Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
The aims of the current study were 1) to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Brazilian version of the 15-item Myasthenia Gravis Quality of Life Scale and 2) to investigate the quality of life of Brazilian patients with myasthenia gravis and its determinants.
METHODS:
This cross-sectional study included 69 patients with myasthenia gravis who underwent neurological evaluation and completed questionnaires regarding quality of life (the 36-item Short Form of the Medical Outcomes Study and the 15-item Myasthenia Gravis Quality of Life Scale), anxiety and depressive symptoms.
RESULTS:
The Brazilian version of the 15-item Myasthenia Gravis Quality of Life Scale showed high internal consistency and good concurrent validity with the 36-item Short Form of the Medical Outcomes Study and its subscales. Determinants of quality of life in Brazilian patients with myasthenia gravis included the current status of myasthenia gravis as assessed by the Myasthenia Gravis Composite, the current prednisone dose and the levels of anxiety and depression.
CONCLUSION:
The Brazilian version of the 15-item Myasthenia Gravis Quality of Life Scale is a valid instrument. Symptom severity, prednisone dosage and anxiety and depression levels impact the quality of life of patients with myasthenia gravis.
Keywords: Myasthenia Gravis, Quality of Life, Psychometrics, Neuropsychiatry
INTRODUCTION
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigability, with great inter- and intra-individual variability 1-3. Due to its fluctuating course and clinical heterogeneity, the optimal approach to objectively evaluate the clinical profile, impact and treatment outcomes of MG has been discussed 4.
Measures of quality of life (QoL) have been widely used to follow patients with neuromuscular disorders, including MG 5. Tracking a disease via assessment of patients’ perception of QoL may improve their care by promoting greater adherence to treatment and, ultimately, by leading to better clinical control and outcome 6,7.
Several studies have investigated the QoL of MG patients. Past studies employed the 36-item Short Form of the Medical Outcomes Study (SF-36), a non-disease-specific tool that assesses health-related QoL. However, SF-36 contains items not necessarily relevant to MG (e.g. bodily pain) and does not evaluate domains that are meaningful to MG (e.g. problems with vision, eating and speaking). Despite these limitations, QoL studies of MG patients that used the SF-36 demonstrated that patients with MG differed from healthy controls in all domains of SF-36, particularly in the rolephysical subscale 8,9. In addition, QoL scores modestly correlate with disease status among MG patients 8.
In 2008, a 60-item QoL questionnaire specific for MG (MG-QOL60) was developed and validated 10. This 60-item disease-specific instrument assesses the domains of mobility, symptoms, emotional well-being, general contentment, thinking and fatigue, family/social well-being, and additional concerns. However, as the authors themselves noted, a potential limitation of MG-QOL60 was the time required to complete the questionnaire. Accordingly, a 15-item MG-specific QoL scale (MG-QOL15) was recently developed from the MG-QOL60 as a more user-friendly instrument 11-13. The correlation coefficients for the associations of the scale score with disease severity and quality of life were similar between MG-QOL15 and MG-QOL60 and MG-QOL15 outperformed SF-36, notably by demonstrating a stronger correlation with changes in disease severity and in activities of daily living. MG-QOL15 also demonstrated longitudinal construct validity and test-retest reliability 12,13.
Most studies of the QoL of patients with MG were conducted in the United States and Europe, and there are scarce data on this topic from developing countries. Recently, we translated and adapted the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the MG-QOL15 14. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of MG-QOL15 in a clinical setting. Furthermore, we aimed to identify factors associated with perceived QoL among Brazilian patients with MG.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients
This was a cross-sectional study that investigated MG patients receiving attention at the Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Socio-demographic and clinical information was obtained via clinical evaluation and chart review.
Diagnosis of MG was based on the following criteria: clinical history of fatigability with recovery after resting, clinical response to the administration of anticholinesterase drugs, presence of autoantibodies and/or decreased electrical activity upon repetitive nerve stimulation and exclusion of alternative neurological diagnoses 15.
Clinical instruments
The Myasthenia Gravis Composite (MGC) was used to assess the current status of MG 16. The MGC comprises 10 items evaluating ocular (3 items), bulbar (3 items), respiratory (1 item), neck (1 item), and limb (2 items) signs and symptoms. Patients were classified according to the Clinical Classification of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) 15. This classification was developed to identify subgroups of patients with MG who share similar clinical features, possibly indicating similar prognoses and/or therapeutic responses. The MGFA classification system separates patients with purely ocular involvement from those with generalized or bulbar muscle weakness and categorizes the degree of weakness as mild, moderate or severe 17.
