Abstract
[Purpose] Elderly smokers have a reduced chest diameter due to weakening of the respiratory muscles, and this results in decreased ventilation, leading to a vicious circle. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of an intervention program to enhance the pulmonary function and muscle activity of elderly smokers. [Subjects and Methods] Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups or a control (CG) group. The experimental groups performed exercises three times per week for six weeks, whereas the CG performed no exercises. One of the experimental groups performed a Feedback Breathing Exercise (FBE) for 15 minutes, and the other repeated three sets of Balloon-Blowing Exercises (BBE) with sufficient rest of more than one minute between sets. [Results] In the experimental groups, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF and muscle activity of the rectus abdominis significantly improved after four weeks, but no significant differences were observed in FEV1 or VC after six weeks. [Conclusion] The results show that FBE and BBE improved the pulmonary functions of elderly smokers, demonstrating the potential benefits of the development of various training methods using balloons, and group programs, including recreational factors, for increasing respiratory muscles strength.
Key words: Feedback Breathing Training, Balloon Blowing Training, Elderly smokers
INTRODUCTION
South Korea’s aging society will lead to an increase in the population aged over 65 years1). Elderly persons are vulnerable to risk factors such as chronic diseases, impaired physical condition, and functional limitations, as well as cardiopulmonary dysfunction and muscle weakness. Thus, it is important that the elderly should perform aerobic and strengthening exercises, and to manage the risk of falls in order to ensure their health2). Furthermore, the elderly have age-related diseases and reduced of body functions, which are accompanied by changes in posture. Changes in posture during Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) can affect respiratory activities and cause difficulties with physical movement3).
For the elderly, the maintenance of cardiopulmonary function is a fundamental element of ADL. Reduced cardiopulmonary fitness among the elderly has significant effects, through sarcopenia and physical disability due to aging4).
Cardiopulmonary function is an important factor for exercise capacity, and pulmonary ventilation and respiratory strengthening can increase exercise capacity by reducing respiratory fatigue5, 6). If the cardiopulmonary function required for long-term activities can be maintained, elderly persons can continue to participate in indoor activities as well as community activities such as shopping, leisure activities, and walking, which enhance quality of life7).
Smoking can damage pulmonary functions and lead to oxygen insufficiency in cells as a result of elevated carbon monoxide in the blood and decreased hemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity. Additionally, smoking can reduce fitness and the ability to perform exercises8). Smoking is also considered to be one of the major causes of death, because the harmful substances contained in just one cigarette can shorten life by 11 minutes9, 10). Approximately 90% of smokers begin smoking before the age of 2511). Smoking among young people has continued to increase, thereby causing pulmonary function problems at an early age12, 13).
In order for smokers to increase their intake of air, it is necessary to maintain coordination among the muscles involved in breathing. These muscles increase rib expansion and diaphragm descent during inspiration, thereby increasing air influx into the lungs, and discharging air via relaxation of the respiratory muscles during expiration14).
Weakness of breathing muscles can induce dyspnea and reduce the ability to perform exercises. Thus, therapeutic interventions are needed to improve breathing and exercise ability through enhancement of respiratory muscle functions15, 16). Aerobic exercise can increase muscle strength and the endurance of respiratory muscles as well as respiratory functions17).
Elderly smokers undoubtedly suffer reduced respiratory activity. Elderly people also experience a reduction in chest diameter because of the weakening of respiratory muscles, resulting in ventilation decrease, leading to a vicious circle. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of an intervention program to enhance the pulmonary function and muscle activities of elderly smokers.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The study recruited 30 smokers aged over 65 years of age. Participation was voluntary, and all subjects were recruited from Mokpo, Jeollanam-do. The subjects smoked or had smoked more than 10 cigarettes a day for longer than one year a day; the general characteristics of the subjects are shown in Table 1. Prior to commencement, the study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of Dongshin University (IRB No. 201406-BM-001-02).
Table 1. General characteristics of the subjects.
| CG (n=10) | FBEG (n=10) | BBEG (n=10) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male/female) | 7/8 | 8/2 | 7/3 |
| Age (years) | 78.3 ± 5.7 | 72.6 ± 9.0 | 70.0 ± 3.5 |
| Height (cm) | 167.2 ± 5.6 | 163.2 ± 6.4 | 152.7 ± 6.3 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.2 ± 9.4 | 66.6 ± 9.9 | 59.5 ± 9.6 |
Values are mean ± SD. CG: control group; FBEG: feedback breathing exercise group; BBEG: balloon-blowing exercise group
The participants were divided into four groups (each n=10): a control group (CG), a feedback breathing exercise group (FBEG), and a balloon-blowing exercise group (BBEG). Group allocation was random, using three tickets (ticket 1=CG, 2=FBEG, 3=BBEG). The CG performed no exercises. The exercise program was conducted three times per week for six weeks, and no exercise was conducted during the final two weeks. Since the study subjects were all elderly, the exercise program included conditioning and sufficient rest. The feedback breathing exercises involved the use of a SPIRO TIGER® for 15 minutes, while the BBEG repeated three sets of balloon-blowing exercises with sufficient rest of more than one minute between sets.
