible to stress-related diseases (ie, depression and addiction), burnout, and dissatisfaction [5, 17, 30]. To help build and maintain resources to limit burnout and optimize job satisfaction among surgeons treating musculoskeletal conditions, it would help to have a better understanding of the associated factors. Therefore, we asked: (1) For surgeons treating musculoskeletal conditions, what risk factors are associated with worse job dissatisfaction? (2) What risk factors are associated with burnout symptoms?
Materials and Methods
This study was reviewed and approved by our institutional review board and a waiver of informed consent was obtained. All 707 email addresses in the database of the Science of Variation Group (SOVG) [9, 11] were used to invite participation in this 30-question online survey study (Appendix 1. [SurveyMonkey, Palo Alto, CA, USA]; Supplemental material is available with the online version of CORR ®) was used to create and conduct the survey. A reminder was sent after 2 weeks to those who did not respond. The SOVG consists of a group of orthopaedic and trauma surgeons who treat musculoskeletal problems (the majority of fracture treatment is done by general trauma surgeons in Europe) that studies variation in definitions, interpretations, and recommendations. There are groups of hand, trauma, shoulder, ankle, and general orthopaedic surgeons in the SOVG, all of whom treat fractures. The SOVG has 404 (57%) active members who responded to at least 20% of surveys to which they were invited. A total of 240 surgeons (59% of the active members) responded to the current survey. Seven surgeons (3%) responded to decline and 23 surgeons (10%) were excluded because they did not complete the whole questionnaire. Among the 210 surgeons who completed the survey, there were 198 (94%) orthopaedic surgeons and 12 (6%) trauma surgeons.
The primary outcome measure was the Global Job Satisfaction (GJS) instrument [16]. The GJS contains 12 items focusing on job satisfaction, which are scored on a scale ranging from −3 (strongly disagree) to 3 (strongly agree); such as, “I feel my current position is right for me.” For questions phrased negatively (questions 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12), scores were inverted: such as, “I feel stagnant in my position.” According to the GJS, a sum score greater than 0 indicates that a surgeon is satisfied with his or her current job, constituting a binary outcome variable (satisfied versus not satisfied). This validated questionnaire was created based on a sample of emergency department physicians in Canada [16, 24]. The survey was internally consistent in our sample (Cronbach’s α = 0.77). The mean GJS score was 17 with a standard deviation (SD) of ± 12, and 21 (10%) participants met the threshold (a sum score of ≤ 0) for dissatisfaction.
The secondary outcome was the Shirom–Malamed Burnout Measure (SMBM). The SMBM contains 14 statements, focusing on the individual’s feelings of physical, emotional, and cognitive exhaustion [29]. Items were scored answering the question “How often have you felt this way at work” on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from “never or almost never” to “always or almost always”; such as, “I feel tired.” A total score was calculated by taking the mean score of the 14 items, in which a higher score indicates more symptoms of burnout. A previous study, with a sample of 198 human service professionals, showed a Cronbach’s α of 0.92 [29]. The construct validity was assessed and compared with the Maslach Burnout Inventory–General Survey and superior results were found for the SMBM [29]. Several other studies used the SMBM to correlate burnout with physical health (eg, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes) [20, 21, 31], thereby supporting its construct validity. We found substantial internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.95) in our sample. The mean SMBM score was 2.5 with a SD of ± 0.98. The SBMS also was used as an explanatory variable when assessing factors associated with job satisfaction.
The member database of the SOVG was used to collect surgeon and practice characteristics: sex, area of practice, specialization, and supervising trainees. Additional characteristics were obtained through the survey; ie, years of independent practice, total number of publications, marital status, and number of children (Table 1).
Table 1.
