Abstract
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to estimate the clinical utilization of radiation therapy (RT) in Korea between 2009 and 2013.
Materials and Methods:
We analyzed open claims data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The subjects were patients who had diagnostic codes C00-C97 or D00-D48 according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, with procedure codes indicating RT treatment.
Results:
The total number of patients who received RT in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 were 45,571, 49,593, 54,671, 59,172, and 61,485, respectively. Among them, the total numbers of male and female patients were 20,780/24,791 in 2009, 22,711/26,882 in 2010, 24,872/29,799 in 2011, 27,101/32,071 in 2012, and 27,941/33,544 in 2013. The five cancers that were most frequently treated with RT between 2009 and 2012 were breast, lung, colorectal, liver, and uterine cervical cancers. However, the fifth most common cancer treated with RT that replaced uterine cervical cancer in 2013 was prostate cancer. The three leading types of cancer among the male patients were lung, colorectal, and liver cancers, whereas in female patients, they were breast, uterine cervical, and lung cancers. The type of cancer most commonly treated by RT was cancer of the central nervous system in patients aged 20 years or less, breast cancer in patients aged 30–50 years, and lung cancer in patients aged 60 years or more.
Conclusion:
Data from this study provided the clinical utilization of RT in Korea between 2009 and 2013.
Keywords: Neoplasms, Radiotherapy, Statistics, Korea
Introduction
Cancer is a major public health problem in Korea. According to the annual report of the Korea Central Cancer Registry, more than 200,000 people have been diagnosed with cancer every year since 2010, with a steadily increasing cancer incidence [1-4]. This trend is expected to persist in the future because of population aging, westernized lifestyle, development of diagnostic tools that can detect cancer, and a medical system that encourages cancer screening [5-6].
As radiation therapy (RT) is an indispensable part of cancer treatment, it is reasonable and necessary to estimate the clinical utilization of RT for understanding the status and development of cancer treatment in Korea. The most up to date official records on the clinical utilization of RT in Korea were reported for the period 1999–2006 [7-10]. These records were compiled using questionnaire-based methods over a long period and possibly had recall bias. Recently, we reported the findings of a pilot study for the clinical utilization of RT in 2009 and 2013 [11] in order to estimate the feasibility of statistics using claims data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). In previous studies [7-11], we categorized patients according to the cancer site treated by RT, instead of their primary cancer diagnostic codes. In the present study, the patients were categorized according to their primary cancer codes rather than their metastasis status or the site of treatment. Moreover, a previous study [11] analyzed patients who only had ‘C’ code diseases. Patients who had ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast or benign brain tumor treated with RT could not be included in the total count of patients who received RT because they are ‘D’ code diseases and are therefore classified as benign. Consequently, the actual total number of patients who received RT was underestimated. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed the data from patients having both ‘D’ code and ‘C’ code diseases. The aim of the present study was to estimate the clinical utilization of RT in the 2009–2013 period using claims data from the HIRA.
Materials and Methods
The detailed methods using claims data from the HIRA are described in a previous study [11]. The customized source population criteria for this study are shown in Table 1. In this study, we included not only patients with International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD-10) diagnostic codes C00-C97, but also those with diagnostic codes D00-D48 (including carcinoma in situ or benign neoplasms), who were also associated with at least one of the procedure codes related to RT treatment. In our previous study, we categorized the patients who had diagnostic codes for metastasis (C77-79) based on whether they received RT to the metastatic site, irrespective of the patient’s primary cancer diagnostic code. However, in this study, the patients were categorized according to their primary cancer codes rather than their metastasis status, even if they had diagnostic codes indicating metastasis. For example, if the patient had code C34 for primary lung cancer and code C79.30 for brain metastasis, the patient was categorized as having primary lung cancer instead of brain metastasis. This method of categorization was to identify the number of patients who underwent RT for their primary cancers. However, if the patient only had a diagnostic code for metastasis, we could not determine the primary cancer diagnosis; therefore, the patient was categorized as ‘unknown primary.’ If the patient had both C and D diagnostic codes, it was assumed the patient had received RT for the disease with the C diagnostic code.
