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. 2016 Jul 7;17:66. doi: 10.1186/s12882-016-0287-6

RhoA deficiency disrupts podocyte cytoskeleton and induces podocyte apoptosis by inhibiting YAP/dendrin signal

Zongshun Huang 1,2, Li Zhang 1, Yuanhan Chen 1, Hong Zhang 1, Chunping Yu 1, Fangjian Zhou 3,4, Zhiling Zhang 3,4, Lijuan Jiang 3,4, Ruizhao Li 1, Jianchao Ma 1, Zhuo Li 1, Yuxiong Lai 1, Ting Lin 1, Xinchen Zhao 1, Qianmei Zhang 1, Bin Zhang 1, Zhiming Ye 1, Shuangxin Liu 1, Wenjian Wang 1, Xinling Liang 1, Ruyi Liao 1, Wei Shi 1,✉
PMCID: PMC4936208  PMID: 27389190

Abstract

Background

Podocyte apoptosis is a major mechanism that leads to proteinuria in many kidney diseases. However, the concert mechanisms that cause podocyte apoptosis in these kidney diseases are not fully understood. RhoA is one of Rho GTPases that has been well studied and plays a key role in regulating cytoskeletal architecture. Previous study showed that insufficient RhoA could result in rat aortic smooth muscle cell apoptosis. However, whether RhoA is involved in podocyte apoptosis remains unknown.

Methods

Culture podocytes were treated with LPS, ADR or siRNA for 48 h before harvest. Subcellular immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to exam the expression and function of RhoA or YAP in podocytes.

Results

We found that the expression of RhoA and its activity were significantly decreased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes, accompanying loss of stress fibers and increased cell apoptosis. Knocking down RhoA or its downstream effector mDia expression by siRNA also caused loss of stress fibers and podocyte apoptosis. Moreover, our results further demonstrated that RhoA deficiency could reduce the mRNA and protein expression of YAP, which had been regarded as an anti-apoptosis protein in podocyte. Silenced dendrin expression significantly abolished RhoA, mDia or YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis.

Conclusion

RhoA deficiency could disrupt podocyte cytoskeleton and induce podocyte apoptosis by inhibiting YAP/dendrin signal. RhoA/mDia/YAP/dendrin signal pathway may potentially play an important role in regulating podocyte apoptosis. Maintaining necessary RhoA would be one potent way to prevent proteinuria kidney diseases.

Keywords: RhoA, mDia, Stress fibers, YAP, Dendrin, Apoptosis

Background

Podocytes are highly differentiated cells with complex actin cytoskeletal architecture that play a key role in maintaining the integrity of glomerular filtration barrier, which is crucial for normal glomerular function [1–3]. Therefore, loss of podocytes will surely disturb the function of glomerular. Apoptosis is one of the main reasons that causes loss of podocyte and sequentially induces proteinuria. Accumulating evidences show that podocyte apoptosis is one of the most important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of many kidney diseases, such as chronic kidney disease [4, 5], diabetic nephropathy [6–8], focal segmental glomerular sclerosis [9, 10], et al. Thus, preventing podocyte apoptosis will be a promising therapeutic target for treating these kidney diseases. However, the concert mechanisms that cause podocyte apoptosis in these kidney diseases are still far from being fully understood.

It has been well known that severe disorders of the kidney that present with proteinuria are associated with remarkable cytoskeletal injury and foot process effacement [11]. The function of cytoskeletal architecture is mainly regulated by small GTPases belonging to the Rho GTPase family [12, 13]. Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) is one of Rho GTPases that has been well studied. Active RhoA binds to its downstream effector mammalian diaphanous-related formins (mDias) to relieve mDias’ autoinhibition of the DID/DAD interaction and activates it, thereby promotes stress fibers formation [14, 15]. A baseline activity of RhoA is essential for the normal function of glomerular podoctyes, podocytes deficiency in RhoA will lead to loss of stress fibers and proteinuria [16, 17]. Accumulating evidences have showed that RhoA deficiency could result in cell apoptosis [11, 18], maybe by decreasing Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression in both A549 and HepG2 cells [19].