Surgeon and practice characteristics (n = 210)
| Characteristic | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Women | 19 (8) |
| Men | 193 (92) |
| Supervises surgical trainees | 186 (89) |
| Practice location | |
| Canada/United States | 109 (52) |
| Europe/United Kingdom | 71 (34) |
| Asia | 8 (4) |
| Other | 22 (10) |
| Years of independent practice | |
| 0–5 | 42 (20) |
| 6–10 | 55 (26) |
| 11–20 | 68 (32) |
| 21–30 | 45 (21) |
| Specialization | |
| Orthopaedic traumatology | 81 (39) |
| Hand and wrist | 65 (31) |
| Shoulder and elbow | 41 (20) |
| General orthopaedics | 9 (4) |
| Other | 14 (7) |
| Total number of publications | |
| 0 | 5 (2) |
| 1–10 | 58 (28) |
| 11–50 | 88 (42) |
| 51–100 | 47 (22) |
| > 100 | 12 (6) |
| Marital status | |
| Married/living with partner | 191 (91) |
| Single | 10 (5) |
| Divorced/widowed | 9 (4) |
| Number of children | |
| 0 | 29 (14) |
| 1 | 24 (11) |
| 2 | 81 (39) |
| ≥ 3 | 76 (36) |
Surveyed Population
A comparison was made between the surgeons who completed the survey (210 surgeons, 52%) and those who did not (194 surgeons, 48%); demographic data were missing for eight surgeons who did complete the survey. No differences were found in terms of sex (p = 0.68), practice location (p = 0.88), and years of independence practice (p = 0.63). A difference was found in subspecialties (general orthopaedics: 4% surveyed and 6% not surveyed; orthopaedic traumatology: 39% surveyed and 25% not surveyed; shoulder and elbow: 20% surveyed and 15% not surveyed; hand and wrist: 31% surveyed and 47% not surveyed; other: 14% surveyed and 14% not surveyed; p = 0.011) and surgeons who completed the survey were more likely to supervise surgical trainees (p = 0.014).
Statistical Analysis
Variables are presented as frequencies with percentages for categorical variables and mean with SD for continuous variables. Visual inspection of histograms suggested nonnormality of several continuous variables; however, there were no substantial outliers and the sample size was relatively large (n = 210). We therefore chose to describe the mean with SD for continuous variables and used parametric testing.
Bivariate analysis was used to assess the association between the explanatory variables and the outcome variable using an unpaired t-test for dichotomous explanatory variables, one-way ANOVA for the categorical variables, and Spearman’s rank correlation for the SMBM score. Variables with a p value less than 0.10 were included in a multivariable linear regression model to account for potential confounding. A two-sided p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Categorical variables were dichotomized when included in the multivariable analysis.
Results
After accounting for the potential confounding variable (ie, number of children) (Table 2), we found that only greater symptoms of burnout (β, −7.13; standard error [SE], 0.75; 95% CI, −8.60 to −5.66; p < 0.001; adjusted R2, 0.33) was independently associated with lower job satisfaction (Table 3). After accounting for potential confounding variables such as sex and years of independent practice (Table 4), we found that only having children (β, −0.45; SE, 0.0.21; 95% CI, −0.85 to −0.043; p = 0.030; adjusted R2, 0.046) was independently associated with fewer symptoms of burnout (Table 5).
Table 2.
Bivariate analysis for factors associated with job satisfaction
| Surgeon and practice characteristics | Mean (± SD) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Women | 12 (± 12) | 0.100 |
| Men | 18 (± 13) | |
| Supervises surgical trainees | ||
| Yes | 17 (± 13) | 0.896 |
| No | 17 (± 11) | |
| Practice location | ||
| Canada/United States | 17 (± 13) | 0.395 |
| Europe/United Kingdom | 17 (± 13) | |
| Asia | 12 (± 14) | |
| Other | 20 (± 9) | |
| Years of independent practice | ||
| 0–5 | 14 (± 15) | 0.159 |
| 6–10 | 17 (± 13) | |
| 11–20 | 18 (± 11) | |
| 21–30 | 19 (± 12) | |
| Specialization | ||
| Orthopaedic traumatology | 17 (± 13) | 0.919 |
| Hand and wrist | 18 (± 13) | |
| Shoulder and elbow | 17 (± 10) | |
| General orthopaedics | 13 (± 9) | |
| Other | 18 (± 17) | |
| Total number of publications | ||
| 0 | 7 (± 11) | 0.143 |
| 1–10 | 15 (± 15) | |
| 11–50 | 19 (± 11) | |
| 51–100 | 17 (± 12) | |
| > 100 | 21 (15) | |
| Marital status | ||
| Married/living with partner | 17 (± 13) | 0.102 |
| Single | 12 (± 12) | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 24 (± 7) | |
| Number of children | ||
| 0 | 11 (± 14) | 0.013* |
| 1 | 14 (± 13) | |
| 2 | 19 (± 11) | |
| ≥ 3 | 18 (± 13) | |
| Coefficient (ρ)** | ||
| Burnout† | −0.55 | < 0.001* |
*Indicates significant association (p < 0.05, two-tailed) of explanatory variable with the Global Job Satisfaction score; ** Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient; † total score of the Shirom–Malamed Burnout Measure.
Table 3.