Table 1.
The customized source population
| List | Criterion |
|---|---|
| Treatment period | 01/01/2009–12/31/2013 |
| Type of healthcare facility | Tertiary, secondary |
| Diagnostic code | C00–C97, D00–D48 |
| Type of insurance | Health insurance, medical aid |
| Hospital region | National |
| Sex | Male, female |
| Age | All ages |
We analyzed the claims data from the HIRA in order to identify the total number of patients who underwent RT, and the number of patients who received RT by primary cancer diagnosis, gender, and age group between 2009 and 2013 in Korea. In addition, through the classification of the procedure codes (Table 2), we estimated the total number of patients who received specific RT modalities, including brachytherapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT), and proton therapy.
Table 2.
Procedure codes related to radiation therapy
| Procedure code | Name of procedure code |
|---|---|
| HD51-HD56 | Teletherapy—single or opposed ports |
| HD58-HD59 | Rotational irradiation |
| HD61 | 3-Dimensional conformal therapy |
| HD80-HD89 | Brachytherapy |
| HD91 | Total body irradiation |
| HD92 | Total body lymph node irradiation |
| HD93 | Total skin electron beam therapy |
| HD110-HD115, HD211-HD212 | Stereotactic radiation therapy |
| HD121 | Proton therapy |
| HZ271 | Intensity-modulated radiation therapy |
Results
The total number of patients who received RT in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 were 45,571, 49,593, 54,671, 59,172, and 61,485, respectively (Fig. 1). Among them, the total number of cancer patients (C00-C97) who received RT in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 were 42,585, 46,248, 50,883, 55,049, and 57,004, respectively. The total numbers of male and female patients who received RT were 20,780/24,791 in 2009, 22,711/26,882 in 2010, 24,872/29,799 in 2011, 27,101/32,071 in 2012, and 27,941/33,544 in 2013 (Fig. 2). The distribution of patients who received RT by cancer diagnosis between 2009 and 2013 is shown in Table 3. The five most common cancers treated with RT between 2009 and 2012 were breast, lung, colorectal, liver, and uterine cervical cancers. However, the fifth most common cancer treated with RT in 2013 was prostate cancer instead of uterine cervical cancer. The three leading types of cancer among male patients were lung, colorectal, and liver cancers, and those among female patients were breast, uterine cervical, and lung cancers. Breast cancer patients constituted a quarter of the total number of cancer patients who underwent RT, and approximately half of the female cancer patients. Carcinoma in situ of the breast treated with RT was the most common among the diseases with code ‘D.’ The benign neoplasms of the meninges and the central nervous system were second and third most common among the diseases with code ‘D.’
Fig. 1.
The total number of patients who underwent radiation therapy between 2009 and 2013 in Korea.
Fig. 2.
The total numbers of male and female patients who received radiation therapy between 2009 and 2013 in Korea.
Table 3.