MG-QOL15 has a maximum score of 60, and there is no pre-specified cutoff for classifying the QoL of MG patients 12. The higher the MG-QOL15 score, the poorer the QoL of the MG patient. In this study, we used the Brazilian-Portuguese version of MG-QOL15 14, and SF-36 was used to assess the concurrent validity of this version of MG-QOL15.
SF-36 is a multidimensional questionnaire composed of 36 items that provide information related to eight domains of health: physical functioning (PF), role-physical (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role-emotional (RE) and mental health (MH). The two summary measures are the physical health and mental health components. The calculation of the physical health component score positively weights the PF, RP, BP and GH domain scores and negatively weights the RE and MH domain scores. Conversely, to calculate the mental health component score, positive weights are placed on the MH, RE, SF and VT domain scores, whereas substantial negative weights are placed on the PF and RP domain scores. The total scores for each of the eight domains are converted to a 0-100 scale, with a higher score representing better health 18. SF-36, which has previously been validated in Brazil 19, is the most commonly used QoL instrument nationwide. Here, SF-36 was considered as the gold standard for construct validation of MG-QOL15 11-13.
Variables that may impact QoL in MG patients include the following: a) demographic variables: age and gender; b) clinical variables: disease duration, main symptoms, MG classification, and treatments; and c) anxiety and depressive symptoms. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale was used to evaluate the presence and/or severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms 20.
Procedure
The local ethics committee approved this study, and all patients signed a written consent form. Participants completed MG-QOL15, SF-36 and the HAD questionnaire and underwent a neurological examination (MGC) on the day of their routine neurological appointment. Medical records of the patients were also revised to classify the disease according to the MGFA system.
Statistical Analysis
To evaluate the item-specific internal consistency of MG-QOL15, we calculated Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and corrected the item-total correlations. A Cronbach’s alpha between 0.60 and 0.70 indicates acceptable reliability, and a value above 0.80 indicates good reliability. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to evaluate concurrent validity between MG-QOL15 and subscales of SF-36.
All continuous data are expressed as means and standard deviations (SDs). The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous variables between two groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare more than two groups. Correlations were assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients or Spearman’s correlation coefficients according to the data distribution. Factors with correlations showing statistical significance (p<0.05) based on univariate analysis were included in a multivariate linear regression analysis to identify factors independently affecting the QoL of MG patients. Regression tree analysis was performed to examine the influence of each factor on QoL. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).
RESULTS
Most participants were female and middle aged (Table 1). Regarding disease, most participants were classified as Class IIA or V (n=14 for each), followed by Class I (n=13) and IIIA (n=12). Regarding treatment, most patients were using pyridostigmine and two-thirds of the patients were using prednisone.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the studied myasthenia gravis patients.
| Characteristics | Patients (69) | |
|---|---|---|
| N or Mean ± SD | % or Median (range) | |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 14 | 20.3 |
| Female | 55 | 79.7 |
| Age (years) | 44.5±10 | 45 (22-68) |
| Educational level (years of schooling) | 8.6±2.5 | 8 (4-13) |
| Disease duration | 14.5±10.5 | 12 (1-39) |
| Main symptom | ||
| Ocular | 23 | 33.3 |
| Bulbar | 21 | 30.4 |
| Generalized | 25 | 36.2 |
| MGFA Classification | ||
| I | 13 | 18.8 |
| IIA | 14 | 20.3 |
| IIB | 2 | 2.9 |
| IIIA | 12 | 17.4 |
| IIIB | 7 | 10.1 |
| IVA | 4 | 5.8 |
| IVB | 3 | 4.3 |
| V | 14 | 20.3 |
| MGC | 7.5±5 | 6 (0-23) |
| HAD Anxiety subscale score | 7.7±3.2 | 7 (2-16) |
| HAD Depression subscale score | 4.6±4.4 | 3 (0-17) |
| Thymectomized | 42 | 60.9 |
| Pyridostigmine | 58 | 84.1 |
| Prednisone | 44 | 63.8 |
| Azathioprine | 30 | 43,5 |
| Other immunosuppressant | 9 | 13 |
SD: standard deviation; MGFA: Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America; HAD: Hospital Anxiety and Depression; MGC: Myasthenia Gravis Composite.