Multiple linear regression analysis for factors independently associated with job satisfaction
| Surgeon and practice characteristics | Regression coefficient (β) | Standard error | 95% CI | p value | Adjusted R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of children* | 2.91 | 2.11 | −1.26 to 7.07 | 0.170 | 0.33 |
| Burnout† | −7.13 | 0.75 | −8.60 to −5.66 | < 0.001** |
*Dichotomized in 0 or greater than 0 children; ** Indicates significant association (p < 0.05, two-tailed) of explanatory variable with the Global Job Satisfaction score; † total score of the Shirom–Malamed Burnout Measure.
Table 4.
Bivariate analysis for factors associated with burnout
| Surgeon and practice characteristics | Mean (± SD) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Women | 2.98 (± 0.87) | 0.037* |
| Men | 2.46 (± 0.98) | |
| Supervises surgical trainees | ||
| Yes | 2.52 (± 0.23) | 0.465 |
| No | 2.37 (± 1.11) | |
| Practice location | ||
| Canada/United States | 2.55 (± 0.76) | 0.792 |
| Europe/United Kingdom | 2.48 (± 0.99) | |
| Asia | 2.21 (± 0.76) | |
| Other | 2.47 (± 0.99) | |
| Years of independent practice | ||
| 0–5 | 2.78 (± 1.13) | 0.008* |
| 6–10 | 2.43 (± 0.94) | |
| 11–20 | 2.64 (± 1.00) | |
| 21–30 | 2.13 (± 0.71) | |
| Specialization | ||
| Orthopaedic traumatology | 2.32 (± 0.89) | 0.245 |
| Hand and wrist | 2.63 (± 1.04) | |
| Shoulder and elbow | 2.57 (± 0.87) | |
| General orthopaedics | 2.49 (± 0.55) | |
| Other | 2.79 (± 1.53) | |
| Total number of publications | ||
| 0 | 3.26 (± 1.25) | 0.077 |
| 1–10 | 2.72 (± 1.17) | |
| 11–50 | 2.37 (± 0.83) | |
| 51–100 | 2.49 (± 0.93) | |
| > 100 | 2.22 (± 0.94) | |
| Marital status | ||
| Married/living with partner | 2.48 (± 0.99) | 0.457 |
| Single | 2.86 (± 0.99) | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 2.63 (± 0.82) | |
| Number of children | ||
| 0 | 2.98 (± 1.30) | 0.038* |
| 1 | 2.52 (± 0.91) | |
| 2 | 2.13 (± 0.92) | |
| ≥ 3 | 2.39 (± 0.89) |
*Indicates significant association (p < 0.05, two-tailed) of the explanatory variable with the Shirom–Malamed Burnout Measure score.
Table 5.
Multiple linear regression analysis for factors independently associated with burnout
| Surgeon and practice characteristics | Regression coefficient (β) | Standard error | 95% CI | p value | Adjusted R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex: men | −0.26 | 0.26 | −0.77 to 0.24 | 0.303 | 0.046 |
| Years of independent practice* | 0.0047 | 0.14 | −0.27 to 0.28 | 0.973 | |
| Total number of publications† | −0.29 | 0.15 | −0.59 to 0.0036 | 0.053 | |
| Number of children‡ | −0.45 | 0.21 | −0.85 to −0.043 | 0.030** |
*Dichotomized in ≤ 10 or > 10 years; ** Indicates significant association (p < 0.05, two-tailed) of the explanatory variable with the Shirom–Malamed Burnout Measure score; † dichotomized in ≤ 10 or > 10 publications; ‡ dichotomized in 0 or > 0 children.
Discussion
Burnout is known to occur in professions with frequent, stressful interpersonal interactions and can lead to decreased effectiveness at work, negative health outcomes, and less job satisfaction [5, 17, 18, 30]. A relationship between burnout and job satisfaction is established for several types of physicians [1, 4, 8, 10, 14, 19, 26, 27], but has been studied less among surgeons treating musculoskeletal conditions. To be able to build and maintain resources to address these issues, it would help to have a better understanding of job satisfaction and burnout among this group of surgeons. Therefore, we asked: (1) For surgeons treating musculoskeletal conditions, what risk factors are associated with worse job dissatisfaction? (2) What risk factors are associated with burnout symptoms?
