Abstract
Background
Delivery at health institutions under the care of trained health-care providers and utilization of postnatal cares services plays vital roles in promoting child survival and reducing the risk of maternal mortality. More than 80 % of maternal deaths can be prevented if pregnant women access to essential maternity cares like antenatal care, institutional delivery and postnatal care services. Thus, this study aimed to assess institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilizations in Abuna Gindeberet District, West Shewa, Oromiya Regional State, Ethiopia.
Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed among 703 randomly identified mothers of Abuna Gindeberet district in March, 2013. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine prevalence and to identify associated factors with institutional delivery and postnatal care, considering p-value of less than 0.05 as significant. The results were presented in a narrative forms, tables and graphs.
Results
One hundred one (14.4 %) of mothers gave birth to their last baby in health institutions. From 556 (79.1 %) of respondents who heard about postnatal care services, only 223 (31.7 %) of them utilized postnatal care services for their recent childbirth. From the total postnatal care users, 204 (91.5 %) of them took the services from health extension workers. Decision-making styles, household distances from health institutions, household being model family and ANC services utilizations were found to be statistically significant with both institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilizations. But educational status of husbands was statistically significant with only postnatal care services utilizations.
Conclusions
Both institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilizations from health institutions were low. Decision-making styles, household distances from health institutions, household being model family and ANC services utilizations were the common factors that affect institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilizations from health institutions. Therefore, giving attention to the identified factors could improve and sustain institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilizations from health institutions.
Keywords: Institutional delivery, Postnatal care, Associated factors, Abuna Gindeberet district
Background
Maternal mortality remains a major challenge to health systems worldwide. Some eight million women suffer from pregnancy-related complications and over half a million die annually. In developing countries, one woman in 11 may die of pregnancy related complications compared to one in 5000 in developed countries [1].
In the sub-Saharan Africa, over 162,000 women still die each year during pregnancy and childbirth. Most of these deaths are because of the lack of access to skilled childbirth attendances and emergency cares [2].
Maternal mortality in Ethiopia is high relative to developed countries and some developing countries. Every year, 500,000 maternal disabilities occur in the country [3]. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in 2011 was 676 deaths per 100,000 live births [4].
More than 80 % of maternal deaths can be prevented if pregnant women access essential maternity cares like antenatal care services, institutional delivery that by skilled attendance at childbirth as well as emergency obstetric care and postnatal care services [5]. Institutional delivery services utilizations in Oromiya region was 4.3 % in EDHS 2005 and increased to 8 % in EDHS 2011, which was much lower than the national level. In addition to this, the postnatal care services utilizations was also very low that is 4.8 % in EDHS 2005 and increased to 6.1 % in EDHS 2011 [4, 6]. Hence, this study conducted to determine the prevalence of institutional delivery and postnatal care service utilization and their associated factors among Abuna Gindeberet District mothers, Oromiya Regional State, West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia.
Methods
Study setting and participation
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 703 women who gave birth in the last 12 months in Abuna Gindeberet district, West Shewa Zone, Oromiya Regional State in March 2013. The district had 42 rural sub-districts from which 14 of them randomly selected. The rationale behind selecting 14 sub-districts over 42 is to include representative sample which mean in some literature of world health organization (WHO), the sample must be between 30 and 50 % of total population. Therefore, we tried to include one-third of the total population [7]. In each selected sub-districts, households with under 1-year children identified through census and sampling frame was developed. Finally, study subjects were addressed through simple random sampling by using sampling frame developed from conducted census data [8]. The sample was determined using single population proportion formula with an assumption of level of confidence of the study 95 %, sampling error tolerated 5 % and proportion of institutional delivery care services utilization (P) 50 % used. Design effect of 1.7 and a non-response rate of 10 % were also considered. Design effect 1.5 to 2 is enough in cross sectional study which done in multistage sampling. Depending on the population under study whether the community is homogeneous or heterogeneous we can use starting from 1.5 to 2 design effect. If we consider the community is heterogeneous, we can use design effect 2. Again, if we consider the community is homogeneous, we can use design effect 1.5 [9, 10]. According to this, in this study the rural dispersed population is our study. Even though, they are dispersed population, all of them are rural. Two things considered in this condition, being all of them rural makes them homogeneous population and being dispersed population makes them heterogeneous population. Therefore, since these two conditions were present, we used design effect averagely or in middle of the range (because we can use starting from 1.5 up to 2 depending on condition of the population).
Operational definitions
Postnatal care: the services given to a mother for a period of 6 weeks from the time of delivery in their previous delivery from health institutions.