MG-QOL15 showed good internal consistency (Table 2). Most items displayed a good item-total correlation, with the exception of item 10. MG-QOL15 scores negatively correlated with SF-36 scores and with the scores of most of its subscales (Table 3). The score for the pain domain of SF-36 was the only subscale that did not correlate with the MG-QOL15 score.
Table 2.
Mean score and internal reliability of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of MG-QOL15.
| Questions: | Mean (SD) | Median (range) | Corrected item-total correlation | Cronbach 's alpha coefficient if the item is removed (αC) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. I’m frustrated by my myasthenia gravis. | 1. Eu estou frustrado por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1.3 (1.5) | 1 (0-4) | 0.81 | 0.74 |
| 2. I have trouble using my eyes because of my myasthenia gravis. | 2. Eu tenho dificuldade para usar meus olhos por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1.4 (0.9) | 2 (0-3) | 0.78 | 0.75 |
| 3. I have trouble eating because of my myasthenia gravis. | 3. Eu tenho dificuldade para comer por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1.6 (0.9) | 2 (0-4) | 0.81 | 0.75 |
| 4. I have limited my social activity because of my myasthenia gravis. | 4. Eu limitei a minha atividade social por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1.6 (1.2) | 1 (0-3) | 0.89 | 0.74 |
| 5. My myasthenia gravis limits my ability to enjoy hobbies and activities. | 5. A Miastenia Gravis limita minha capacidade de ter divertimento e atividades de lazer. | 1.9 (0.9) | 2 (0-4) | 0.92 | 0.75 |
| 6. I have trouble meeting the needs of my family because of my myasthenia gravis. | 6. Eu tenho dificuldade para atender as necessidades da minha família por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1.9 (1) | 2 (0-4) | 0.85 | 0.75 |
| 7. I have to make plans around my myasthenia gravis. | 7. Eu tenho que fazer os meus planos em torno da Miastenia Gravis. | 2 (1) | 2 (0-4) | 0.80 | 0.75 |
| 8. My occupational skills and job status have been negatively affected by my myasthenia gravis. | 8. Minhas habilidades profissionais e minha posição no trabalho (cargo) foram afetadas negativamente por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 2.1 (1.1) | 2 (0-4) | 0.84 | 0.75 |
| 9. I have difficulty speaking due to my myasthenia gravis. | 9. Eu tenho dificuldade para falar por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1.8 (1.1) | 2 (0-4) | 0.73 | 0.75 |
| 10. I have trouble driving due to my myasthenia gravis. | 10. Eu tenho problemas para dirigir por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.5 (0-3) | 0.08 | 0.77 |
| 11. I am depressed about my myasthenia gravis. | 11. Eu estou deprimido por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1 (1) | 1 (0-3) | 0.77 | 0.75 |
| 12. I have trouble walking due to my myasthenia gravis. | 12. Eu tenho dificuldade para andar por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1.9 (0.9) | 2 (0-3) | 0.77 | 0.75 |
| 13. I have trouble getting around public places because of my myasthenia gravis. | 13. Eu tenho dificuldade de passear em lugares públicos por causa Miastenia Gravis. | 2 (1.2) | 2 (0-4) | 0.91 | 0.74 |
| 14. I feel overwhelmed by my myasthenia gravis. | 14. Sinto-me sobrecarregado por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1.6 (1) | 1 (0-4) | 0.90 | 0.75 |
| 15. I have trouble performing my personal grooming needs because of myasthenia gravis. | 15. Eu tenho dificuldade para realizar meus cuidados pessoais (higiene) por causa da Miastenia Gravis. | 1.1 (0.7) | 1 (0-3) | 0.79 | 0.75 |
| TOTAL: | 23.8 (12.2) | 21 (4-48) | 1 | 0.95* |
SD: standard deviation of the mean.
Cronbach's alpha coefficient
Table 3.
Correlation of the score on the Brazilian-Portuguese version of MG-QOL15 with the scores on SF-36 and its domains.
| Continuous variables | Rho | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| SF-36 | -0.63** | <0.01 |
| SF-36 Physical Function | -0.45** | <0.01 |
| SF-36 Role—Physical | -0.75** | <0.01 |
| SF-36 Bodily Pain | -0.12 | 0.32 |
| SF-36 General Health | -0.46** | <0.01 |
| SF-36 Vitality | -0.46** | <0.01 |
| SF-36 Social Functioning | -0.24* | 0.04 |
| SF-36 Role—Emotional | -0.23* | 0.04 |
| SF-36 Mental Health | -0.22 | 0.06 |
The mean MG-QOL15 score was 23.8; this value suggests that the MG patients generally reported a good perceived QoL. This result was corroborated by a mean SF-36 score 99.3. Regarding the physical health component, the mean subscale scores were below 55. Regarding the mental health component, the mean subscale scores were above 60, except for the MH domain score.