YAP is a major downstream cascade of the Hippo pathway which controls the expression of genes that promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis [20, 21]. Under normal condition, dephosphorylated YAP localizes in the nucleus and functions as a transcriptional co-activator that mainly through interacting with TEA domain family member (TEAD) family transcriptional factors to induce target gene expression [22]. YAP phosphorylation promotes its cytoplasmic sequestration and inactivation [23, 24]. As loss of stress fibers caused by insufficient RhoA can result in reducing transcriptional activity and nuclear localization of YAP [19, 25, 26], which has been regarded as an anti-apoptosis protein in many kinds of cells [20, 27–29], including podocyte [30, 31], it is likely that RhoA deficiency may induce podocyte apoptosis by reducing nuclear YAP.

Dendrin is a PPXY motif containing dual compartment protein [32]. It was originally identified in sleep-deprived rats [33], and also detected in human kidney podocytes [34]. Ablation of the podocyte death-promoting protein dendrin can delay onset and severity of podocytes loss and proteinuria [35]. In normal podocytes, dendrin is a constituent of the glomerular slit diaphragm, where it binds to nephrin and CD2-associated protein [32]. In response to glomerular injury, dendrin relocates to the podocyte nucleus, thereby promoting cell apoptosis [36]. Previous study [30] showed that YAP can bind to dendrin in podocyte nuclei, thereby acting as an endogenous inhibitor of proapoptotic dendrin signaling in podocytes. Thus, it is possible that RhoA deficiency can induce podocyte apoptosis by inhibiting YAP/dendrin signal.

In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or adriamycin (ADR) was used to elicit podocyte cytoskeleton disruption and apoptosis, as described previously [9, 37], then we surprisingly found that RhoA expression and its activity were decreased in LPS or ADR injured podocytes. Previous studies have showed that insufficient RhoA could result in cell apoptosis [18, 19]. Thus, the aim of this study is to test whether RhoA deficiency could induce podocyte apoptosis and explore its mechanism, which may be one common reason that causes proteinuria in many kidney diseases.

Methods

Cell culture and treatment

The conditionally immortalized mouse podocyte cell line (MPC) was a kind gift from Dr. Jochen Reiser (Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA), and cultured as described previously [38]. Cells were cultured at 33 °C in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco BRL, USA) and recombinant IFN-γ (growth permissive conditions; CYT-358, ProSpec, Tany Technogene Ltd, Israel). To induce differentiation, podocytes were reseeded and cultured at 37 °C in 100 cm2 culture dish coated with 12 mg/ml type-I collagen (BD Bioscience, Bedford, MA, USA) and in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 5 % FBS, deprived of IFN-γ(growth restrictive conditions) for 10 to 13 days. After differentiation, podocytes was confirmed by the identification of synaptopodin, a podocyte differentiation marker, 106cells were synchronized into quiescence by growing cells in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium for 24 h, and then treated with LPS (100 μg/ml), ADR (0.125 μg/ml) or small interfering RNA (siRNA, 50nM) for 48 h. Each reaction was repeated in triplicates.

Transfection

The siRNAs against RhoA, mDia, YAP, dendrin and control were designed and synthesized by RIBOBIO CO., LTD. (Guangzhou, China), and were transfect into podocytes using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The sequences of siRNAs used in this study were as follows: RhoA-siRNA 5′-GGUAAGACAUGCUUGCUCA dTdT-3′, mDia-siRNA 5′-GCAAGUUCUUGUCCUCUUU dTdT-3′, YAP-siRNA 5′-CGAGAUG AGAGCACAGACA dTdT-3′, Dendrin-siRNA 5′-GGCUCCACCUUCUUAUGAA dTdT-3′.

Immunofluorescence

Podocytes were planted on cover slides in six-well plates. After subjected to various treatments, differentiated podocytes were fixed with 4 % paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 10 min, and then treated with 0.1 % Triton X-100 for 10 min, blocked with 1 % bovine serum albumin for 20 min at room temperature, and incubated with rabbit anti-YAP (Santa Cruz, USA, 1:250) overnight at 4 °C. After incubated with the goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, 1:1000) for 1 h at room temperature, podocytes were stained with phalloidin (Cytoskeleton, USA, 1:500) for 30 min and then with DAPI (Sigma, St Louis, MO) for 5 min at room temperature. Photomicrographs were taken with laser confocal microscopy (LCSM, Zeiss KS 400, Postfach, Germany). All images were analyzed by two investigators blinded to the identity of the samples.