Decision making style: It is the ways of determining and control over resources when women should seek health care services. The style may be both husband and wife decides together or separately by individual.
Model family: is a family that applied all health extension packages at their home and got certificates of appreciations from health extension workers.
Instruments and data collection methods
Structured questionnaires, which address the objectives of the study, were adapted from pertinent literatures [11–13, 15–17, 18–20]. The questionnaires translated into the local language - Afan Oromo and retranslated to English. Pre-test was done on 5 % of the sample size in sub districts (kebeles) different from those selected sub-districts for the study before actual data collections. House to house, data collection was made through interviewer-administered questionnaires.
Data processing and analysis
Data entered into Epidata version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 16.0 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was done to determine the prevalence of institutional delivery care services and postnatal care services utilizations. Binary and multiple logistic regression analyses by backward conditional method were used to identify associated factors with institutional delivery care services and postnatal care services utilizations. Variables that had p-value of less than 0.05 by binary logistic regression were included in the multiple logistic regression analysis. A p-value of 0.05 was used as cutoff point to identify statistically significant variables.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents
A total of 703 mothers were participated in the study with a response rate of 98.7 %. The mean age of the respondents was 31.5 (SD ± 7.34) years. Protestant Christianity account for the highest proportion in religion 525 (74.7 %) followed by Orthodox (17.4 %). Three hundred sixteen (45 %) of the respondents had not attended any form of educations. Six hundred eighty one (96.9 %) of the respondents were married (Table 1).
Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents in Abuna Gindeberet district, West Shewa Zone, Oromiya Region, Central Ethiopia, March, 2013
| Variables | Alternatives | Number (n = 703) | Percent (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Educational status | 1. No education | 316 | 45.0 |
| 2. Only read and write | 110 | 15.6 | |
| 3. Primary education | 233 | 33.1 | |
| 4. Secondary education | 44 | 6.3 | |
| Educational level of husbands of respondents | 1. Unable to read and write | 174 | 25.6 |
| 2. Able to read and write | 507 | 74.4 | |
| Religion | 1. Protestant | 525 | 74.7 |
| 2. Orthodox | 122 | 17.3 | |
| 3. Wakefata | 56 | 8.0 | |
| Occupation of respondents | 1. Housewife | 648 | 92.2 |
| 2. Employed | 55 | 7.8 | |
| Occupation of husband of respondents | 1. Farmer | 547 | 80.3 |
| 2. Employed | 89 | 13.1 | |
| 3. Merchant | 45 | 6.6 | |
| Marital Status | 1. Married | 681 | 96.9 |
| 2. Single | 22 | 3.1 | |
| Distance of house from health post | 1. 1–5 km | 461 | 65.6 |
| 2. >5 km | 242 | 34.4 | |
| Household status towards as model family | 1. Did not hear about model family | 22 | 3.1 |
| 2. Have heard but not at all working towards graduation | 66 | 9.4 | |
| 3. Working towards graduation | 472 | 67.1 | |
| 4. Graduated as model family | 143 | 20.3 |
Institutional delivery services utilizations
This study revealed that 101 (14.4 %) women were delivered their recent babies in health institutions and majority of women 602 (85.6 %) were delivered at home. Two hundred fourteen (35.5 %) of home deliveries were attended by mother-in-law, by their mother 138 (22.9 %) and relatives/neighbors 109 (18.1 %). Only 51 (8.5 %) of home delivery were assisted by health extension workers. The major reasons for preference of home delivery were history of normal previous home delivery 261 (43.4 %) and wanting to stay at home with their relatives 169 (28 %).
Among 101 (14.4 %) mothers that delivered at health institutions, 44 (43.6 %) of them reported that they had bad outcome with previous home delivery, 29 (28.7 %) had difficulty in labor and 23 (22.8 %) need better service were their major reasons for why they preferred delivery at health institutions. From the total mothers interviewed in the study, 498 (70.8 %) of them had an intention to deliver their newborns at health institutions in the future (Table 2).
Table 2.