The pulmonary functions of the experimental groups were measured after the four weeks of breathing exercises were completed, and a follow-up test was conducted two weeks later, without further training. Breathing exercises were conducted while taking care to avoid heart pain and dizziness.
Pulmonary function was measured using a Cardio Touch 3000S (Bionet Co., Ltd., South Korea), while subjects were seated in a chair. The pulmonary functions measured were: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and vital capacity (VC). FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC are used to determine obstructive and restrictive lung diseases; and PEF is used to determine airway resistance.
To ensure accurate and reliable data, the pulmonary functions were measured in triplicate with the understanding and cooperation of the subjects with the method, and the highest values were selected18).
Surface EMG measurements were made using a POCKET EMG (BTS Co., Italy) of muscles related to breathing on the left and right sides of the rectus abdominis via four channels. During deep breathing, three muscle activity measurements were conducted with a one-minute rest between measurements, and the mean value was calculated.
Statistical processing employed Predictive Analytics Software (PASW, version 18.0). Subjects’ general characteristics were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance effects of time within a group were tested using repeated-measures ANOVA, and the Bonferroni test was conducted as a the post hoc test. If there was a significant effect of time within a group a repeated contrast test was conducted for each group. In all tests, the significance level was 0.05.
RESULTS
Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that, in the FBEG group, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, and muscle activity in the rectus abdominis had increased significantly after four weeks (p<0.05), but reduced significantly in the following two weeks (p<0.05). VC had significantly increased after four weeks (p<0.05) but no significant difference was found after six weeks (p>0.05).
In the BBEG group, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, and muscle activity in the rectus abdominis had increased significantly after four weeks (p<0.05), but reduced significantly in the following two weeks (p<0.05). FEV1 and VC had increased significantly after four weeks (p<0.05), but no significant differences were found after six weeks (p>0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2. Changes of pulmonary function and muscle activity of the groups.
| Pulmonary function | Experimental groups | Pre | 2 weeks | 4 weeks | 6 weeks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FVC (L) | CG | 3.23 ± 0.28 | 3.23 ± 0.27 | 3.23 ± 0.27 | 3.23 ± 0.27 |
| FBEG† | 3.40 ± 0.18 | 3.44 ± 0.24 | 3.77 ± 0.30* | 3.66 ± 0.20* | |
| BBEG† | 3.26 ± 0.33 | 3.46 ± 0.61 | 3.89 ± 0.50* | 3.64 ± 0.41* | |
| FEV1 (L) | CG | 2.47 ± 0.53 | 2.48 ± 0.52 | 2.48 ± 0.51 | 2.48 ± 0.51 |
| FBEG | 2.68 ± 0.54 | 2.70 ± 0.55 | 2.80 ± 0.61 | 2.71 ± 0.52 | |
| BBEG | 2.54 ± 0.60 | 2.69 ± 0.46 | 3.13 ± 0.54* | 2.78 ± 0.47 | |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | CG | 69.40 ± 10.78 | 69.60 ± 11.26 | 69.60 ± 10.77 | 69.40 ± 11.37 |
| FBEG | 69.90 ± 9.50 | 69.90 ± 9.80 | 74.10 ± 9.35* | 69.90 ± 8.97* | |
| BBEG | 73.00 ± 9.07 | 73.10 ± 9.50 | 76.10 ± 9.61* | 73.30 ± 10.50* | |
| PEF (L) | CG | 3.69 ± 1.10 | 3.68 ± 1.10 | 3.69 ± 1.08 | 3.69 ± 1.08 |
| FBEG | 4.20 ± 1.38 | 4.20 ± 1.39 | 4.23 ± 1.39* | 4.20 ± 1.39* | |
| BBEG | 3.40 ± 1.16 | 3.40 ± 1.19 | 3.64 ± 1.24* | 3.53 ± 1.23* | |
| VC (L) | CG | 2.81 ± 0.07 | 2.80 ± 0.07 | 2.80 ± 0.07 | 2.79 ± 0.08 |
| FBEG | 2.95 ± 0.43 | 2.95 ± 0.43 | 3.32 ± 0.49* | 3.22 ± 0.51 | |
| BBEG | 2.98 ± 0.37 | 2.99 ± 0.37 | 3.31 ± 0.30* | 3.23 ± 0.40 | |
| Rectus abdominis (%) | CG | 0.35 ± 0.10 | 0.35 ± 0.10 | 0.35 ± 0.10 | 0.35 ± 0.10 |
| FBEG | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.49 ± 0.09* | 0.46 ± 0.10* | |
| BBEG | 0.35 ± 0.11 | 0.35 ± 0.12 | 0.49 ± 0.08* | 0.46 ± 0.07* |
Mean ± SD. *Significant difference compared with Pre (p<0.05). †Significant difference compared with CG (p<0.05). CG: control group; FBEG: feedback breathing exercise group; BBEG: balloon-blowing exercise group
DISCUSSION
In the FBEG group, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, VC, and rectus abdominis had significantly increased after 4 weeks, but the increase was not maintained in VC after 6 weeks. In the BBEG group, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, VC, and rectus abdominis had significantly increased after 4 weeks, but the increases were not maintained in FEV1 and VC after 6 weeks. As a result of medical advances and economic development, the elderly population has been increasing, and in tandem with this the number of respiratory patients, such as those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has also been increasing19, 20). In a previous study, respiratory physical therapy was conducted for 40 minutes five times per week for four weeks for stroke patients aged around 60, and it elicited increases in FVC21). This result was similar to the finding of the present study, in which the FBEG and BBEG groups of elderly smokers showed significant increases in pulmonary functions after four weeks of exercise. The effects of breathing exercises performed by stroke patients and the elderly have been reported in previous studies; however, the present study is more meaningful, because our subjects were older. Nevertheless, despite the significant benefits observed at the end of the four-week exercise program, the FBEG and BBEG groups showed significantly reduced pulmonary function after the two-week period of no intervention. This indicates that for lasting improvement, exercise is required for a period longer than four weeks.