Real-time quantitative-PCR

As described previously [6], RNA samples were prepared using Trizol RNA isolation system (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and reverse transcribed into cDNAs using the PrimeScriptTM RT regent Kit following the instructions provided by the manufacturer ((Takara Bio Inc, Japan), and then cDNAs were used for real-time PCR analysis by a Plantinum SYBR Green SuperMix-UDG kit (Takara Bio Inc, Japan). The primers used are listed as follows: RhoA, forward 5′-AGCTT GTGGTAAGACATGCTTG-3′, reverse 5′-GTGTCCCATAAAGCCAACTCTAC-3′, Bax, forward 5′-CTGGACCATAGGTCGGAGTG-3′, reverse 5′-AATTCGCCGGAGACACTCG-3′, GAPDH, forward 5′-AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG-3′, reverse 5′-TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGT CA-3′.

Western blotting

Whole and nuclear proteins were prepared as described previously [6]. An aliquot of cell lysates containing 30 μg of protein was separated on 10 % sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gels, and then transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Amersham Biosciences). After blocked by 5 % skim milk for 1 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: rabbit anti-YAP (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, 1:1000), rabbit anti-Histone (Cell Signaling Technology, USA, 1:3000), rabbit anti-RhoA (Santa Cruz, USA, 1:500), rabbit anti-Bax (Santa Cruz, USA, 1:500), rabbit anti-GAPDH (Bioworld Technology, China, 1:10000), rabbit anti-Dia (Santa Cruz, USA, 1:500), rabbit anti-Dendrin (Santa Cruz, USA, 1:500). The membranes were then incubated with anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson Immuno Research, USA, 1: 4000) at room temperature for 1 h. Finally, membranes were treated with ECL reagents (Pierce Chemical, IN, USA), followed by exposing to X-ray film (Kodak, USA). The bands of the resulting autoradiographs were quantified densitometrically using Bandscan software. Protein expression was quantified as the ratio of specific band to Histone (nuclear fractions) or GAPDH.

Annexin V and propidium iodide staining assay

Apoptotic cells in different groups were determined using an Annexin V/PI apoptosis detection kit according to manufacturer’s protocol (Nanjing KeyGEN Biotech, China). Briefly, podocytes were resuspended with binding buffer followed by incubation with 5 ml of Annexin V (conjugated with FITC) and 5 ml of PI in the dark for 10 min. Cell fluorescence was then analyzed using a Cell Lab Quanta™ SC Flow cytometer (Beckman Colter, Inc, USA). Cells positive for Annexin V-FITC were considered as apoptosis.

RhoA GTPase activation assay

Active RhoA was measured by G-LISA RhoA Activation Assay Biochem kit (colorimetric assay, Cytoskeleton, USA) following the manufacturer’s instruction. And the signal was measured at 490 nm with a microplate reader (MRX, Dynatech Laboratories). Total RhoA protein expression of each group was measured by WB, as described above. Results were expressed as fold activity of stimulated in relation to non-stimulated controls normalized to total RhoA protein content.

Statistical analysis

All values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package SPSS for Windows Ver. 19.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical analysis of the data from multiple groups was performed by analysis of variance followed by LSD or Bonferonni tests. Comparisons between two groups were conducted by Student’s t test. P-values <0.05 were considered significant.

Results

LPS or ADR induced podocyte apoptosis

Previous studies have showed that LPS or ADR could induce podocyte apoptosis [9, 30, 37]. Thus, podocyte apoptosis model induced by LPS or ADR was used in our study. Apoptosis was verified by testing cell apoptosis rate, the mRNA and protein expression of Bax, a well recognized indicator of apoptosis [39]. As expected, results showed that cell apoptosis rates were significantly increased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes comparing to normal controls (P < 0.05). Cell apoptosis rates were 9.30 ± 0.48 %, 16.58 ± 1.96 %, 18.88 ± 0.99 % in control, LPS and ADR group respectively (Fig. 1a-d). Coincided with results above, the mRNA and protein expression of Bax were also significantly increased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes comparing to normal controls (Fig. 1e-g).

Fig 1.