Delivery Services Utilizations in Abuna Gindeberet district, West Shewa Zone, Oromiya Region, Central Ethiopia, March 2013
| Variables | Alternatives | Number (n = 703) | Percent (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Place of delivery | 1. Home | 602 | 85.6 |
| 2. Health center and Hospital | 34 | 4.9 | |
| 3. Health post | 67 | 9.5 | |
| Person assisted for home delivery | 1. Mother-in-law | 214 | 35.5 |
| 2. Relatives/neighbors | 109 | 18.1 | |
| 3. Mother | 138 | 22.9 | |
| 4. Health extension workers | 51 | 8.5 | |
| 5. Health professionals | 7 | 1.2 | |
| 6. Traditional birth attendant | 83 | 13.8 | |
| Reason for home delivery | 1. Facility not opens regularly | 52 | 8.7 |
| 2. Poor quality service of HFs | 76 | 12.6 | |
| 3. Need to be with relatives | 169 | 28 | |
| 4. Previous home deliver was normal | 261 | 43.4 | |
| 5. I was told my pregnancy is normal | 44 | 7.3 | |
| Reason for delivering at health facility | 1. Need better service | 23 | 22.8 |
| 2. Bad outcome with previous home deliver. | 44 | 43.6 | |
| 3. Difficulty during labor. | 29 | 28.7 | |
| 4. Others | 5 | 4.9 | |
| Decision maker at home | 1. The mother herself | 79 | 11.3 |
| 2. Her husband | 61 | 8.7 | |
| 3. Both of them | 563 | 80.0 | |
| Place of delivery for the next newborn | 1. At home | 193 | 27.5 |
| 2. Traditional birth attendant | 12 | 1.7 | |
| 3. Health institutions | 498 | 70.8 |
Associated factors of institutional delivery service utilizations
According to this study women who decide by themselves were 2.8 times more likely to utilize delivery care from health institutions [AOR = 2.859, 95 % CI = 1.56, 5.22]. Similarly, women that live at the distance of less than 5 km away from health facility were 9.2 more likely to utilize delivery care from health institutions than those women who live at a distance of greater than 5 km away from health facility [AOR = 9.179, 95 % CI = 3.825, 22.026]. In addition; those respondents who were from model family household were 6.7 times more likely to utilize institutional delivery than respondents who were from non-model family household [AOR = 6.744, 95 % CI = 4.052, 11.226]. Those women who use ANC services were also 3.7 times more likely to use institutional delivery services than women who did not use ANC services [AOR = 3.671, 95 % CI = 1.098, 12.275].
Age, educational level of respondent and their husband, occupation of respondent and their husband were not statistically associated with institutional delivery services utilizations from health institutions in this study (Table 3).
Table 3.
Institutional delivery services utilization and associated factors from health institutions in Abuna Gindeberet District, West Shewa Zone, Oromiya Region, Central Ethiopia, March, 2013
| Socio demographic | Alternatives | Institutional delivery service utilizations | COR [95 % C.I] | AOR [95 % C.I] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||
| Age of respondents | 18–24 years | 17 | 117 | 0.750 (0.0.410–1.373) | |
| 25–34 years | 41 | 263 | 0.805 (0.506–1.280) | ||
| 35 and above | 43 | 222 | 1.00 | ||
| Educational level of respondents | Unable to read and write | 38 | 278 | 1.00 | |
| Able to read and write | 63 | 324 | 1.423 (0.922–2.194) | ||
| Decision making styles | Wife | 33 | 46 | 5.496 (3.279–9.212) | 2.859 (1.565–5.223)* |
| Husband | 3 | 58 | 0.396 (0.396–1.301) | 0.467 (0.133–1.639) | |
| Both together | 65 | 498 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Educational level of husbands of respondents | Unable to read and write | 28 | 146 | 1.00 | |
| Able to read and write | 73 | 434 | 2.142 (1.358–3.379) | ||
| Model family | Not model | 39 | 521 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Model family | 62 | 81 | 10.225 (6.430–16.262) | 6.744 (4.052–11.226)* | |
| Occupation of respondent | Housewife | 87 | 561 | 1.00 | |
| Employed | 14 | 41 | 1.022 (1.556–2.879) | ||
| Occupation of husbands of respondents | Farmer | 79 | 468 | 1.00 | |
| Employed | 13 | 76 | 1.022 (0.544–1.920) | ||
| Merchant | 9 | 36 | 2. 013 (1.736–3.179) | ||
| Household distance from health institutions | 1–5 km | 97 | 364 | 9.721 (4.191–22.546) | 9.179 (3.825–22.026)* |
| >5 km | 7 | 235 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Have you used ANC | Yes | 98 | 481 | 8.218 (2.561–26.370) | 3.671 (1.098–12.275)* |
| No | 3 | 121 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
*p < 0.001
Postnatal care services utilizations
Of the total respondents, 556 (79.1 %) of them heard about postnatal care services. Two hundred twenty three (31.7 %) respondents utilized the postnatal care services for their recent child and from this, 204 (91.5 %) of them utilized the services from health extension workers. Two hundred twelve (30.2 %) of the respondents who utilized postnatal care for their recent child were from mothers who gave birth at their home. Three hundred (42.7 %) respondents said that if the problem resulted after delivery on the baby, they will go to health institutions (Table 4).