The current status of MG (MGC; rho=0.60, p<0.01), the dosage of prednisone (rho=0.36, p=0.02) and the levels of anxiety (rho=0.38, p<0.01) and depression (rho=0.45, p<0.01) negatively correlated with QoL based on univariate analysis (Table 4). Those four variables were included in a multivariate linear regression analysis, and the regression model retained all of the factors. An adjusted coefficient R2 of 0.48 was calculated; this value indicates that the model explains nearly half of the variance in QoL among MG patients (Table 5).
Table 4.
Analyses of the associations and correlations between dependent variables (patient background and clinical factors) and the scores on the Brazilian-Portuguese version of MG-QOL15.
| Variables | Rho or Z | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | -0.14* | 0.87 |
| First symptom | <0.01** | 0.76 |
| Main symptom | <0.01** | 0.23 |
| MGFA Classification | <0.01*** | 0.29 |
| Thymectomy | -0.81* | 0.41 |
| Myasthenic crisis | -0.81* | 0.41 |
| Age | -0.01 | 0.88 |
| Treatment time | 0.06 | 0.60 |
| MGC | 0.60 | <0.01 |
| Pyridostigmine (dose) | -0.14 | 0.22 |
| Prednisone (dose) | 0.36 | <0.01 |
| Azathioprine (dose) | 0.01 | 0.90 |
| HAD Anxiety subscale score | 0.38 | <0.01 |
| HAD Depression subscale score | 0.45 | <0.01 |
Abbreviations: MGC: Myasthenia Gravis Composite; HAD: Hospital Anxiety and Depression.
Tests used: Pearson's correlation (parametric continuous variables); Z score (normality test); * Mann-Whitney U test (nonparametric categorical variables - two variables); ** Kruskal-Wallis test (non-parametric categorical variables - three variables); *** one-way ANOVA (parametric categorical variables - three variables).
Table 5.
Multivariate linear regression analysis of MG-QOL15 scores representing the effect of each independent variable on QoL.
| Continuous variables | B coefficient | p-value | 95% confidence interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| MGC | 0.93 | <0.01 | 0.45 – 1.41 |
| Prednisone (dose) | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.03 – 0.24 |
| HAD Anxiety subscale score | 0.77 | 0.03 | 0.05 – 1.49 |
| HAD Depression subscale score | 0.69 | <0.01 | 0.18 – 1.21 |
MGC: Myasthenia Gravis Composite; HAD: Hospital Anxiety and Depression.
Test used: Automatic Linear Modeling
DISCUSSION
Several studies have observed that MG worsens the QoL of people suffering from this disorder. However, few studies have used disease-specific instruments and QoL has not been investigated previously in Brazilian MG patients.
MG-QOL15 was developed from MG-QOL60 and it has been thoroughly evaluated regarding its reliability, validity and usefulness 10-13. The Brazilian version of MG-QOL15 has shown good internal consistency and concurrent validity with SF-36. A low item-total correlation for item 10 (“I have trouble driving”) probably resulted from the presence of non-drivers in the sample. The Japanese version of MG-QOL15 also found low item-total correlation for item 10 due to heavy traffic and the high cost of parking spaces in the Tokyo metropolitan area 21. Analysis of the correlation between MG-QOL15 and the domains of SF-36 revealed that only the pain domain does not correlate with MG-QOL15. This finding is expected, as muscle pain is not frequent in MG patients. Notably, when pain is present, it significantly impacts QoL 22,23.
The mean scores on MG-QOL15 and SF-36 suggest good perception of physical, psychological and social well-being among MG patients. In line with this finding, Paul et al. previously observed that QoL and well-being measures were not significantly different between MG patients and the general population 9.
The current study did not reveal any association between QoL and MGFA classification of the disease, which reflects the worst episode of MG during a patient’s life. However, MG-QOL15 positively correlated with MGC, a measure of current disease severity. This result corroborates the view that the MGFA classification does not actually reflect current clinical severity or associated QoL 15. The negative correlation between the severity of current MG symptoms and QoL has been well established in the literature 12,16. The disease duration did not influence perceived QoL among MG patients due to the fluctuating nature of MG symptoms. Accordingly, patients with a longer disease duration did not necessarily have more symptoms or poorer QoL. There is evidence that as the disease duration increases, patients are more likely to experience remission of MG signs and symptoms 24.