Fig 1

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LPS or ADR induced podocyte apoptosis. a-d Podocytes were stained with Annexin V/PI for flow cytometry analysis. Cell apoptosis rate was significantly increased in LPS or ADR treated podocytes comparing to normal controls. e Bax mRNA expression was increased in LPS or ADR treated podocytes. f-g Bax protein expression was increased in LPS or ADR treated podocytes. Results were expressed as fold Bax of LPS or ADR group in relation to controls normalized to GAPDH. All data were from at least three independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs controls

RhoA expression and activity were decreased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes

Since RhoA plays an important role in regulating cytoskeletal architecture, we speculate that RhoA would make response to LPS or ADR-induced podocyte cytoskeletal disruption. As shown in Fig. 2a, c-d, the mRNA and total protein expression of RhoA were significantly decreased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes comparing to normal controls. Similarly, RhoA activity was also obviously decreased in LPS or ADR treated podocytes. The percentages of RhoA activity were 100 %, 66.35 ± 4.10 %, 44.31 ± 14.96 % in control, LPS and ADR group respectively (Fig. 2b).

Fig 2.

Fig 2

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RhoA expression and activity were decreased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes. a RhoA mRNA expression was decreased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes. b RhoA activity was decreased in LPS or ADR injured podocytes. Results were expressed as fold activity of LPS or ADR stimulated group in relation to non-stimulated controls normalized to total RhoA protein content. c-d Total RhoA protein expression was decreased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes. All results were expressed as fold RhoA of LPS or ADR group in relation to controls normalized to GAPDH. Data were from at least three independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs controls

RhoA deficiency induced podocyte apoptosis

Previous studies have showed that RhoA deficiency can result in A549 and HepG2 cell apoptosis [19]. To explore the role of decreased RhoA in podocytes, we studied cell apoptosis in RhoA konckdown podocytes. As shown in Fig. 3d-f, i, apoptosis was markedly increased in RhoA knockdown (to an average of 20 %, Fig. 3a) podocytes compare to siCon (P < 0.05). We also investigated the mRNA and protein expression of Bax, which was a well recognized indicator of apoptosis. As shown in Fig. 3j-l, the mRNA and protein expression of Bax were significantly increased in RhoA silenced podocytes. These data strongly indicated that RhoA deficiency could induce podocyte apoptosis.

Fig 3.

Fig 3

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Loss of RhoA, mDia or YAP induced podocyte apoptosis. a-c Con and Con-siRNA were short for blank control and control siRNA respectively. RhoA and its downstream effector mDia and YAP protein expression was knockdown to 20 %, 31.7 % and 7.3 % respectively in siRNA treated podocytes. d-i Podocytes were stained with Annexin V/PI for flow cytometry analysis. Cell apoptosis rate was significantly increased in RhoA, mDia or YAP knockdown podocytes. j Bax mRNA expression was obviously increased in RhoA, mDia or YAP knockdown podocytes. k-l Bax protein expression was remarkably increased in RhoA, mDia or YAP knockdown podocytes. Results were expressed as fold Bax of RhoA-siRNA, mDia-RNA or YAP-siRNA group in relation to con-siRNA group normalized to GAPDH. There is no significant difference between control group and con-siRNA group. Data were from at least three independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs con-siRNA group

YAP expression was reduced in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes

YAP has been regarded as an anti-apoptosis protein in podocyte [30]. Active YAP localizes in the nucleus and functions as a transcriptional co-activator to induce target gene expression [22]. To further explore the underlying mechanism of RhoA deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis, we next investigated the expression of transcriptional co-activator YAP in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes. We used confocal miscroscopy to examine the localization of YAP. Results showed that both nuclear and cytoplasmic YAP were obviously reduced in LPS or ADR treated podocytes comparing to normal controls (Fig. 4a). Results from Immunoblotting also showed that both nuclear and total YAP were reduced in LPS or ADR treated podocytes (Fig. 4b-e). These data indicated that YAP protein expression was significantly decreased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes.

Fig 4.

Fig 4

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YAP expression was reduced in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes. a Confocal images of podocytes showing expression of YAP (green), Phalloidin-stained stress fiber (red) and DAPI-stained nuclei (blue). Compared to controls, nuclear and cytoplasmic YAP and stress fiber were reduced in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes. Scale bar = 50 μm. b & d WB results show that nuclear YAP protein expression was reduced in both LPS and ADR treated podocytes. c & e WB results show that total YAP protein expression was reduced in both LPS and ADR treated podocytes. All results were expressed as fold YAP of LPS or ADR group in relation to controls normalized to Histone or GAPDH. Data were from at least three independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs controls