The distribution of cancer patients who underwent radiation therapy based on primary diagnosis between 2009 and 2013
| Category | Primary diagnosis (diagnostic code) | No. of patients who received radiation therapy |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||
| Breast | (C50) | 11,111 | 12,226 | 13,724 | 14,956 | 15,655 |
| Gastrointestinal | Colorectum (C18-C20) | 4,323 | 4,561 | 5,033 | 5,004 | 4,860 |
| Liver (C22) | 2,719 | 2,757 | 3,015 | 3,424 | 3,595 | |
| Esophagus (C15) | 1,106 | 1,179 | 1,236 | 1,327 | 1,374 | |
| Stomach (C16) | 912 | 1,016 | 1,077 | 1,034 | 1,012 | |
| Pancreas (C25) | 566 | 678 | 780 | 940 | 901 | |
| Gallbladder & biliary (C23-C24) | 691 | 714 | 772 | 842 | 874 | |
| Anus (C21) | 146 | 165 | 188 | 220 | 211 | |
| Small bowel (C17) | 28 | 35 | 39 | 40 | 42 | |
| Other (C26) | 5 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |
| Subtotal | 10,496 | 11,107 | 12,143 | 12,835 | 12,872 | |
| Thoracic | Lung (C34) | 7,379 | 8,238 | 8,861 | 9,285 | 9,980 |
| Thymus (C37) | 190 | 221 | 266 | 235 | 245 | |
| Mediastinum (C38) | 43 | 42 | 39 | 46 | 47 | |
| Trachea (C33) | 14 | 21 | 16 | 18 | 17 | |
| Other (C39) | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | |
| Subtotal | 7,629 | 8,523 | 9,187 | 9,586 | 10,290 | |
| Head & neck | Larynx (C32) | 730 | 803 | 761 | 872 | 955 |
| Oropharynx (C01, C09-C10) | 340 | 398 | 496 | 611 | 588 | |
| Oral cavity (C02-C06) | 362 | 412 | 502 | 598 | 583 | |
| Nasopharynx (C11) | 307 | 300 | 409 | 493 | 484 | |
| Salivary gland (C07-C08) | 259 | 276 | 291 | 350 | 344 | |
| Hypopharynx (C12-C13) | 287 | 287 | 361 | 392 | 336 | |
| Paranasal sinus (C31) | 106 | 144 | 150 | 167 | 148 | |
| Nasal cavity (C30) | 81 | 67 | 96 | 124 | 113 | |
| Eye & orbit (C69) | 35 | 36 | 44 | 52 | 49 | |
| Lip (C00) | 12 | 8 | 12 | 9 | 14 | |
| Other (C14) | 7 | 13 | 19 | 22 | 16 | |
| Subtotal | 2,526 | 2,744 | 3,141 | 3,690 | 3,630 | |
| Gynecologic | Uterine cervix (C53) | 2,439 | 2,441 | 2,450 | 2,470 | 2,545 |
| Uterine corpus (C54-C55) | 633 | 588 | 628 | 715 | 737 | |
| Ovary & tubes (C56) | 143 | 183 | 206 | 200 | 240 | |
| Vagina & vulva (C51-C52) | 105 | 119 | 110 | 114 | 94 | |
| Other (C57-C58) | 7 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 10 | |
| Subtotal | 3,327 | 3,344 | 3,407 | 3,513 | 3,626 | |
| Genitourinary | Prostate (C61) | 1,222 | 1,446 | 1,937 | 2,426 | 2,552 |
| Ureter & bladder (C66-C67) | 360 | 429 | 496 | 480 | 523 | |
| Kidney (C64-C65) | 294 | 359 | 426 | 405 | 433 | |
| Penis & testis (C60, C62-C63) | 51 | 65 | 65 | 53 | 66 | |
| Other (C68) | 8 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 12 | |
| Subtotal | 1,935 | 2,308 | 2,932 | 3,377 | 3,586 | |
| CNS | Brain (C70-C71) | 1,365 | 1,448 | 1,386 | 1,508 | 1,577 |
| Spinal cord (C72) | 44 | 44 | 61 | 57 | 55 | |
| Other (C47) | 29 | 35 | 47 | 37 | 50 | |
| Subtotal | 1,438 | 1,527 | 1,494 | 1,602 | 1,682 | |
| Lymphoma | Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (C82-C88) | 1,056 | 1,203 | 1,177 | 1,325 | 1,316 |
| Hodgkin’s disease (C81) | 86 | 98 | 99 | 108 | 91 | |
