Abstract
Objectives:
To identify laboratory and clinical characteristics of different pathogens associated with early-onset sepsis (EOS) of the newborn.
Methods:
Newborns with EOS were retrospectively analyzed regarding laboratory and clinical parameters associated with the identified pathogen.
Results:
We identified 125 newborns having diagnosis of culture proven EOS between 1993 and 2011. One hundred cases had diagnosis of group B streptococci (GBS) infection (80%), 11 had Escherichia coli (8.8%), eight enterococci (6.4%), and six other pathogens (4.8%). White blood cell count (WBC), immature to total neutrophil (IT) ratio, and C-reactive protein (CRP) values did not differ between groups within the first 72 hours of life. Presence of high (>30000/µL) and low (<9000/µl) WBC was significantly less found compared with IT-ratio >0.2 in GBS and E.coli EOS. High WBC were more common found than low WBC in all groups. Gram positive pathogens were more common found in late preterm and term infants (84%), and gram negative pathogens more common in very low birth weight infants (64%). E. coli was significantly associated with lower gestational age and birth weight, respectively.
Conclusion:
An abnormal IT-ratio was a more common finding than an abnormal WBC in GBS and E. coli EOS. E. coli was significantly associated with prematurity.
Keywords: Early-onset neonatal sepsis, Escherichia coli, Group B Streptococcus, IT-ratio, White blood cell count
INTRODUCTION
Early onset sepsis (EOS) of the newborn is a severe disease associated with high morbidity and mortality [1]. At present group B streptococci (GBS) and Escherichia coli (E.coli) are the most common pathogens in developing countries [2, 3]. The natural incidence of GBS EOS, before preventive intervention, ranged from 0.5 to 4 or even more cases per 1000 live births with substantial geographical variations [4]. Neonatal GBS diseases remain a global public health concern despite a 70% reduction following successful implementation of intrapartum prophylaxis [4-8]. On the other hand there are raised concerns suggesting that the widespread use of antibiotics might increase the frequencies of non-GBS or antimicrobial-resistant pathogens [9]. In the USA the case-fatality ratio for EOS ranged from below 5% among cases of bacteremia to over 15% among cases of Gram negative meningitis [9, 10].
Recently, Murphy and Weiner defined normal values for evaluation of EOS as white blood cell counts (WBC) ranging from 6000 to 30000/µL and an immature to total neutrophil ratio (IT-ratio) below 0.2 [11]. Two negative IT-ratios and a negative blood culture at 24 hours demonstrated to be indicative for a non-infected neonate. Twenty-three of 3154 neonates of this study were diagnosed as having culture proven EOS and all of them had at least one abnormal WBC counts except one E.coli positive neonate. These findings are in contrast to results of our group reporting abnormal WBC and IT-ratio as part of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in only 43% of all neonates with culture-proven EOS and in 39% when defining normal WBC counts as between 9000 and 34000/μL [12, 13]. This raises the question whether there are pathogen-associated laboratory findings that significantly influence interpretation of routine laboratory marker.
Thus, we aimed to identify laboratory and clinical characteristics of different pathogens associated with EOS of the newborn.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A cohort of newborns with blood-culture proven EOS collected at a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital over a 18-year time period was retrospectively analyzed regarding laboratory and clinical parameters associated with the identified pathogen. Only inborn neonates admitted within 24 hours of age having diagnosis of clinical and blood culture proven EOS were included for analysis Exclusion criteria were missing or incomplete documentation, a culture-negative clinical sepsis and an unknown state of infection.
Definition of EOS
In addition to a positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture plausible for causing EOS newborns had to meet the following criteria: clinical signs of sepsis in ≥1 with ≥1 maternal risk factor or ≥2 clinical signs of the following groups of symptoms: a) respiratory symptoms [apnea, tachypnea (>60/min), retractions, cyanosis, respiratory distress], b) cardiocirculatory symptoms [tachycardia (>180/min) or bradycardia (<100/min), arterial hypotension], c) neurological symptoms (irritability, lethargy, seizures), d) poor skin color or prolonged capillary refilling time (>2 s), e) fever or hypothermia (core temperature >38° C or <36° C) [14, 15].