Loss of mDia or YAP induced podocyte apoptosis

Since lost of RhoA induced podocyte apoptosis, we investigated whether loss of its downstream effector mDia or YAP could also induce podocyte apoptosis. Here, we used siRNA to knock down mDia (to an average of 31.7 %, Fig. 3b) or YAP (to an average of 7.3 %, Fig. 3c) expression in podocytes. As shown in Fig. 3d-i, podocyte apoptosis rates analyzed by flow cytometer were 8.83 ± 1.07 %, 9.36 ± 1.02 %, 20.26 ± 3.37 %, 21.50 ± 1.76 % in control, control-siRNA, mDia-siRNA and YAP-siRNA group respectively. Cell apoptosis rate was significantly increased in mDia or YAP knockdown podocytes (P < 0.05). In addition, we further found that the mRNA and protein expression of Bax were also significantly increased in mDia or YAP knockdown podocytes (Fig. 3j-l). Thus, these data strongly indicated that mDia or YAP deficiency could induce podocyte apoptosis.

Loss of RhoA/mDia decreased YAP expression in podocytes

To further explore the underlying mechanism of RhoA deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis, we investigated the expression of YAP in RhoA or its downstream effector mDia knockdown podocytes. As shown in Fig. 5a, results from immunofluorescence demonstrated that both nuclear and cytoplasmic YAP protein expression were obviously decreased in RhoA or mDia knockdown podocytes comparing to con-siRNA treated podocytes. Similar results from western blotting to analyze the protein expression of YAP were also obtained in RhoA or mDia knockdown podocytes (Fig. 5b-e). These data indicated that RhoA/mDia could positively regulate YAP expression.

Fig 5.

Fig 5

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YAP expression was reduced in RhoA or mDia knockdown podocytes. a Con and Con-siRNA were short for blank control and control siRNA respectively. Confocal images of podocytes showing expression of YAP (green), Phalloidin-stained stress fiber (red) and DAPI-stained nuclei (blue). Compared to con-siRNA, nuclear and cytoplasmic YAP and stress fiber were obviously reduced in RhoA-siRNA or mDia-RNA treated podocytes. Scale bar = 50 μm. b & d WB results show that nuclear YAP protein expression was reduced in RhoA-siRNA or mDia-RNA treated podocytes. c & e Total YAP protein expression was reduced in RhoA-siRNA or mDia-RNA treated podocytes. All results were expressed as fold YAP of RhoA-siRNA or mDia-RNA group in relation to con-siRNA group normalized to Histone or GAPDH. There is no significant difference between control group and con-siRNA group. Data were from at least three independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs con-siRNA group

In addition, we investigated the expression of Phalloidin-stained stress fiber, which had been regarded as a regulator of YAP [25, 26, 30], in RhoA or mDia silenced podocytes. As shown in Fig. 5a, Phalloidin-stained stress fibers were obviously decreased in RhoA or mDia silenced podocytes. This is consistent with above results that stress fibers were also decreased (Fig. 4a) in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes. These data indicated that RhoA/mDia may regulate YAP expression by stress fiber.

Dendrin mediated RhoA/mDia/YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis

Previous study had showed that YAP could bind to dendrin in podocyte nuclei and inhibit dendrin-mediated podocyte apoptosis [30]. Thus, to further explore the underlying mechanism of RhoA/mDia deficientcy-induced podocyte apoptosis, we investigated whether silenced the proapoptotic dendrin signaling could block RhoA/mDia deficientcy-induced podocyte apoptosis. As shown in Fig. 6, dendrin protein expression was knockdown to about 35 % in Den-siRNA treated podocytes (Fig. 6a), podocyte apoptosis rates analyzed by flow cytometer were 8.09 ± 2.00 %, 18.69 ± 4.24 %, 19.15 ± 3.84 %, 21.50 ± 1.76 %, 8.15 ± 1.83 %, 9.26 ± 2.84 %, 9.13 ± 2.46 % in control siRNA, RhoA-siRNA, mDia-siRNA, YAP-siRNA, Dendrin-siRNA plus RhoA-siRNA, Dendrin-siRNA plus mDia-siRNA, Dendrin-siRNA plus YAP-siRNA group respectively (Fig. 6b-i). Cell apoptosis rate was obviously increased in RhoA, mDia or YAP knockdown podocytes, however, knocking down dendrin expression with siRNA significantly abolished RhoA/mDia/YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis. Therefore, these data demonstrated that dendrin mediated RhoA/mDia/YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis.

