Table 1.

Multivariate logistic regression testing survey year and participant characteristics associated with receiving prescription opioids among children 0–17 years of age in the United States, 1996–2012. Data source: Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys 1996–2012.

	Weighted percentage(SE)	% Receiving prescription opioids	OR	95 % CI	P
Year (1996 to 2012)		2.86	1.01	0.99 –1.02	0.34
Age (year)
0–5	29.1 (0.2)	1.72	(ref)
6–11	35.2 (0.2)	2.02	1.19	1.06 –1.34	0.004
12–17	35.7(0.3)	4.61	2.79	2.49 –3.11	<.001
Sex
Male	51.2 (0.2)	2.94	(ref)
Female	48.8 (0.2)	2.77	0.93	0.86 –1.02	0.11
Race/Ethnicity
White	59.2 (0.8)	3.47	(ref)
Black	14.9 (0.5)	2.13	0.56	0.49 –0.63	<.001
Hispanic	19.4 (0.7)	1.81	0.50	0.43 –0.57	<.001
Other	6.2 (0.1)	1.92	0.54	0.43 –0.68	<.001
Insurance
Any private	64.8 (0.6)	3.06	(ref)
Public only	27.9 (0.5)	2.76	1.08	0.97 –1.19	0.16
Uninsured	7.3 (0.2)	1.44	0.45	0.36 –0.56	<.001
Region
Northeast	17.3 (0.7)	2.06	(ref)
Midwest	22.3 (0.8)	3.06	1.44	1.22 –1.71	<.001
South	36.1 (1.0)	3.11	1.65	1.42 –1.93	<.001
West	24.2 (1.0)	2.86	1.62	1.35 –1.95	<.001
MSA
Non-MSA	16.9 (0.7)	3.57	(ref)
MSA	83.1 (0.7)	2.71	0.89	0.79 –1.01	0.07
Physical Health
Excellent	50.1 (0.4)	2.35	(ref)
Very Good	30.6 (0.3)	2.96	1.44	1.27 –1.64	<.001
Good	16.7 (0.3)	3.66	1.81	1.56 –2.09	<.001
Fair	2.1 (0.1)	6.19	3.13	2.47 –3.98	<.001
Poor	0.3 (0.0)	7.94	4.18	2.67 –6.55	<.001
Mental Health
Excellent	53.9 (0.4)	2.52	(ref)
Very Good	28.1 (0.3)	2.88	0.85	0.75 –0.97	0.01
Good	15.5 (0.3)	3.65	0.89	0.76 –1.05	0.18
Fair	2.0 (0.1)	5.14	0.94	0.73 –1.20	0.61
Poor	0.4 (0.0)	4.5	0.65	0.42 –1.00	0.05

SE: standard error.

All years (1996–2012) included for analysis; odds ratio for year represents linear test for trend across 16 years