Maternal risk factors included prolonged rupture of membranes (>18 h in term newborns), clinical chorioamnionitis (uterine tenderness or foul-smelling amniotic fluid, maternal leukocytosis >12,000/μL, and maternal or fetal tachycardia) and maternal fever >38° C during labor [15, 16].
Laboratory and Clinical Parameter
For analysis of laboratory marker routine parameter available included WBC count, absolute neutrophil count, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IT-ratio. Values were calculated for day 1, 2, 3 (<24, 24-48, and 48-72 hours) and for maximum and lowest values within the time period of 72 hours of age.
Neonatal variables collected for each study patient included sex, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), Apgar scores at 1, 5 and 10 minutes, clinical signs [tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, apnea, hypotension, hypothermia, fever], therapeutic approaches [mechanical ventilation (CPAP included), duration of mechanical ventilation, high frequency oscillation, surfactant, nitrogen oxide, immunoglobulin, catecholamine], neonatal morbidities [respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pneumothorax, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, seizures, periventricular leukomalacia, intra-/periventricular hemorrhage, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, septic shock, multi-organ failure, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, renal failure, mortality], and length of hospitalization.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 20 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were obtained for all categorical variables. Statistical significance was determined for unadjusted comparisons by Mann-Whitney-U-test for continuous variables and by Fisher´s exact test for categorical variables. The significance level was set at p<0.05.
RESULTS
During the study period 125 of 10,555 hospitalized newborns (1.18%) of a catchment area of approximately 153,000 births were identified with culture-proven EOS (incidence 0.8 per 1,000 live births); of whom 100 had GBS infection (80%), 11 E. coli (8.8%), eight enterococci (6.4%), and six other pathogens (4.8%). Gram positive pathogens were predominant (111/125, 88.8%). Perinatal data of the study population are shown in Table 1. Pathogens identified are given in Table 2.
Table 1.
Perinatal data of 125 neonates with culture-proven early-onset sepsis.
| Gestational age (GA in weeks) | 37 (24-42) |
| Birth weight (BW in grams) | 2930 (650-4670) |
| Term infants (≥ 37 weeks) | 67 (53.6) |
| GA < 28 weeks | 10 (8.0) |
| GA 28 – 32 weeks | 17 (13.6) |
| GA 33-36 weeks | 31 (24.8) |
| BW < 1500 grams | 21 (16.8) |
| BW 1500 – 2500 grams | 27 (21.6) |
| BW > 2500 grams | 77 (61.6) |
| Small for GA (< 10th percentile) | 14 (11.2) |
| Maternal age | 28 (16-46) |
| Twins | 5 (4) |
| Apgar score at 1 minute | 8 (1-10) |
| Apgar score at 5 minutes | 9 (1-10) |
| Apgar score at 10 minutes | 9 (4-10) |
Data are given as median (range) or n (%)
Table 2.
Pathogens identified in 125 neonates with early-onset sepsis.
| Group B streptococci | 100 (80) |
| Escherichia coli | 11 (8.8) |
| Enterococci | 8 (6.4) |
| Coagulase-negative staphylococci | 3 (1.6) |
| Haemophilus influenza | 1 (0.8) |
| Proteus mirabilis | 1 (0.8) |
| Citrobacter freundii | 1 (0.8) |
Data are given as n (%)
Laboratory Findings
WBC, IT-ratio, and CRP values did not differ between groups (GBS vs. E. coli vs. other pathogens - enterococci and other pathogens grouped together) within the first 72 hours of life. Median CRP values were 30.2, 28.5, and 27.2 mg/L, respectively. WBC values were 17.7, 11.8, and 18.6 x 106/L, and IT-ratio 0.24, 0.21, and 0.24, respectively. Differences between laboratory findings in correlation to pathogens are summarized in Table 3. Presence of high or low WBC was significantly less found compared to IT-ratio >0.2 in GBS (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively) and E.coli cases (p=0.013 and 0.014, respectively). In the group of other pathogens no differences were found. High WBC values were found more commonly in all groups compared to low WBC (p=0.015, 0.013, and 0.001, respectively).
Table 3.