Fig 6.

Fig 6

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Dendrin mediated RhoA/mDia/YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis. a Dendrin protein expression was knockdown to about 35 % in Den-siRNA treated podocytes. b-i Con-siRNA, Den&RhoA-siRNA, Den&mDia-siRNA, Den&YAP-siRNA were short for control siRNA, Dendrin-siRNA plus RhoA-siRNA, Dendrin-siRNA plus mDia-siRNA, Dendrin-siRNA plus YAP-siRNA respectively. Podocytes were stained with Annexin V/PI for flow cytometry analysis. Cell apoptosis rate was obviously increased in RhoA, mDia or YAP knockdown podocytes. Knocking down dendrin expression with siRNA significantly abolished RhoA, mDia or YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis. All data were from at least three independent experiments. * P < 0.05 vs con-siRNA group. # P < 0.05

Discussion

Podocytes are very special cells with complex actin cytoskeletal architecture that play a pivotal role in maintaining normal glomerular function [1–3]. Loss of podocyte caused by apoptosis is commonly happened in the pathogenesis of many kidney diseases, such as chronic kidney disease [4, 5], diabetic nephropathy [6–8], focal segmental glomerular sclerosis [9, 10], et al. However, the mechanism mediating podocyte apoptosis remains incompletely understood. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms that cause podocyte apoptosis in these kidney diseases is imperative.

In this study, LPS or ADR was used to induce podocyte cytoskeleton disruption and apoptosis. We found that RhoA expression and its activity were significantly decreased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes. Moreover, we found podocyte apoptosis was increased in RhoA knockdown podocytes. We also further demonstrated that RhoA deficiency could reduce the mRNA and protein expression of YAP, which had been regarded as an anti-apoptosis protein in podocyte. Knocking down dendrin expression with siRNA significantly abolished RhoA, mDia or YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis. Collectively, these data indicated that RhoA/mDia/YAP/dendrin signal pathway may potentially play an important role in regulating podocyte apoptosis (Fig. 7).

Fig 7.

Fig 7

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The proposed mechanism of RhoA deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis. Black arrows indicate positive regulation, whereas red lines indicate negative regulation

RhoA is one of Rho GTPases that has been well studied and regarded as a main regulator of the function of cytoskeletal architecture [12, 13]. A baseline activity of RhoA is essential for the normal function of glomerular podoctyes, and insufficient RhoA leads to loss of stress fibers, foot process effacement and proteinuria. In a traditionally view, a stationary podocyte phenotype reflects a stable foot process structure with intact slit diaphragms, whereas hypermotility manifests as foot process effacement in vivo. Stimuli that lead to foot process effacement commonly cause hypermotility of cultured podocytes [40] and proteinuria in glomerular diseases [16]. Therefore, RhoA can prevent proteinuria by stabilizing the podocyte foot process structure, whereas inactivation of RhoA will cause hypermotility and sequentially induces proteinuria. However, in our study, we demonstrated that insufficient RhoA or its downstream effector mDia [14] could cause podocyte apoptosis, which was another main reason that would cause proteinuria. These data indicate that podocyte apoptosis is probably a new mechanism of proteinuria induced by RhoA deficiency.

YAP is a major downstream cascade of the Hippo pathway and dephosphorylated YAP localizes in the nucleus and functions as a transcriptional co-activator to induce target gene expression in normal condition [22]. It has a well described role in controlling the expression of genes that promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis [20, 21]. Evidence had showed that YAP could also serve as a physiologic inhibitor of podocyte apoptosis [30]. This was consistent with our results that apoptosis was increased in YAP knockdown podocytes. Our data further demonstrated that YAP expression and its activity were decreased in RhoA or it downstream effector mDia knockdown podocytes. Similar results had also been obtained in A549 cells, HepG2 cells [19] and mesenchymal stem cells [25] from previous studies. Therefore, these data indicate that YAP may mediate RhoA/mDia deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis.

To further explore the underlying mechanism of RhoA/mDia deficiency-induced apoptosis, we studied how RhoA regulate YAP. Previous studies had showed that RhoA could work through actin cytoskeleton to promote stress fibers formation, thereby regulated YAP phosphorylation in Lats1/2 kinase activity dependent [19, 41–43] or independent [25, 44, 45] pathway. Similarly, in our study we found that podocyte deficiency in RhoA or mDia could significantly lead to loss of stress fibers, thereby decreased YAP expression to induce podocyte apoptosis. Therefore, RhoA/mDia/stress fibers/YAP may be an important signal pathway to regulate podocyte apoptosis. And insufficient RhoA/mDia/stress fibers/YAP pathway activity in podocyte may be one common reason that causes proteinuria in many kidney diseases.