Table 4.
Postnatal care Services Utilizations in Abuna Gindeberet district, West Shewa Zone, Oromiya Region, Central Ethiopia, March 2013
| Variables | Alternatives | Number (n = 703) | Percent (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ever heard of postnatal care | 1. Yes | 556 | 79.1 |
| 2. No | 147 | 20.9 | |
| Used PNC in the recent delivery | 1. Yes | 223 | 31.7 |
| 2. No | 480 | 68.3 | |
| Place of PNC used | 1. Health post | 204 | 91.5 |
| 2. Other health institutions | 13 | 5.9 | |
| 3. Traditional birth attendant | 6 | 2.6 | |
| Visited by health worker immediately after delivery of your recent child | 1. Yes | 212 | 30.2 |
| 2. No | 491 | 69.8 | |
| The health workers visited you during recent delivery | 1. Health extension worker | 167 | 78.6 |
| 2. Traditional birth attendant | 41 | 19.3 | |
| 3. Health professionals | 4 | 2.1 | |
| Health facilities you visit if any problems after birth | 1. Stay home | 23 | 3.3 |
| 2. Traditional healers | 78 | 11.1 | |
| 3. Health post | 300 | 42.7 | |
| 4. Other health institutions | 235 | 33.4 | |
| 5. Religious place | 67 | 9.5 |
Associated factors of postnatal care service utilizations
In this study women who used ANC services were 4.9 times more likely to use postnatal care services than women who did not use ANC services for their recent child (AOR = 4.956, 95 % CI = 2.506, 9.80). Women who able decide by themselves were 2.3 times more likely to utilize postnatal care from health institutions [AOR = 2.319, 95 % CI = 1.825, 6.520]. Similarly, women that live at the distance of less than 5 km away from health facility were 2.3 times more likely to utilize postnatal care from health institutions than those respondents who live at greater than 5 km away from health facility [AOR = 2.320, 95 % CI = 1.557, 3.455]. In addition; respondents who were from household that become model family were found to be 3 times more likely to utilize postnatal care services than respondents from households that were not model family [AOR = 2.970, 95 % CI = 1.985, 4.444].
Age, educational level of respondent, occupation of respondent and their husband were not associated with postnatal care services utilization from health institutions in this study (Table 5).
Table 5.
Association of factors with postnatal care services utilizations in Abuna Gindeberet District, West Shewa Zone, Oromiya Region, Central Ethiopia, in March, 2013
| Socio demographic | Alternatives | Postnatal care services utilizations | COR [95 % C.I] | AOR [95 % C.I] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||
| Age of respondent | 18–24 years | 38 | 96 | 1.235 (0.784–1.946) | |
| 25–34 years | 98 | 206 | 1.027 (0.723–1.460) | ||
| 35 and above | 87 | 178 | 1.00 | ||
| Educational level of respondent | Unable to read and write | 98 | 218 | 1.00 | |
| Able to read and write | 125 | 262 | 0.942 (0.684–1.297) | ||
| Decision making style | Wife | 32 | 47 | 6.241 (2.402–16.217) | 2.319 (1.825–6.520)** |
| Husband | 6 | 55 | 1.391 (0.859–2.254) | 0.835 (0.486–1.436) | |
| Both together | 185 | 378 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Educational level of husbands of respondents | Unable to read and write | 29 | 145 | 1.00 | |
| Able to read and write | 194 | 313 | 2.950 (1.824–4.771) | ||
| Model family | Not model | 139 | 421 | 1.00 | |
| Model family | 84 | 59 | 4.312 (2.937–6.332) | ||
| Occupation of respondents | Housewife | 206 | 442 | 1.281 (0 0.797–2.058) | |
| Employed | 17 | 38 | 1.00 | ||
| Occupation of husbands of respondents | Farmer | 172 | 375 | 1.00 | |
| Employed | 37 | 52 | 1.637 (1.038–2.582) | ||
| Merchant | 14 | 31 | 3.492 (1.681–4.078) | ||
| Household distance from health institutions | 1–5 km | 172 | 289 | 2.229 (1.552–3.201) | 2.320 (1.557–3.455)** |
| >5 km | 51 | 191 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Have you used ANC | Yes | 210 | 369 | 6.634 (3.401–12.941) | 4.956 (2.506–9.80)** |
| No | 13 | 111 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Institutional delivery for recent baby | yes | 60 | 41 | 3.941 (2.549–6. 095) | 1.853 (1.101–3.120) ** |
| No | 163 | 439 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
**P < 0.003
Discussion
This article has tried to assess institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilization and their associated factors among mothers of under 1 year children. From the total study participants, only 101 (14.4 %) of them delivered their youngest child in health institutions. Among the home delivery, 214 (35.5 %) attended by mother-in-law, 138 (22.9 %) attended by their mother, 109 (18.1 %) attended by relatives/neighbors and 51 (8.5 %) assisted by HEWs.