Differences between laboratory findings in 125 neonates with early-onset sepsis in correlation to pathogens.
| GBS n=100 |
E. coli
n=11 |
Others n=14 |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WBC >30.0 (x 106/L) | 25 | 0 | 21 | n.s. (0.055*) |
| WBC <9.0 (x 106/L) | 13 | 36 | 29 | 0.014* |
| IT-ratio >0.2 | 41 | 36 | 43 | n.s. |
| Thrombocytopenia (<150 x 106/L) |
6 | 0 | 14 | n.s. |
Data are given as percentage; * differences between E. coli and GBS
WBC: white blood cell count, IT-ratio: immature-to-total neutrophil ratio, GBS: group B streptococci; n.s. not significant
Clinical Findings
The rate of term infants was 58%, 27%, and 43% in GBS, E. coli, and other pathogens EOS, respectively. VLBW infants were found in GBS, E.coli, and other pathogens EOS in 16%, 55%, and 46%, respectively. Gram positive pathogens were common found in late preterm and term infants (84%), and gram negative pathogens in VLBW infants (64%). Gestational age and birth weight were significantly lower in E. coli compared to GBS EOS (median 32 vs. 38 weeks, p=0.005, and 1836 vs. 3095 grams, p=0.031, and between other pathogens and GBS (35 vs. 38 weeks, p=0.035, and 2240 vs. 3095 grams, p=0.022). Male gender did not differ between groups (GBS, E.coli, and other pathogens 57, 55, and 71 percent, respectively).
GBS and E. coli EOS differed regarding presence of hypothermia (0 vs. 18%, p=.009), duration of mechanical ventilation (median 4 vs. 8 days, p=.019), duration of therapy with supplemental oxygen (median 2 vs. 9 days, p=.031), length of hospitalization (median 15 vs. 22 days, p=.039), presence of chorioamnionitis (17 vs. 46%, p=.041) and maternal fever (2 vs. 18%, p=.049). Compared with other pathogens differences were not significant. Intrapartum antibiotic treatment was documented in 28 mothers (22%) – 24 GBS and 4 E. coli infections. Rate was highest in case of preterm birth of 28 weeks gestation and less (60%).
Tachycardia and bradycardia were found in 13% and 5% of cases, tachypnea and apneas in 71% and 24%, arterial hypotension in 44%, and fever in 11%, respectively. Differences between pathogens were not significant. Median temperature in case of fever was 38.7 °C. The median duration of antibiotic treatment was 10 days.
Complications of EOS
Septic shock was diagnosed in 4.0%, multi-organ failure in 8.0%, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in 1.6%, and renal failure in 5.6%, differences between pathogens not significant. Neurological complications including seizures, intra-/periventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy were diagnosed in 5.6%, 18%, 2.4%, and 4.0%. Hemorrhages were significantly more common found in E. coli and other pathogens compared with GBS EOS (36 and 36 vs. 13%, p=0.015 and 0.045, respectively). Periventricular leukomalacia and seizures were significantly more often diagnosed in other pathogens compared with GBS EOS (1.0 vs. 14%, p=0.039, and 4.0 vs. 21%, p=0.039, respectively). Overall mortality rate was 7.2% with the highest rate found in VLBW infants (29%). Differences were not significant between pathogens.
Changes Over Time
The rate of EOS was 0.26 percent during the study period (125 out of 48,600 live births). Over the years 1993 to 2011 there was a significant decrease of GBS and gram positive pathogens (p=0.014 and 0.006, Pearson´s correlation coefficient -0.601 and -0.553, respectively).
DISCUSSION
Comparing different pathogens of EOS regarding WBC, IT-ratio, and CRP values did not reveal significant differences. Pathogen-associated characteristics included significantly less low WBC counts in E. coli compared to GBS EOS. An elevated IT-ratio was a more common finding compared to high or low WBC counts in E. coli and GBS EOS. For all pathogens high WBC counts were more commonly found than low counts E. coli EOS was significantly associated with prematurity, and clinical findings were not found to be pathogen-specific. Overall complication and mortality rates were low, and the latter was not different between pathogens.