Since YAP is known to inhibit dendrin mediated apoptosis in podocytes [30], to define if RhoA activation of YAP could inhibit apoptosis through dendrin, and to strengthen the connection among RhoA, mDia, YAP and dendrin in podocytes, we silenced dendrin in RhoA, mDia or YAP knockdown podocytes and studied if cell apoptosis could be prevented. As expected, knocking down dendrin expression with siRNA significantly abolished RhoA, mDia or YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis. Thus, these data demonstrate that dendrin mediates RhoA/mDia/YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis.

Taken together, the present study demonstrated that RhoA expression and its activity were significantly decreased while cell apoptosis was increased in LPS or ADR-injured podocytes. Knocked down RhoA and its downstream effector mDia expression induced podocyte apoptosis. Moreover, RhoA deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis was probably mediated by reducing YAP expression, silenced dendrin expression significantly abolished RhoA, mDia or YAP deficiency-induced podocyte apoptosis. Collectively, our data indicate that RhoA/mDia/YAP/dendrin signal pathway may potentially play an important role in regulating podocyte apoptosis.

Conclusions

RhoA/mDia/YAP/dendrin signal pathway may potentially play an important role in regulating podocyte apoptosis. It may be one common reason that causes proteinuria in many kidney diseases. Maintaining necessary RhoA would be one potent way to prevent proteinuria kidney diseases.

Abbreviations

ADR, Adriamycin; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; mDia, Mammalian diaphanous-related formin; RhoA, Ras homolog gene family, member A; siRNA, Small interfering RNA; YAP, Yes-associated protein

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by National Clinical Key Specialty Construction Projects, National Natural Science Foundation of China (81470930, 81270784, 81300597) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (S2013040015908, 2014A030310107).

Availability of data and materials

All data that support the conclusions of this manuscript have been presented in the main paper. Please refer to results and figure 1 to 6 in our manuscript.

Authors’ contributions

W Shi and ZS Huang designed this study. ZS Huang performed all the experiments. L Zhang did great help to design this study and write this paper. FJ Zhou, ZL Zhang and LJ Jiang provided the experimental sites and facilities. H Zhang, XC Zhao and QM Zhang helped to culture podocyte. Z Li, YX Lai, T Lin and RY Liao helped to do Western Blotting. YH Chen, CP Yu, RZ Li, JC Ma helped to do Immunofluorescence. B Zhang, ZM Ye, SX Liu, WJ Wang, XL Liang helped to design this study. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Contributor Information

Zongshun Huang, Email: zongshun_h@126.com.

Li Zhang, Email: zhanglichangde@163.com.

Yuanhan Chen, Email: johnchen76@139.com.

Hong Zhang, Email: 18826478368@139.com.

Chunping Yu, Email: 13632350652@139.com.

Fangjian Zhou, Email: zhoufj@sysucc.org.cn.

Zhiling Zhang, Email: zhangzhl@sysucc.org.cn.

Lijuan Jiang, Email: jianglij@sysucc.org.cn.

Ruizhao Li, Email: 15920309398@139.com.

Jianchao Ma, Email: 13929574215@139.com.

Zhuo Li, Email: baotouhjx@sina.com.

Yuxiong Lai, Email: 13826404147@139.com.

Ting Lin, Email: 15013186074@139.com.

Xinchen Zhao, Email: 58813713@qq.com.

Qianmei Zhang, Email: 254714119@qq.com.

Bin Zhang, Email: 13925056339@139.com.

Zhiming Ye, Email: yezhiming1410@yahoo.com.cn.

Shuangxin Liu, Email: 13543456446@139.com.

Wenjian Wang, Email: 13928985527@139.com.

Xinling Liang, Email: 13808819770@139.com.

Ruyi Liao, Email: 1342918347@qq.com.

Wei Shi, Phone: +86 13822182116, Email: shiweigd@126.com.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data that support the conclusions of this manuscript have been presented in the main paper. Please refer to results and figure 1 to 6 in our manuscript.

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