| Other (C96) | 6 | 4 | 21 | 21 | 22 | |
| Subtotal | 1,148 | 1,305 | 1,297 | 1,454 | 1,429 | |
| Soft tissue | (C46, C49) | 406 | 506 | 540 | 571 | 619 |
| Myeloma & plasmacytoma | (C90) | 324 | 338 | 315 | 410 | 438 |
| Thyroid | (C73) | 305 | 340 | 357 | 388 | 358 |
| Leukemia | (C91-C95) | 333 | 367 | 357 | 351 | 352 |
| Skin | (C44) | 205 | 224 | 240 | 273 | 265 |
| Malignant melanoma | (C43) | 148 | 159 | 203 | 207 | 214 |
| Primary bone & cartilage | (C40-C41) | 157 | 179 | 211 | 218 | 169 |
| Endocrine | (C74-C75) | 71 | 66 | 51 | 76 | 91 |
| Unknown primary | (C45,C48, C76-C80, C97) | 1,026 | 1,021 | 1,284 | 1,542 | 1,728 |
| Total no. of cancer patients | - | 42,585 | 46,284 | 50,883 | 55,049 | 57,004 |
| Carcinoma in situ of the breast | (D05) | 939 | 1,128 | 1,355 | 1,601 | 1,870 |
| Benign neoplasm of meninges | (D32) | 867 | 859 | 1,013 | 954 | 1,027 |
| Benign neoplasm of CNS | (D33) | 616 | 639 | 720 | 734 | 731 |
| Benign neoplasm of endocrine | (D34-D35) | 197 | 260 | 227 | 276 | 300 |
| Other D code diseases | (D00-D04, D06-D31, D36-D48) | 367 | 423 | 473 | 558 | 553 |
| Total D code patients | - | 2,986 | 3,309 | 3,788 | 4,123 | 4,481 |
| Total | - | 45,571 | 49,593 | 54,671 | 59,172 | 61,485 |
CNS, central nervous system.
The distribution of patients who received RT in 2013 based on cancer diagnosis and age group is shown in Table 4. The most common cancer was that of the central nervous system for patients aged 20 years or less, while breast cancer was the most common cancer in patients aged 30–50 years, and lung cancer was the most common cancer in patients aged 60 years or more. Similar trends were observed for previous years.
Table 4.
The number of patients who underwent radiation therapy by cancer diagnosis and age group in 2013
| Primary diagnosis | No. of patients who received radiation therapy by age group |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20’s or under | 30’s | 40’s | 50’s | 60’s | 70’s or older | Total | |
| Breast (C50) | 151 | 1,600 | 5,705 | 5,157 | 2,203 | 839 | 15,655 |
| Colorectum (C18-C20) | 13 | 146 | 549 | 1,366 | 1,392 | 1,394 | 4,860 |
| Liver (C22) | 4 | 78 | 433 | 1,211 | 1,106 | 763 | 3,595 |
| Esophagus (C15) | 0 | 2 | 55 | 345 | 416 | 556 | 1,374 |
| Stomach (C16) | 7 | 57 | 134 | 279 | 278 | 257 | 1,012 |
| Pancreas (C25) | 1 | 12 | 75 | 238 | 318 | 257 | 901 |
| Gallbladder & biliary (C23-C24) | 0 | 8 | 51 | 213 | 312 | 290 | 874 |
| Anus (C21) | 0 | 7 | 19 | 61 | 58 | 66 | 211 |
| Small bowel (C17) | 1 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 42 |
| Other (C26) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Subtotal | 26 | 313 | 1,325 | 3,724 | 3,891 | 3,593 | 12,872 |
| Lung (C34) | 13 | 126 | 624 | 2,182 | 3,280 | 3,755 | 9,980 |
| Thymus (C37) | 5 | 23 | 58 | 56 | 67 | 36 | 245 |
| Mediastinum (C38) | 7 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 4 | 47 |
| Trachea (C33) | 2 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 17 |
| Other (C39) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Subtotal | 27 | 155 | 695 | 2,252 | 3,360 | 3,801 | 10,290 |