In case of the study done in Tigray region, Ethiopia; 691 (95.3 %) of women delivered their baby at home with the help of relative/friend/neighbor 586 (80.8 %) and 49 (6.8 %) were assisted by the HEWs [11]. In addition, the study conducted in Sekela District, North West of Ethiopia; indicated that 326 (87.9 %) of the mothers delivered at home with the assistance of family members 274 (80 %), themselves 20 (6.1 %), their mother 13 (3.98 %) and health workers 2 (0.6 %) [12].
Moreover, the study done in in Munisa district, South East Ethiopia show that, 750 (87.7 %) of the mothers gave birth to their last baby at home by the assistance of family or relatives 392 (52.2 %), untrained traditional birth attendant 288 (38.4 %), themselves 23 (3.1 %) and no one were assisted by health workers during their home delivery [13].
The delivery services utilizations from health institutions can be affected by distance of household from health institution, household as model family, decision-making style in household and utilization of ANC services.
In contrary to this finding, in study done at Wukro and Butajera districts, Ethiopia; the factors that determine use of institutional delivery were women education and household economic status. However, women’s autonomy in decision making on place of delivery did not show statistical association [14]. Moreover, according to the study conducted in Dodota district, Oromiya regional state, Ethiopia; residence, educational level of mothers, pregnancy related health problems, previous history of prolonged labor, and decision making style showed association with utilization of institutional delivery services utilizations [15].
Concerning the postnatal care services 223 (31.7 %) of the respondents utilized the services for their recent child. From those had utilized postnatal care services for their last child, 204 (91.5 %) of them took the services from health extension workers. This result is congruent with study done in Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia; where 37.2 % of the mothers utilized postnatal care services from health institutions [16]. To the contrary, in Tigray region, Ethiopia; only 5 % of the mothers had PNC checkups for their baby at health institutions [11].
Postnatal care services utilization from health institution can be affected by educational status of their husband, household distance from health institution, household as model family, decision making style, ANC services utilization and place of recent delivery. In similar educational status, women’s autonomy, number of pregnancy and place of delivery were the factors making a difference in utilizing post natal care service [16]. Confidence and knowledge from previous pregnancies and births were the major reasons for low utilization of postnatal care services among many child holder women.
In this study interviewer administered method of data collection used, that has contribution for quality of data collected. The data were collected from representative sample and it can be generalized for the total population. Only quantitative methods of data collection were used and it is better if qualitative methods were included to triangulate the information collected from the sample.
Conclusions
Both institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilizations from health institutions were low. Decision-making style, household distance from health institutions, household being model family and ANC services utilization were found to be statistically significant with both institutional delivery and postnatal cares service utilizations. Educational status of respondents’ husband is found to be statistically significant with only postnatal care services utilization from health institutions.
Thus, focusing these identified factors for individual variables could improve and sustain institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilizations from health institutions simultaneously.
Abbreviations
ANC, antenatal care; AOR, adjusted odd ratio; COR, crude odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; EDHS, Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey; HEWs, health extension workers; HF, health facilities; PNC, postnatal care.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Jimma University that, this research would not have been possible without the financial support of it. Our thanks also extend to all staffs of Abuna Gindeberet District Health Office, especially Mr. Worku Kenani Benti (Head of district health office) who facilitated the conditions for data collection activities, data collectors and study participants.
Authors’ contributions
BD, FT & SO were involved in the conception, design, analysis, interpretation and report writing. ND assisted the analysis and manuscript preparation. BD prepared the manuscript. BD & ND critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and approved this manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical clearance and approval were obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of the College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University. Permission was obtained from district Health Office. Oral informed consents were obtained from participants. Confidentiality and anonymity were ensured. Participants were informed that their participations were voluntary.
Contributor Information
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Nagasa Dida, Email: nadibefe@yahoo.com.
Fikru Tafese, Email: fikretafese@gmail.com.
Shimeles Ololo, Email: shimelessos@yahoo.com.
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