This study has some limitations. First, this study was designed as a cross-sectional study, which allows identifying relationships between variables at one time point only but does not allow identifying causal associations. To get a better understanding of the development of burnout with time, a longitudinal study is necessary. Second, our survey completion rate (51%) is lower than physician surveys in general [6, 12] and this could introduce response bias. It is not known if physicians who are burnt out are less likely to participate owing to apathy or more likely owing to greater interest in the subject. A comparison between the surgeons who completed the survey and those who did not showed that there were more academically employed surgeons who completed the survey. The groups were similar in terms of sex, years of independent practice, and practice location, probably keeping the response bias to a minimum. Our sense is that some surgeons are more likely to volunteer their time for these surveys and that what we learn from the surveys applies best to the reliable responders. The third limitation is that all measures are based on self-reports. This may cause measurement bias, although there is an argument that because stress is an experience based on perception, subjective report has to be paramount. Fourth, of the 210 participants, only 21 (10%) were not satisfied with their job. This could make a multivariable model, depending on the number of variables included, less reliable. However, we did not include more than four variables in our multivariable model, which is still within reasonable limits and which maintains the reliability. Fifth, given that 89% of participants supervise trainees, the results are most applicable to academically employed surgeons treating musculoskeletal conditions than to community surgeons. There may be other important differences between participants and the average surgeon that we did not account for. Nevertheless, the finding that job dissatisfaction is related to burnout seems likely to hold in different populations although there might be differences in the prevalence and magnitude of burnout and dissatisfaction. Finally, the GJS has a yes or no outcome. This makes it impossible to discriminate between surgeons in the not satisfied and satisfied groups. A continuous scale would allow for more detailed analysis.
The only factor associated with a decrease in job satisfaction was greater symptoms of burnout. Our finding that job satisfaction correlates with burnout is consistent with the results of the study by Raptis et al. [24]. Raptis et al. studied factors influencing job satisfaction of North American and European academic surgeons in their first 10 years after board certification and found 83% and 85% of the surgeons were satisfied with their jobs, respectively. A North American study of trauma surgeons found a 40% prevalence of burnout rated categorically and also found burnout to explain most of the variation in job dissatisfaction. Seventy percent of the surgeons (only 2% of them orthopaedic surgeons) would choose to become a surgeon again [26]. A study of burnout among academic orthopaedic department chairmen found moderate levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization [25]. In another study of academic surgeons in 14 different surgical specialties, orthopaedic surgeons (155 participants) were found to have one of the lowest risks of burnout (32%) [3]. Similar to orthopaedic trauma surgeons [7] but contrary to other surgical specialties [3, 19], the personal lives (ie, marital status and number of children) of the surgeons did not seem to influence their job satisfaction in our study.
The only factor in our study that was associated with burnout was number of children. In the study by Balch et al. [2] looking at North American surgeons, the number of hours worked and the number of nights on call were strongly related to burnout. The lack of questions addressing hours worked and nights on call in our study might explain the relatively small proportion (R2, 0.046) of variance in burnout accounted for in our model. Prior studies of North American surgeons showed an association between being a parent and a decrease in burnout risk [22, 26]. Perhaps surgeons who consider having children feel more stable professionally and less prone to burnout or perhaps a more enriching family life and work-life balance are protective. The lower burnout risk might be explained by the relative healthy patient population and relative good survival of most orthopaedic patients. It has been suggested that physicians who see chronically ill patients in their clinic are at higher risk for burnout [3].