| Larynx (C32) | 1 | 5 | 36 | 230 | 330 | 353 | 955 |
| Oropharynx (C01, C09-C10) | 3 | 14 | 80 | 214 | 170 | 107 | 588 |
| Oral cavity (C02-C06) | 14 | 33 | 88 | 157 | 145 | 146 | 583 |
| Nasopharynx (C11) | 19 | 55 | 93 | 150 | 110 | 57 | 484 |
| Salivary gland (C07-C08) | 19 | 30 | 58 | 101 | 82 | 54 | 344 |
| Hypopharynx (C12-C13) | 0 | 1 | 22 | 77 | 124 | 112 | 336 |
| Paranasal sinus (C31) | 4 | 8 | 18 | 40 | 42 | 36 | 148 |
| Nasal cavity (C30) | 6 | 9 | 17 | 31 | 25 | 25 | 113 |
| Eye & orbit (C69) | 4 | 3 | 10 | 14 | 7 | 11 | 49 |
| Lip (C00) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 14 |
| Other (C14) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 10 | 16 |
| Subtotal | 70 | 158 | 424 | 1,018 | 1,042 | 918 | 3,630 |
| Uterine cervix (C53) | 49 | 273 | 603 | 724 | 381 | 515 | 2,545 |
| Uterine corpus (C54-C55) | 0 | 19 | 106 | 325 | 201 | 86 | 737 |
| Ovary & tubes (C56) | 6 | 12 | 50 | 98 | 55 | 19 | 240 |
| Vagina & vulva (C51-C52) | 2 | 3 | 8 | 17 | 19 | 45 | 94 |
| Other (C57-C58) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 10 |
| Subtotal | 58 | 308 | 767 | 1,168 | 660 | 665 | 3,626 |
| Prostate (C61) | 0 | 0 | 22 | 265 | 868 | 1,397 | 2,552 |
| Ureter & bladder (C66-C67) | 2 | 2 | 25 | 65 | 138 | 291 | 523 |
| Kidney (C64-C65) | 13 | 14 | 44 | 121 | 114 | 127 | 433 |
| Penis & testis (C60, C62-C63) | 13 | 18 | 14 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 66 |
| Other (C68) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 12 |
| Subtotal | 28 | 34 | 105 | 459 | 1,130 | 1,830 | 3,586 |
| Brain (C70-C71) | 270 | 150 | 281 | 340 | 298 | 238 | 1,577 |
| Spinal cord (C72) | 15 | 6 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 55 |
| Other (C47) | 15 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 50 |
| Subtotal | 300 | 164 | 299 | 356 | 310 | 253 | 1,682 |
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (C82-C88) | 87 | 115 | 211 | 347 | 262 | 294 | 1,316 |
| Hodgkin’s disease (C81) | 44 | 15 | 8 | 13 | 4 | 7 | 91 |
| Other (C96) | 6 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 22 |
| Subtotal | 137 | 131 | 223 | 363 | 268 | 307 | 1,429 |
| Soft tissue (C46, C49) | 82 | 61 | 86 | 133 | 120 | 137 | 619 |
| Myeloma & plasmacytoma (C90) | 0 | 11 | 38 | 110 | 146 | 133 | 438 |
| Thyroid (C73) | 8 | 15 | 45 | 92 | 78 | 120 | 358 |
| Leukemia (C91-C95) | 151 | 71 | 51 | 49 | 25 | 5 | 352 |
| Skin (C44) | 4 | 13 | 26 | 41 | 52 | 129 | 265 |
| Malignant melanoma (C43) | 2 | 12 | 32 | 68 | 52 | 48 | 214 |
| Primary bone & cartilage (C40-C41) | 49 | 15 | 26 | 38 | 22 | 19 | 169 |
| Endocrine (C74-C75) | 37 | 4 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 91 |
| Unknown primary (C45, C48, C76-C80, C97) | 30 | 61 | 235 | 463 | 508 | 431 | 1,728 |
| Total | 1,160 | 3,126 | 10,094 | 15,502 | 13,880 | 13,242 | 57,004 |
The distribution of patients who received RT with specific modalities is shown in Table 5. Because National health insurance had not covered IMRT and proton therapy before 2011, the number of patients who received IMRT and proton therapy before 2011 was not calculated.
