Fig. 2.

Protective effect of Ginkgolides and Ginkgos flavonoids against TNF-α induced cell apoptosis. (A) Representative images of Hoechst 33258 staining, cell nuclei were detected using a fluorescence microscope at 200 × magnification, cells with typical apoptosis features were enlarged. (B) Representative images (200 ×  magnification) of cells stained with TUNEL positive cells. (C) Quantitative determination of apoptosis by flow cytometry, which were labelled by Annexin V (FITC) A and propidium iodide (PI). (D) The number of apoptotic cell by Hoechst 33258 staining from five different microscopic fields. (E) The number of apoptotic cell by TUNEL assay from five different microscopic fields. (F) The apoptotic rate of cell by flow cytometry of three independent experiments. Data are expressed as means ± SD. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs. model. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P  < 0.01 Ginkgolides vs Ginkgos flavonoids.