An analysis of 2164 neonates with EOS and positive culture revealed 60% having a WBC values between 5000 and 19,000/µL, 82% having normal platelet count (between 150,000 and 400,000/µL), and 31% having an IT-ratio below 0.2 [17]. The first (WBC <5500/µL) through fourth vintiles (WBC <8800/µL) were associated with increased odds of EOS in this study. This lower limit is in accordance to our definition of the lower WBC cut-off value and scrutinizes critically a lower limit of 6.000/µL [11]. Additionally the authors observed a significant association with EOS for IT-ratios above 0.24 and for platelet counts below 147,000/µL [17]. Odds ratios for low WBC counts and high IT-ratios associated with infection were 5.38 and 7.97, respectively with high specificity and negative predictive values (73.7%-99.9% and >99.8%), however, sensitivities were low (0.3%-54.5%) for all complete blood cell count indices analyzed. In another study IT-ratio was not able to distinguish between culture positive and negative neonates (p=0.189) and was found to be normal in 29% of infected and abnormal in 53% of uninfected neonates [18]. Summarizing our findings and recent reports reveals IT-ratio being the most important early parameter for the diagnosis of EOS irrespective of the responsible pathogen [11, 17, 19].
We recently demonstrated that small for gestational age (SGA) neonates had lower median WBC counts, lower median neutrophil, and lower median platelet counts during the first 3 days of life compared with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates with the same finding when analyzing values separately for preterm and term neonates [20]. Interestingly, the SGA neonates were not at an increased risk for culture-proven and clinical sepsis, and in neonates with culture-proven sepsis, WBC, neutrophil, and platelet counts did not differ between SGA and AGA neonates.
The gestational age distribution showing higher rates of term infants in GBS EOS (73 to 80%) is well known and comparable to our data [2, 9]. The finding of lower birth weight and gestational age associated with E.coli infection with subsequently longer hospitalization and a higher rate of mechanical ventilation again is again already well documented [21]. In contrast, we found a significantly higher rate of chorioamnionitis, and could not confirm a higher mortality rate in the E.coli group after adjustment for gestational age. Differences regarding presence of seizures and intraventricular hemorrhages were markedly higher in the E.coli group, but did not reach statistical difference [21]. This is in contrast to our findings and maybe attributable to the higher rate of prematurity. One factor again influenced by the presence of prematurity was the higher rate of hypothermia in the E.coli group, a phenomenon of preterm infants´ reaction to infectious stimuli [22].
GBS, diagnosed in 36%, was associated with higher rates of meningitis involvement but lower incidence of mortality compared with E. coli, present in 26%, in a 6-years study period analyzing 109 septic episodes of 100 neonates [23]. The sepsis-related mortality rates was higher in EOS (10%) compared to late-onset sepsis (7%). The higher mortality rate (16%) especially associated with E. coli sepsis (33%) reported by Stoll et al. differs marginally to our findings and might be explained be the particular high rate of preterm infants (81%) [2].
We observed a significant decrease of GBS sepsis over the study period without an increase of EOS caused by E.coli neither among term nor preterm infants. In one study, comparing two time periods 1991 to 1993 and 1998 to 2000, a marked reduction in GBS sepsis (from 5.9 to 1.7 per 1000 live births of infants weighing 401 to 1500 g, p<0.001) and an increase in E. coli sepsis (from 3.2 to 6.8 per 1000 live births, p=0.004) was observed without changes of the overall rate of EOS [24]. In another study including 53 cases of E. coli EOS over a long time period (between 1979 and 2006) increases in E. coli EOS rates over the time, and further increases of intrapartum ampicillin exposure and the observation of ampicillin-resistant E. coli were reported [25].
Some limitations of our study have to be mentioned. This is a retrospective analysis performed at a single center that included neonates enrolled over a large time period. Therefore, results can only be extrapolated, with caution, to center-specific characteristics. Positive blood cultures with plausible pathogens are generally accepted as the gold standard as diagnostic criterion for EOS. However, they are known to lack sensitivity, and data are evident that obtaining cultures from neonates might be difficult as sample volumes are small and a substantial number of cultures are contaminated or negative [26, 27]. As a result, the number of culture positive newborns is limited and the true infection rate is probably underestimated.
In conclusion, we observed an abnormal IT-ratio more common than an abnormal WBC count associated both with GBS and E. coli. E. coli was significantly associated with prematurity. Overall mortality rate was low without differences regarding the causative pathogen.
CONTRIBUTIONS
B. Resch was responsible for study design and writing the manuscript.
B.R. performed data collection and presentation of results.
N.H. was responsible for analysis of data and interpretation of results.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
The study was proven by the local Ethical Committee (Nr. 24-434 ex 11/12).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Declared none.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.
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