Table 5.
The distribution of patients who received radiation therapy according to specific radiation therapy modalities
| Radiation therapy modality | Year |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |
| Brachytherapy | 1,441 | 1,376 | 1,384 | 1,401 | 1,387 |
| Intensity-modulated radiation therapy | - | - | 3,113 | 6,648 | 6,747 |
| Stereotactic radiation therapy | 4,226 | 4,894 | 5,435 | 5,543 | 5,945 |
| Proton therapy | - | - | 25 | 50 | 33 |
Discussion and Conclusion
This study was conducted to analyze the clinical utilization of RT between 2009 and 2013 in Korea using claims data from the HIRA. The total number of patients who underwent RT increased 4%–10% per year between 2009 and 2013 (Fig. 1). Considering the annual cancer incidence [1-4,12], although the percentage of patients who underwent RT increased from 23% to 27% during these 5 years, it remained below 30% (Fig. 3). Table 6 shows the utilization rate of RT, which is defined as the proportion of all cancers with indications for RT by country [13-17]. This value can be dependent on the distributions of cancer types and stages. According to these reports, about 47%–55% of cancer patients in developed or developing countries would be candidates for RT treatment. Although the optimal utilization rate of RT in Korea was not reported yet, it is estimated to be within the same range. Even though the optimal RT utilization rate has been criticized for potentially overestimating the demand for RT [18], the clinical utilization rate of RT in Korea could be estimated to be much lower than the optimal utilization rate of RT.
Fig. 3.
Cancer incidence and the total number of patients who received radiation therapy between 2009 and 2013 in Korea.
Table 6.
List of relevant studies conducted on the utilization rates of radiation therapy by country
| Author | Year | Country | Optimal utilization rate of radiation therapy (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Delaney et al. [13] | 2005 | Australia | 52.3 |
| Jaen Olasolo et al. [14] | 2007 | Spain | 55.0 |
| Barton et al. [15] | 2014 | Australia | 48.3 |
| Borras et al. [16] | 2015 | 40 European countries | 47.0–53.2 |
| Rosenblatt et al. [17] | 2015 | Ghana, Philippines, Tunisia, Serbia, Costa Rica, Romania, Malaysia, Uruguay, Slovenia | 47.0–56.0 |
Generally, the number of cancer patients who underwent RT for primary cancer increased steadily; however, the number of uterine cervical cancer patients remained approximately at 2,500 during these 5 years. While, the number of prostate cancer patients who received RT notably increased during this period, and consequently, prostate cancer became the fifth most common cancer in 2013 replacing the cervical cancer. This might not only be attributed to the increased prevalence of prostate cancer, but also to the improvement of RT techniques including IMRT or SRT.
In terms of RT modalities, while the numbers of patients who received brachytherapy were similar for each year between 2009 and 2013, the cases receiving IMRT notably increased from 2011 to 2013, and this increase is expected to continue in the future because of national health insurance coverage of IMRT. Similar to IMRT, the number of cases treated with SRT also has steadily increased during these 5 years. Because the claims data from the HIRA only included that of the insured cases and the number of uninsured treatments could not be recorded, the actual number of patients who received proton therapy is expected to be more than the reported number.
In comparison to the results from a previous study [11], differences were observed in the total number of patients who underwent RT in 2009 and 2013. One of the reasons for the difference could be attributed to the different collection time of claims data from the HIRA, considering that some patients’ data are registered after 1 or more years. Therefore, the total number of patients who received RT in the same year might not indicate the actual number.
This study could provide useful clinical utilization data for RT in Korea, and we aim to continuously provide the results on the clinical utilization of RT using claims data from the HIRA in the form of an annual report in the future.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Nuclear R&D program of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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