Treating orthopaedic patients in an academic setting is rewarding, with 90% of all surgeons being satisfied with their jobs. Job dissatisfaction is associated with burnout although it is unclear if this is a unidirectional or bidirectional relationship. It seems important to develop strategies to recognize and mitigate symptoms of burnout in the workplace and create and maintain resources that can address these issues.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Footnotes
Science of Variation Group
A. Peters; A.B. Spoor; A.D. Armstrong; J. Abboud; A. Shrivastava: A.L. Wahegaonkar; A. Chauhan; A.B. Shafritz; J. Adams; A.E. Garcia G.; A.J.H. Vochteloo; A.J. Powell; A. Platz; A.N. Miller; A. Barquet; A. Kristan; A. Berner; A.S. Ranade: A. Jubel; B.J. Cross; B.E. Kreis; T. Bafus; B. Bamberger; B. Sutker; F.L. Walter; J. Braman; B.P.D. Wills; H. Broekhuyse; R. Buckley; B.W. Sears; R.P. Calfee; C. Ekholm; C.H. Fernandes; C. Swigart; C. Cassidy C.D. Oliveira Miranda; C. Taleb; G. Porcellini; C.L. Moreno-Serrano; C. Lomita; C. Manke; C.M. Jones; B.D. Crist; M.A. Pirela-Cruz; C. Klostermann; D.F.P. van Deurzen; D. Beingessner; D. Drosdowech; G.J. Della Rocca; D. Eygendaal; D. Polatsch; C.J. Romero Barreto; M. Merchant; D. Brilej; N. Bijlani; E. Maman; D.A. Rikli; M. Shafi; J.M. Patiño; R. van Riet; S.F. Duncan; E.F. Ibrahim; E.G. Ballas; E. Melamed; E. Stojkovska Pemovska; E.T. Walbeehm; P.J. Evans; F. Suarez; F. Frihagen; F. Lopez-Gonzalez; C. Garnavos; G. DeSilva; G.S.M. Dyer; G.C. Babis; G. Kohut; G. Kontakis; G. Panagopoulos; C.A. Goldfarb; G.J. Bayne; G. Merrell; G.R. Hernandez; H.W. Grunwald; T.G. Guitton; L.A. Campinhos; J.Hall; M. Nancollas; C. Young; L.B. Lane; I. Pountos; E. Hofmeister; H. Durchholz; I. McGraw; I. Harris; I.F. Kodde; L. Marsh; J. Biert; J. Bishop; J.M. Abzug; J.E. Kazanjian; J.A. Greenberg; J.A. Gillespie; J.C. Fanuele; J. Choueka; J.E. Ribeiro Filho; J. Itamura; J.M. Conflitti; J. Miguel; R. Roiz; J.M. Wiater; J. Nolla; J.H. Scheer; J. Rubio; S. Kakar; M.D. Kaminaris; K. Chivers; K. Egol; K. Jeray; K.J. Prommersberger; K.M. Rumball; K. Kabir; G.A. Kraan; K. Dickson; L.M.S.J. Poelhekke; L. Mica; L.E. Adolfsson; L.C. Borris; N.G. Lasanianos; L.M. Schulte; L. Elmans; L. Paz; L.F. Naquira Escobar; L.S. Austin; M. Mormino; M.J. Richard; M. Di Micoli; M. Bonczar; M.I. Loebenberg; E.M. Hammerberg; M. Menon
J. McAuliffe; M. Mckee; M. Soong; M/ Darowish; M.M. Wood; MI. Abdel-Ghany; M. Quell; M.W. Kessler; M. Patel; M.J. Palmer; M. Prayson; M.S. Karamitopoulos; M. Pirpiris; M. Tyllianakis; M.W. Grafe; N. Elias; N.M. Akabudike; N.L. Shortt; N. Rossiter; N.K. Kanakaris; J.T. Capo; O. Brink; R. Omid; M. Richardson; J.A. Ortiz; J.W. Johnson; P.V. van Eerten; P. Inna; P. Dantuluri; P. Paladini; P. Althausen; P. Appleton; P. Sancheti; N. Parnes; P.A. Martineau; P. Blazar; P. Krause; P. Schandelmaier; P. Jebson; P. Levin; W. Arnnold Batson; L. Guenter; R.W. Peters; R.M. Ramli; R. de Bedout; S. Rowinski; R.H. Babst; R.R.L. Gray; R. Papandrea; R.S. Gilbert; M. Rizzo; R. Jenkinson; R.M. Smith; R.D. Zura; R.S. Page; R. Pesantez; D. Ruch; R. Wagenmakers; J. Abrams; S.H. van Helden; V.J. Sabesan; S.A. Kennedy; S. Bouaicha; S. Beldner; S. Mitchell; S. Dodds; B.M. Nolan; S. Hurwit; S. Kaplan; S.G. Kaar; S.A. Meylaerts; T. Omara; M. Swiontkowski; T. Gosens; T. Schepers; T. DeCoster; L. Taitsman; T. Baxamusa; T. Dienstknecht; F.T.D. Kaplan; T. Siff; T. Begue; T. Mittlmeier; T. Apard; T. Chesser; T.J. Fischer; T. Havlicek; T. Wyrick; T. Tosounidis; V. Giordano; T.F. Varecka; V.S. Nikolaou; V. Philippe; C.J. Walsh; W.C. Hammert; M. Waseem; Y. Weil; W. Satora; C. Zalavras; J. Fischer
One of the authors certifies that he (DR) has received payments, during the study period, of less than USD 10,000 from Tornier (formerly Wright Medical), (Bloomington, IN,
USA).
All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request.
Each author certifies that his or her institution approved or waived approval for the human protocol for this investigation and that all investigations were conducted in conformity with ethical principles of research.
This work was performed at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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