Although some reports described that the mental health component of SF-36 is not significantly affected in MG patients, other reports suggested that the QoL of MG patients is similarly affected by physical and mental health factors 6,8,9. In the current study, the levels of anxiety and depression negatively correlated with QoL. As patients with MG have an elevated frequency of psychiatric disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, psychological symptoms must not be overlooked in clinical practice 25. Importantly, these symptoms typically predict poorer QoL both in the general population and among patients with other neurological disorders 6,26.
Regarding treatment, prednisone and pyridostigmine were the most commonly used treatments; this result is similar to the findings reported in the literature 21,27,28. A negative correlation was observed between QoL and the current dosage of prednisone. It is uncertain whether this correlation is due to the side effects of prednisone or to the association of a higher prednisone dosage with increased MG severity 28. There was no difference in QoL between thymectomized and non-thymectomized patients; this observation was consistent with the findings of other studies 28-30.
Future studies must investigate how variables not included in this study may impact QoL, coping strategies and resilience among MG patients. Follow-up studies may overcome the limitation of the cross-sectional design of the current study and may enable causal assumptions.
In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the Brazilian version of MG-QOL15 is a valid and reliable instrument. Disease severity, anxiety level, depression level and prednisone dosage were negatively associated with the QoL of MG patients. Physicians must be aware of these determinants of poorer QoL, as most of these factors are clinically manageable.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Mourão AM, Gomez RS, Barbosa LS, Freitas DS, Comini-Frota ER were involved in subject recruitment, data collection and interpretation of the results. Kummer A, Lemos SM and Teixeira AL designed the research, supervised data collection and assisted in statistical analyses. Mourão AM, Kummer A and Teixeira AL drafted the original manuscript, which was read and amended when necessary. The final manuscript was approved by all authors.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Dr. Ted M. Burns from the “MG Composite” and “MG–QOL15” Study Groups and the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, for providing helpful comments regarding MG-QOL15.
Footnotes
No potential conflict of interest was reported.
REFERENCES
- 1.Kalb B, Matell G, Pirskanen R, Lambe M. Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis: a population-based study in Stockholm, Sweden. Neuroepidemiology. 2002;21((5)):221–5. doi: 10.1159/000065639. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Alshekhlee A, Miles JD, Katirji B, Preston DC, Kaminski HJ. Incidence and mortality rates of myasthenia gravis and myasthenic crisis in US hospitals. Neurology. 2009;72((18)):1548–54. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a41211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Carr AS, Cardwell CR, McCarron PO, McConville J. A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in Myasthenia Gravis. BMC Neurol. 2010;18(10):46. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-46. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Benatar M, Sanders DB, Burns TM, Cutter GR, Guptill JT, Baggi F, et al. Task Force on MG Study Design of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Recommendations for myasthenia gravis clinical trials. Muscle Nerve. 2012;45((6)):909–17. doi: 10.1002/mus.23330. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Burns TM, Graham CD, Rose MR, Simmons Z. Quality of life and measures of quality of life in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve. 2012;46((1)):9–25. doi: 10.1002/mus.23245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Basta IZ, Pekmezović TD, Perić SZ, Kisić-Tepavčević DB, Rakočević-Stojanović VM, Stević ZD, et al. Assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with myasthenia gravis in Belgrade (Serbia) Neurol Sci. 2012;33((6)):1375–81. doi: 10.1007/s10072-012-1170-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Burns TM. History of outcome measures for myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42((1)):5–13. doi: 10.1002/mus.21713. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Padua L, Evoli A, Aprile I, Caliandro P, Mazza S, Padua R, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with myasthenia gravis and the relationship between patient-oriented assessment and conventional measurements. Neurol Sci. 2001;22((5)):363–9. doi: 10.1007/s100720100066. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Paul RH, Nash JM, Cohen RA, Gilchrist JM, Goldstein JM. Quality of life and well-being of patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24((4)):512–6. doi: 10.1002/mus.1034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Mullins LL, Carpentier MY, Paul RH, Sanders DB, Muscle Study Group Disease-specific measure of quality of life for myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2008;38((2)):947–56. doi: 10.1002/mus.21016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Burns TM, Conaway MR, Cutter GR, Sanders DB, Muscle Study Group Less is more, or almost as much: a 15-item quality-of-life instrument for myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2008;38((2)):957–63. doi: 10.1002/mus.21053. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Burns TM, Grouse CK, Conaway MR, Sanders DB, MG Composite and MG-QOL15 Study Group Construct and concurrent validation of the MG-QOL15 in the practice setting. Muscle Nerve. 2010;41((2)):219–26. doi: 10.1002/mus.21609. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Burns TM, Grouse CK, Wolfe GI, Conaway MR, Sanders DB, MG Composite and MG-OL15 Study Group The MG-QOL15 for following the health-related quality of life of patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43((1)):14–8. doi: 10.1002/mus.21883. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Mourão AM, Araújo CM, Barbosa LS, Gomez RS, Burns TM, Lemos SM, et al. Brazilian cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the “Questionnaire of Life Quality Specific for Myasthenia Gravis - 15 items” Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2013;71((12)):955–8. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20130180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Jaretzki A, 3rd, Barohn RJ, Ernstoff RM, Kaminski HJ, Keesey JC, Penn AS, et al. Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Neurology. 2000;55((1)):16–23. doi: 10.1212/WNL.55.1.16. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Burns TM, Conaway M, Sanders DB. MG Composite and MG-QOL15 Study Group. The MG Composite: A valid and reliable outcome measure for myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2010;74((18)):1434–40. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181dc1b1e. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Jacobson DL, Gange SJ, Rose NR, Graham NM. Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;84((3)):223–43. doi: 10.1006/clin.1997.4412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Ku JH. Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: Review of the Short Form 36-Health Questionnaire Survey. Yonsei Med J. 2007;48((3)):360–70. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2007.48.3.360. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Ciconelli RM, Ferraz MB, Santos W, Meinão I, Quaresma MR. Tradução para a língua portuguesa e validação do questionário genérico de avaliação de qualidade de vida SF-36 (Brasil SF-36) Rev Bras Reumatol. 1999;39:143–50. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Botega NJ, Bio MR, Zomignani MA, Garcia C, Pereira WA. Transtornos de humor em enfermarias de clínica médica e validação de escala de medida (HAD) de ansiedade e depressão. Rev Saúde Pública. 1995;29((5)):355–63. doi: 10.1590/s0034-89101995000500004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Masuda M, Utsugisawa K, Suzuki S, Nagane Y, Kabasawa C, Suzuki Y, et al. The MG-QOL15 Japanese version: validation and associations with clinical factors. Muscle Nerve. 2012;46((2)):166–73. doi: 10.1002/mus.23398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Guy-Coichard C, Nguyen DT, Delorme T, Boureau F. Pain in hereditary neuromuscular disorders and myasthenia gravis: a national survey of frequency, characteristics, and impact. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008;35((1)):40–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.02.041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Scott KR, Kothari MJ. Self-reported Pain Affects Quality of Life in Myasthenia Gravis. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2006;7((3)):110–4. doi: 10.1097/01.cnd.0000202223.39994.c0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Grob D, Brunner N, Namba T, Pagala M. Lifetime course of myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2008;37((2)):141–9. doi: 10.1002/mus.20950. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Ybarra MI, Kummer A, Frota ER, Oliveira JT, Gomez RS, Teixeira AL. Psychiatric disorders in myasthenia gravis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69((2A)):176–9. doi: 10.1590/S0004-282X2011000200006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Scalzo P, Kummer A, Cardoso F, Teixeira AL. Depressive symptoms and perception of quality of life in Parkinson's disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2009;67((2A)):203–8. doi: 10.1590/S0004-282X2009000200006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Mantegazza R, Bonanno S, Camera G, Antozii C. Current and emerging therapies for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:151–60. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S8915. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Utsugisawa K, Suzuki S, Nagane Y, Masuda M, Murai H, Imai T, et al. Health-related quality-of-life and treatment targets in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2014;50((4)):493–500. doi: 10.1002/mus.24213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Nafissi S, Poostizadeh M, Soltanzadeh A, Nouraie M, Sikaroodi H, Montazeri A. The effects of thymectomy on quality of life in patients with myasthenia gravis. J Neuro Sci. 2005;238:S176. [Google Scholar]
- 30.Luo Y, Pan DJ, Chen FF, Zhu MH, Wang J, Zhang M. Effectiveness of thymectomy in non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis: a systematic review. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2014;34((6)):942–9. doi: 10.1007/s11596-014-1378-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]