It was previously reported that, following endurance training of the respiratory muscles of COPD and spinal cord injury patients, FEV1/FVC increased significantly22). A study of pulmonary functions of spinal cord injury patients, measured during inpatient rehabilitation and following hospital discharge, showed that only FEV1/FVC increased during the inpatient rehabilitation period23). This result is similar to the finding of the present study, in which the FBEG and BBEG groups of elderly smokers showed significant increases in pulmonary function after four weeks, but significant decreases after no intervention during the subsequent two weeks. In summary, breathing exercises are effective for COPD patients, spinal cord injury patients, and the elderly. Therefore, it is necessary to study exercise methods that can continuously maintain the effects of breathing exercises.
Measurement of PEF is a method of evaluating the level of peak airway obstruction. PEF significantly increased in chronic stroke patients who performed FBE three times per week for eight weeks24). In the present study of elderly smokers, PEF also increased significantly after four weeks of FBE and BBE. This result indicates that the effects of exercise were apparent earlier than in the above-noted study of breathing exercises, conducted over 8 weeks with chronic stroke patients.
Intervention programs should last a minimum of 12 weeks in order to see effects on physical activities with respect to respiratory functions, including cardiovascular functions25). In the present study, the beneficial effects of the intervention training were observed after four weeks, but declined significantly once the intervention was stopped. If the interventions had continued for more than 12 weeks, the effect may have been maintained.
It was previously reported that breathing training for stroke patients induced diaphragm movements and contractions in the internal intercostalis muscles as a result of active and strong contractions in the rectus abdominis, thereby further facilitating respiratory activity and increasing respiratory muscle activities24). In a study of subjects with spinal cord injuries, electrical stimulation was applied to the rectus abdominis and muscles around the abdomen, and it improved and tidal volume and pulmonary ventilation26). In the present study, increases in the muscle activity of the rectus abdominis an accessory muscle of respiration occurred and accessory muscles affect the diaphragm, thereby influencing the internal intercostalis, which is a respiratory muscles. The increased in rectus abdominis activity supports the measurement of muscle activity in the rectus abdominis as a means of examining the effects of breathing exercises on pulmonary function. In a study of patients with lower back pain, muscle activities of the abdominal obliques, erector spinae, and rectus abdominis increased following abdominal breathing exercises conducted five times per week for 6 weeks27). These results show that breathing exercises not only strengthen the rectus abdominis, but also improve trunk stability by strengthening the erector spinae, which is an antagonist muscle of the trunk. On the basis of the results cited above, breathing training for elderly patients increases the muscle activity of the rectus abdominis, thereby increasing core stability and reducing the risk of falls, improving their quality of life.
Inspiration in the normal state expands the rib cage above and below the rib portions as a result of contraction of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles. This is a result of reduced pressure inside the chest, followed by the promotion of inspiration28). Respiratory exercise can induce contraction of the muscles involved in breathing, including the intercostalis and the rectus abdominis, leading to increased activity among respiratory muscles.
The FBE program utilized in the present study can train inspiration and expiration muscles, and the BBE exercise of inflating a balloon can adjust the volume of expiration after strong inhalation followed by exhalation. Diaphragm respiratory exercises significantly increased tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, inspiratory capacity, and breathing capacity of long-term male smokers29). This increase in six-minute walking distance would increase the ability to engage in everyday activities, thereby having a positive effect on quality of life.
A limitation of this study was that the ratio of male to female subjects was very large, because of the social characteristics of smoking. It also did not set a criterion for daily smoking amount and did not analyze subjects who had smoked for more than 65 years, or their length of time as smokers. Future research should address these limitations.
This study showed that FBE and BBE increased the pulmonary function of elderly smokers. The BBE results show that pulmonary function can be improved without the use of specialist equipment and that the use of balloons, which can be easily purchased, regardless of location, had a positive effect. Thus, we emphasize the need for the development of various training methods using balloons, and the importance of group program development, including recreational factors, to increase the function of respiratory muscles.
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